1
|
Kip C, Hamaloğlu KÖ, Demir C, Tuncel A. Recent trends in sorbents for bioaffinity chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1273-1291. [PMID: 33370505 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Isolation or enrichment of biological molecules from complex biological samples is mostly a prerequisite in proteomics, genomics, and glycomics. Different techniques have been used to advance the efficiency of the purification of biological molecules. Bioaffinity chromatography is one of the most powerful technique that plays an important role in the isolation of target biological molecules by the specific interactions with ligands that are immobilized on different support materials. This review examines the recent developments in bioaffinity chromatography particularly over the past 5 years in the literature. Also properties of supports, immobilization techniques, types of binding agents, and methods used in bioaffinity chromatography applications are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Kip
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Cihan Demir
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuncel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Affinity Membranes and Monoliths for Protein Purification. MEMBRANES 2019; 10:membranes10010001. [PMID: 31878114 PMCID: PMC7022333 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Affinity capture represents an important step in downstream processing of proteins and it is conventionally performed through a chromatographic process. The performance of this step highly depends on the type of matrix employed. In particular, resin beads and convective materials, such as membranes and monoliths, are the commonly available supports. The present work deals with non-competitive binding of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on different chromatographic media functionalized with Cibacron Blue F3GA (CB). The aim is to set up the development of the purification process starting from the lab-scale characterization of a commercially available CB resin, regenerated cellulose membranes and polymeric monoliths, functionalized with CB to identify the best option. The performance of the three different chromatographic media is evaluated in terms of BSA binding capacity and productivity. The experimental investigation shows promising results for regenerated cellulose membranes and monoliths, whose performance are comparable with those of the packed column tested. It was demonstrated that the capacity of convective stationary phases does not depend on flow rate, in the range investigated, and that the productivity that can be achieved with membranes is 10 to 20 times higher depending on the initial BSA concentration value, and with monoliths it is approximately twice that of beads, at the same superficial velocity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Luo L, Li W, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Li Y. High-performance dissolved oxygen sensors based on platinum(ii) porphyrin embedded in polystyrene beads. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A ratiometric dissolved oxygen sensor synthesized via a swelling method exhibits high sensitivity, good reversibility and photo-stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Lingling Luo
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Wenjie Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Honglin Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Centre for Composite Materials
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jiupeng Zhao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yao Li
- Centre for Composite Materials
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song Z, Daniels ES, Sudol ED, Klein A, El-Aasser MS. Seeded dispersion polymerization of MMA using submicron PMMA particles as seed: a mechanistic study. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
5
|
Song Z, Daniels ES, David Sudol E, Gilchrist JF, Klein A, El-Aasser MS. Tracking the fate of seed particles in dispersion polymerization: Preparation and application of fluorescent polymer particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
Dye-labeled polystyrene latex microspheres prepared via a combined swelling-diffusion technique. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 363:137-44. [PMID: 21839463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-insoluble, biologically compatible dyes, meso-tetraphenylchlorin, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin and chlorophyll-a, were successfully incorporated into beads composed of linear polystyrene (PS) via a tunable combined swelling-diffusion process. Dyed PS beads were prepared by the addition of a dye solution in tetrahydrofuran to an aqueous suspension of 10 μm PS beads in the presence of a poly((ethylene glycol)-b-(propylene glycol)-b-(ethylene glycol)) block copolymer surfactant. The presence of surfactant was found to be beneficial to prevent particle aggregation, especially at tetrahydrofuran contents above 30%. Dye loading was shown to be tunable by simple adjustments in dye composition. Confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that dyes were distributed uniformly throughout the entire PS bead, but heterogeneously with ~500 nm diameter droplets, indicative of a separate dye phase within the PS matrix. The stability of dyed beads, indicated by resistance to dye leaching in solvent, was found to be governed by the degree of swelling of PS in the solvent medium. Hence, no leaching was observed even when a good solvent for the dye was used (ethanol), as long as that solvent did not swell the carrier particle, PS. No leaching of dyes from the beads was observed during long-term (2 years) storage in water.
Collapse
|
7
|
Song Z, Daniels ES, David Sudol E, El-Aasser MS, Klein A. Mechanism of seeded dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate using submicron polystyrene seed particles. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Jiang S, Sudol ED, Dimonie VL, El-Aasser MS. Seeding as a means of controlling particle size in dispersion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
9
|
Choi KS, Song L, Park YM, Marshall J, Lund AL, Shion H, Park EM, Chae HZ, Park JH. Analysis of Human Plasma Proteome by 2DE‐ and 2D nanoLC‐Based Mass Spectrometry. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2006; 36:3-17. [PMID: 16428136 DOI: 10.1080/10826060500388447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We compared the 2DE coupled to MALDI-TOF-MS and ESI-MS/MS analysis (2DE-MS) and the on-line 2D nanoLC, followed by nanoESI-MS/MS analysis (2DLC-MS), for the separation and identification of proteins in high abundance protein-depleted human plasma. Identification of proteins in the plasma by the two methods demonstrated that the majority of the identified protein set was unique to each method. Therefore, if a comprehensive coverage of the proteome identification is desired, it is ideal to apply both methods. The 2DE-MS method is amenable to protein spot-based quantitation, whereas the 2DLC-MS method may provide an advantage of the high throughput application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Soo Choi
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Unsal E, Durdu A, Elmas B, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. A new affinity-HPLC packing for protein separation: Cibacron blue attached uniform porous poly(HEMA-co-EDM) beads. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:930-7. [PMID: 16231138 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new affinity high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stationary phase suitable for protein separation was synthesized. In the first stage of the synthesis, uniform porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(HEMA-co-EDM), beads 6.2 mum in size were obtained. Homogeneous distribution of hydroxyl groups in the bead interior was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The plain poly(HEMA-co-EDM) particles gave very low non-specific protein adsorption with albumin. The selected dye ligand Cibacron blue F3G-A (CB F3G-A) was covalently linked onto the beads via hydroxyl groups. In the batch experiments, albumin adsorption up to 60 mg BSA/g particles was obtained with the CB F3G-A carrying poly(HEMA-co-EDM) beads. The affinity-HPLC of selected proteins (albumin and lysozyme) was investigated in a 25 mm x 4.0-mm inner diameter column packed with CB F3G-A carrying beads and both proteins were successfully resolved. By a single injection, 200 mug of protein was loaded and quantitatively eluted from the column. The protein recovery increased with increasing flow rate and salt concentration of the elution buffer and decreased with the increasing protein feed concentration. During the albumin elution, theoretical plate numbers up to 30,000 plates/m were achieved by increasing the salt concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ender Unsal
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unsal E, Elmas B, Camli ST, Senel S, Tuncel A. Uniform Particles for the Reversed-Phase Separation of Proteins with High-Resolution and High-Column Efficiency. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-200053011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Unsal E, Tolga Çamli S, Teksen T, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. Hydroxyl Functionalized Uniform‐Porous Beads, Synthesis and Chromatographic Use. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-200056333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
13
|
Unsal E, Elmas B, Çamlı ST, Tuncel M, Şenel S, Tuncel A. Monodisperse-porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads providing high column efficiency in reversed phase HPLC. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
14
|
Unsal E, �aml? ST, Irmak T, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. Monodisperse Poly (Styrene-co-Divinylbenzene) Particles (3.2 ?m) with Relatively Small Pore Size as HPLC Packing Material. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Bilici Z, Camli S, Unsal E, Tuncel A. Activity behavior of a HPLC column including α-chymotrypsin immobilized monosized-porous particles. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Elmas B, Onur M, Şenel S, Tuncel A. Thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide-vinylphenyl boronic acid copolymer latex particles for nucleotide isolation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
Unsal E, Camli ST, Senel S, Tuncel A. Chromatographic performance of monodisperse-macroporous particles produced by ?modified seeded polymerization.? I: Effect of monomer/seed latex ratio. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Senel S, Camli ST, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. Nucleotide adsorption-desorption behaviour of boronic acid functionalized uniform-porous particles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 769:283-95. [PMID: 11996494 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, nucleotide adsorption-desorption behaviour of boronic acid-carrying uniform, porous particles was investigated. The particles were produced by a "multi-step microsuspension polymerization" in the form of poly(styrene-vinylphenyl boronic acid-divinylbenzene) terpolymer. In the first step of the production method, uniform polystyrene latex particles (6.2 microm in size) were obtained by dispersion polymerization. These particles were first swollen by a low molecular mass organic agent (i.e. dibutylphthalate, DBP) and then by a monomer mixture including styrene (S), 4-vinylphenyl boronic acid (VPBA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). The particle uniformity was protected in both swelling stages by adjusting DBP/polystyrene latex and monomer mixture/polystyrene latex ratios. Polymerization of the monomer mixture in the swollen seed particles provided boronic acid-carrying uniform, porous particles 11-12 microm in size. To have uniform particles with different porosities and boronic acid contents, the feed concentration of boronic acid-carrying monomer and the monomer/seed latex ratio were changed. The particles were tried as sorbent for the adsorption of a model nucleotide (i.e., beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, beta-NAD). In the beta-NAD adsorption experiments, the maximum equilibrium adsorption was obtained at pH 8.5 which was very close to pKa of boronic acid. The incorporation of boronic acid functionality provided a significant increase in the beta-NAD adsorption. In contrast to plain poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles, four-fold higher beta-NAD adsorption was obtained with the boronic acid functionalized particles. Beta-NAD was desorbed from the particles with the yields higher than 90% by weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Senel
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University. Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tuncel A, Demirgöz D, Patir S, Piskin E. A novel approach for albumin determination in aqueous media by using temperature- and pH-sensitiveN-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-[3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]methacrylamide random copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
T. Çamli, Tuncel M, Şenel S, Tuncel A. Functional, uniform, and macroporous latex particles: Preparation, electron microscopic characterization, and nonspecific protein adsorption properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Dye-ligands have been considered as one of the important alternatives to natural counterparts for specific affinity chromatography. Dye-ligands are able to bind most types of proteins, in some cases in a remarkably specific manner. They are commercially available, inexpensive, and can easily be immobilized, especially on matrices bearing hydroxyl groups. Although dyes are all synthetic in nature, they are still classified as affinity ligands because they interact with the active sites of many proteins mimicking the structure of the substrates, cofactors, or binding agents for those proteins. A number of textile dyes, known as reactive dyes, have been used for protein purification. Most of these reactive dyes consist of a chromophore (either azo dyes, anthraquinone, or phathalocyanine), linked to a reactive group (often a mono- or dichlorotriazine ring). The interaction between the dye ligand and proteins can be by complex combination of electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding. Selection of the supporting matrix is the first important consideration in dye-affinity systems. There are several methods for immobilization of dye molecules onto the support matrix, in which usually several intermediate steps are followed. Both the adsorption and elution steps should carefully be optimized/designed for a successful separation. Dye-affinity systems in the form of spherical sorbents or as affinity membranes have been used in protein separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Denizli
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fundueanu G, Mocanu G, Constantin M, Carpov A, Bulacovschi V, Esposito E, Nastruzzi C. Acrylic microspheres for oral controlled release of the biguanide buformin. Int J Pharm 2001; 218:13-25. [PMID: 11337146 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spherical microparticles based on methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer have been developed. The method chosen for the preparation of such microparticles was suspension radical copolymerization of acrylic comonomers in the presence of the ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agent. The microparticles obtained were characterised by inverse size exclusion chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, swelling degree and exchange capacity. The porous volume of the microspheres ranged from 0.086 ml/g for the microparticles produced by a methacrylic acid/methyl methacrylate ratio of 1/3 and a 10% degree of crosslinking, to 8.57 ml/g for the microparticles produced by a methacrylic acid/methyl methacrylate ratio of 3/1 and 2% degree of crosslinking (in 0.1 N NaCl in phosphate buffer pH 7.4). Also the pore diameter of the swollen microparticles ranged from a few to 120 A. Buformin tosylate - a classical hypoglycaemic drug - was included in the polymer network of the microparticles during the polymerization process. Due to the water solubility of the drug and its low solubility in the organic phase, the entrapment yield did not exceed 15%. However the amount of encapsulated drug as well as the drug released from the microparticles, was dependent on the methacrylic acid/methyl methacrylate ratio, the degree of crosslinking and solvent/comonomers ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Fundueanu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rainaldi G, Filippini P, Ferrante A, Indovina PL, Santini MT. Fibronectin facilitates adhesion of K562 leukemic cells normally growing in suspension to cationic surfaces. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2001; 55:104-13. [PMID: 11426387 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(200104)55:1<104::aid-jbm140>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of protein adsorption in the forced adhesive growth of K562 leukemic cells onto a cationic surface composed of polylysine was investigated. Numerous studies have demonstrated that adhesion in anchorage-dependent cells is mediated in vitro by adsorption of serum proteins [particularly proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as fibronectin and vitronectin] present in the growth medium. Specifically, adhesion has been shown to occur when ECM proteins attach to the substratum and act as ligands for specific receptors located on the surface of cells. K562 cells are human erythroleukemic cells that normally grow in suspension. These cells are not involved in the same cell adhesion processes as anchorage-dependent cells and do not need to be attached to ECM proteins in order to survive and grow. Thus, with these systems, it is possible to better determine the role of protein adsorption in the adhesion of cells, growing in suspension such as blood cells, onto charged surfaces. The results presented show that adhesion of K562 cells onto the positively charged polylysine surface in the presence of serum is mediated through specific interactions between fibronectin receptors present on K562 cells and fibronectin adsorbed onto that cationic surface. Specifically, determination of cell adhesion under different experimental conditions indicates that nonspecific charge interactions do not take place directly between the cells and polylysine, but rather take place between polylysine and fibronectin, which adsorbs onto the cationic polymer. In addition, flow cytometric analyses reveal that only fibronectin receptors are present on these cells and, consequently, only fibronectin can be responsible for the actual adhesion of these cells onto the cationic surface. In view of the data presented, the possibility should be considered that ECM components adsorbed onto surfaces with specific charges and/or belonging to certain functional groups are involved in structural and functional modifications in cells. These cells grow in suspension and are normally not involved in adhesion phenomena, though these components should be considered. These considerations should be made especially when designing biomaterials that can modulate the response of cells growing in suspension, such as blood cells, and also in tissue engineering of blood substitutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Rainaldi
- Laboratorio di Ultrastrutture, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tuncel A, Tuncel M, Cicek H, Fidanboy O. 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate carrying uniform porous particles: preparation and electron microscopy. POLYM INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|