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Cellular Senescence in Lung Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137012. [PMID: 34209809 PMCID: PMC8267738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are chronic and ultimately fatal age-related lung diseases characterized by the progressive and irreversible accumulation of scar tissue in the lung parenchyma. Over the past years, significant progress has been made in our incomplete understanding of the pathobiology underlying fibrosing ILDs, in particular in relation to diverse age-related processes and cell perturbations that seem to lead to maladaptation to stress and susceptibility to lung fibrosis. Growing evidence suggests that a specific biological phenomenon known as cellular senescence plays an important role in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Cellular senescence is defined as a cell fate decision caused by the accumulation of unrepairable cellular damage and is characterized by an abundant pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic secretome. The senescence response has been widely recognized as a beneficial physiological mechanism during development and in tumour suppression. However, recent evidence strengthens the idea that it also drives degenerative processes such as lung fibrosis, most likely by promoting molecular and cellular changes in chronic fibrosing processes. Here, we review how cellular senescence may contribute to lung fibrosis pathobiology, and we highlight current and emerging therapeutic approaches to treat fibrosing ILDs by targeting cellular senescence.
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Dawod YT, Cook NE, Graham WB, Madhani-Lovely F, Thao C. Smoking-associated interstitial lung disease: update and review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:825-834. [PMID: 32379511 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1766971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking-associated interstitial lung disease manifests as several heterogeneous disorders involving the airways, pleura, and lung parenchyma with various radiological patterns. The clinical history, radiologic, and pathologic findings are important to distinguish these more uncommon diseases. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for diagnosis and to manage these conditions appropriately. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of acute eosinophilic pneumonia, e-cigarettes, or vaping associated lung injury, respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and combined pulmonary fibrosis emphysema. EXPERT OPINION Cigarette smoking is associated with a variety of pathologic conditions that affect the airways and lungs. E-cigarette use and vaping present new challenges to the clinician. Consensus between the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings is important in identifying and differentiating between the various entities to properly diagnose smoking-related interstitial lung diseases discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser T Dawod
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center , Washington, USA
| | - Noah E Cook
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine , Las Vegas, USA
| | - William B Graham
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Renown Health , Reno, USA
| | | | - Choua Thao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Renown Health , Reno, USA
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Gao Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liu B, Liu H, Li R, Lv C, Song X. Regulation of TERRA on telomeric and mitochondrial functions in IPF pathogenesis. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:163. [PMID: 29197377 PMCID: PMC5712138 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is a known risk factor of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the effects of advanced aging remain largely unknown. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) represents a type of long noncoding RNA. In this study, the regulatory roles of TERRA on human telomeres and mitochondria and IPF epithelial injury model were identified. METHODS Blood samples were collected from patients with IPF (n = 24) and matched control individuals (n = 24). The significance of clinical research on the TERRA expression correlated with pulmonary fibrosis was assessed. The expression levels of TERRA in vivo and in vitro were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Telomerase activity was observed using a fluorescent quantitative TRAP assay kit. The functions of telomeres, mitochondria, and associated genes were analyzed through RNA interference on TERRA. RESULTS TERRA expression levels significantly increased in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IPF patients. The expression levels also exhibited a direct and significantly inverse correlation with the percentage of predicted force vital capacity, which is a physiological indicator of fibrogenesis during IPF progression. This finding was confirmed in the epithelial injury model of IPF in vitro. RNA interference on TERRA expression can ameliorate the functions of telomeres; mitochondria; associated genes; components associated with telomeres, such as telomerase reverse transcriptase, telomerase, and cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1; and mitochondria-associated cyclin E genes, including the MMP and Bcl-2 family. The RNA interference on TERRA expression can also improve the functions of oxidative-stress-associated genes, such as reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and apoptosis-related genes, such as cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the regulation of TERRA expression on telomeres and mitochondria during IPF pathogenesis was identified for the first time. The results may provide valuable insights for the discovery of a novel biomarker or therapeutic approach for IPF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Gao
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346, Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, 264003 China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346, Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, 264003 China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346, Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, 264003 China
| | - Songzi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016 China
| | - Youlei Wang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346, Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, 264003 China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, 256602 China
| | - Huizhu Liu
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346, Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, 264003 China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, 256602 China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346, Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, 264003 China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, 256602 China
| | - Xiaodong Song
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346, Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, 264003 China
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Margaritopoulos GA, Vasarmidi E, Jacob J, Wells AU, Antoniou KM. Smoking and interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24:428-35. [PMID: 26324804 PMCID: PMC9487692 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0050-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years has been well known that smoking could cause lung damage. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have been the two most common smoking-related lung diseases. In the recent years, attention has also focused on the role of smoking in the development of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Indeed, there are three diseases, namely respiratory bronchiolitis-associated ILD, desquamative interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, that are currently considered aetiologically linked to smoking and a few others which are more likely to develop in smokers. Here, we aim to focus on the most recent findings regarding the role of smoking in the pathogenesis and clinical behaviour of ILDs. Smoking is implicated in the pathogenesis and clinical behaviour of interstitial lung diseasehttp://ow.ly/PYLcT
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Murray MA, Chotirmall SH. The Impact of Immunosenescence on Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:692546. [PMID: 26199462 PMCID: PMC4495178 DOI: 10.1155/2015/692546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population is aging with significant gains in life expectancy particularly in the developed world. Consequently, greater focus on understanding the processes that underlie physiological aging has occurred. Key facets of advancing age include genomic instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic changes, and declines in immune function termed immunosenescence. Immunosenescence and its associated chronic low grade systemic "inflamm-aging" contribute to the development and progression of pulmonary disease in older individuals. These physiological processes predispose to pulmonary infection and confer specific and unique clinical phenotypes observed in chronic respiratory disease including late-onset asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. Emerging concepts of the gut and airway microbiome further complicate the interrelationship between host and microorganism particularly from an immunological perspective and especially so in the setting of immunosenescence. This review focuses on our current understanding of the aging process, immunosenescence, and how it can potentially impact on various pulmonary diseases and the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Murray
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sanjay H. Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
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Interstitial lung disease: NHLBI Workshop on the Primary Prevention of Chronic Lung Diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11 Suppl 3:S169-77. [PMID: 24754826 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201312-429ld] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-based, longitudinal studies spanning decades linking risk factors in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood to incident clinical interstitial lung disease (ILD) events in late adulthood have not been performed. In addition, no observational or randomized clinical trials have been conducted; therefore, there is presently no evidence to support the notion that reduction of risk factor levels in early life prevents ILD events in adult life. Primary prevention strategies are host-directed interventions designed to modify adverse risk factors (i.e., smoking) with the goal of preventing the development of ILD, whereas primordial prevention for ILD can be defined as the elimination of external risk factors (i.e., environmental pollutants). As no ILD primary prevention studies have been previously conducted, we propose that research studies that promote implementation of primary prevention strategies could, over time, make a subset of ILD preventable. Herein, we provide a number of initial steps required for the future implementation of prevention strategies; this statement discusses the rationale and available evidence that support potential opportunities for primordial and primary prevention, as well as fertile areas for future research of preventive intervention in ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Morse
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
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Savage SA. Human telomeres and telomere biology disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 125:41-66. [PMID: 24993697 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397898-1.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres consist of long nucleotide repeats and a protein complex at chromosome ends essential for chromosome stability. Telomeres shorten with each cell division and thus are markers of cellular age. Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a cancer-prone inherited bone marrow failure syndrome caused by germ-line mutations in key telomere biology genes that result in extremely short telomeres. The triad of nail dysplasia, abnormal skin pigmentation, and oral leukoplakia is diagnostic of DC but highly variable. Patients with DC may also have but numerous other medical problems, including pulmonary fibrosis, liver abnormalities, avascular necrosis of the hips, and stenosis of the esophagus, lacrimal ducts, and/or urethra. All modes of inheritance have been reported in DC and de novo mutations are common. Broad phenotypic heterogeneity occurs within DC. Clinically severe variants of DC are Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome and Revesz syndrome. Coats plus syndrome joined the spectrum of DC with the discovery that it is caused by mutations in a telomere-capping gene. Less clinically severe variants, such as subsets of apparently isolated aplastic anemia or pulmonary fibrosis, have also been recognized. These patients may not have the DC-associated mucocutaneous triad or complicated medical features, but they do have the same underlying genetic etiology. This has led to the use of the descriptive term telomere biology disorder (TBD). This chapter will review the connection between telomere biology and human disease through the examples of DC and its related TBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Gansner JM, Rosas IO. Telomeres in lung disease. Transl Res 2013; 162:343-52. [PMID: 23618685 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are DNA-protein structures that cap the ends of chromosomes; telomerase is the enzyme that ensures their integrity. Telomere biology has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema, and lung cancer. This review highlights recent discoveries pertaining to the role of telomere biology in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gansner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Faner R, Rojas M, Macnee W, Agustí A. Abnormal lung aging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:306-13. [PMID: 22582162 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0282pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural process characterized by progressive functional impairment and reduced capacity to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli and injury. The incidence of two common chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [IPF]) increases with advanced age. It is plausible, therefore, that abnormal regulation of the mechanisms of normal aging may contribute to the pathobiology of both COPD and IPF. This review discusses the available evidence supporting a number of aging mechanisms, including oxidative stress, telomere length regulation, cellular and immunosenescence, as well as changes in a number of antiaging molecules and the extracellular matrix, which are abnormal in COPD and/or IPF. A better understanding of these abnormalities may help in the design of novel and better therapeutic interventions for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Faner
- Fundación Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Palma de Mallorca, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Chilosi M, Poletti V, Rossi A. The pathogenesis of COPD and IPF: distinct horns of the same devil? Respir Res 2012; 13:3. [PMID: 22235752 PMCID: PMC3282644 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New paradigms have been recently proposed in the pathogenesis of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), evidencing surprising similarities between these deadly diseases, despite their obvious clinical, radiological and pathologic differences. There is growing evidence supporting a "double hit" pathogenic model where in both COPD and IPF the cumulative action of an accelerated senescence of pulmonary parenchyma (determined by either telomere dysfunction and/or a variety of genetic predisposing factors), and the noxious activity of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage are able to severely compromise the regenerative potential of two pulmonary precursor cell compartments (alveolar epithelial precursors in IPF, mesenchymal precursor cells in COPD/emphysema). The consequent divergent derangement of signalling pathways involved in lung tissue renewal (mainly Wnt and Notch), can eventually lead to the distinct abnormal tissue remodelling and functional impairment that characterise the alveolar parenchyma in these diseases (irreversible fibrosis and bronchiolar honeycombing in IPF, emphysema and airway chronic inflammation in COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chilosi
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Italy.
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