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Sabir N, Hussain T, Mangi MH, Zhao D, Zhou X. Matrix metalloproteinases: Expression, regulation and role in the immunopathology of tuberculosis. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12649. [PMID: 31199047 PMCID: PMC6668971 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) leads to approximately 1.5 million human deaths every year. In pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), Mtb must drive host tissue destruction to cause pulmonary cavitation and dissemination in the tissues. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases capable of degrading all components of pulmonary extracellular matrix (ECM). It is well established that Mtb infection leads to upregulation of MMPs and also causes disturbance in the balance between MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), thus altering the extracellular matrix deposition. In TB, secretion of MMPs is mainly regulated by NF-κB, p38 and MAPK signalling pathways. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory roles of MMPs in Mtb pathogenesis. Researchers have proposed a new regimen of improved TB treatment by inhibition of MMP activity to hinder matrix destruction and to minimize the TB-associated morbidity and mortality. The proposed regimen involves adjunctive use of MMP inhibitors such as doxycycline, marimastat and other related drugs along with front-line anti-TB drugs to reduce granuloma formation and bacterial load. These findings implicate the possible addition of economical and well-tolerated MMP inhibitors to current multidrug regimens as an attractive mean to increase the drug potency. Here, we will summarize the recent advancements regarding expression of MMPs in TB, their immunomodulatory role, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets to control the deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Sabir
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tariq Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mazhar Hussain Mangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Deming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Tóth C. [Clinical pathology of granulomatous inflammation : With special emphasis on the lungs and central nervous system]. Radiologe 2017; 56:856-865. [PMID: 27566650 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-016-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL ISSUE Granulomatous diseases are not rare in routine daily diagnostics. Granulomas are an indication of a sufficiently functioning immune system. In the absence of granulomas, a possible immunodeficiency should also be considered (e.g. in tuberculosis) in the diagnostic procedure. Many types of diseases with different etiologies can cause granulomatous manifestations. DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostic procedures should be oriented to the clinical symptoms and should include blood analyses, radiography, especially computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and sampling for histology or cytology. In the case of proven granulomatous inflammation an infectious etiology should first be excluded. The diagnosis of a granulomatous disease should always be confirmed by histopathology when possible. ACHIEVEMENTS In this study the origins and general histopathological classification of granulomatous diseases are presented. In addition to the most common granulomatous diseases, some special and rare forms are discussed, which should also be considered in the differential diagnostic process. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS The diagnosis of a granulomatous disease should always be made in an interdisciplinary cooperation and requires close collaboration between radiologists, internists, pathologists and specialists in laboratory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tóth
- Pathologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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Gurcha SS, Usha V, Cox JAG, Fütterer K, Abrahams KA, Bhatt A, Alderwick LJ, Reynolds RC, Loman NJ, Nataraj V, Alemparte C, Barros D, Lloyd AJ, Ballell L, Hobrath JV, Besra GS. Biochemical and structural characterization of mycobacterial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase AspS, a promising TB drug target. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113568. [PMID: 25409504 PMCID: PMC4237437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), a disease with high worldwide mortality rates. Current treatment programs are under significant threat from multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, and it is essential to identify new inhibitors and their targets. We generated spontaneous resistant mutants in Mycobacterium bovis BCG in the presence of 10× the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of compound 1, a previously identified potent inhibitor of mycobacterial growth in culture. Whole genome sequencing of two resistant mutants revealed in one case a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene aspS at 535GAC>535AAC (D179N), while in the second mutant a single nucleotide polymorphism was identified upstream of the aspS promoter region. We probed whole cell target engagement by overexpressing either M. bovis BCG aspS or Mycobacterium smegmatis aspS, which resulted in a ten-fold and greater than ten-fold increase, respectively, of the MIC against compound 1. To analyse the impact of inhibitor 1 on M. tuberculosis AspS (Mt-AspS) activity we over-expressed, purified and characterised the kinetics of this enzyme using a robust tRNA-independent assay adapted to a high-throughput screening format. Finally, to aid hit-to-lead optimization, the crystal structure of apo M. smegmatis AspS was determined to a resolution of 2.4 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudagar S. Gurcha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Veeraraghavan Usha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. G. Cox
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Abrahams
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J. Alderwick
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, College of Arts and Sciences, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-1240, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Loman
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - VijayaShankar Nataraj
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Alemparte
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barros
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian J. Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith V. Hobrath
- Organic Chemistry Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205, United States of America
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Lima AS, Duarte RS, Montenegro LML, Schindler HC. Rapid detection and differentiation of mycobacterial species using a multiplex PCR system. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 46:447-52. [PMID: 23982098 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0097-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The early diagnosis of mycobacterial infections is a critical step for initiating treatment and curing the patient. Molecular analytical methods have led to considerable improvements in the speed and accuracy of mycobacteria detection. METHODS The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction system using mycobacterial strains as an auxiliary tool in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) RESULTS: Forty mycobacterial strains isolated from pulmonary and extrapulmonary origin specimens from 37 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were processed. Using phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the 40 mycobacteria isolated in LJ medium, 57.5% (n=23) were characterized as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and 20% (n=8) as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), with 22.5% (n=9) of the results being inconclusive. When the results of the phenotypic and biochemical tests in 30 strains of mycobacteria were compared with the results of the multiplex PCR, there was 100% concordance in the identification of the MTBC and NTM species, respectively. A total of 32.5% (n=13) of the samples in multiplex PCR exhibited a molecular pattern consistent with NTM, thus disagreeing with the final diagnosis from the attending physician. CONCLUSIONS Multiplex PCR can be used as a differential method for determining TB infections caused by NTM a valuable tool in reducing the time necessary to make clinical diagnoses and begin treatment. It is also useful for identifying species that were previously not identifiable using conventional biochemical and phenotypic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santos Lima
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife,
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Botha L, Gey van Pittius NC, van Helden PD. Mycobacteria and Disease in Southern Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 1:147-56. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Botha
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Faculty of Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg South Africa
| | - N. C. Gey van Pittius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Faculty of Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg South Africa
| | - P. D. van Helden
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Faculty of Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg South Africa
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Abstract
Granuloma formation occurs in the human body if there is a particle which persists in phagocytes and which the immune system cannot eliminate. The immune reaction of granuloma formation evolved in order to combat mycobacteria with the aim of localizing mycobacteria and to avoid spreading of mycobacteria throughout the body. Granulomatous lung diseases are often accompanied by severe, systemic inflammation. However, acute phase proteins may be only slightly elevated. The spectrum of granulomatous lung diseases is broad. Sarcoidosis is the most common granulomatous lung disease. To diagnose sarcoidosis, other infectious granulomatous lung diseases such as tuberculosis, atypical mycobacterial and fungal infection have to be ruled out. Pulmonary granuloma also evolve in the context of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GBA, Wegener's) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss syndrome). Furthermore, immunodeficiencies such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV can be associated with systemic granulomatous inflammation. Finally, occupational lung disease, particularly hypersensitivity pneumonitis, silicosis, hard metal lung, and chronic berylliosis are associated with pulmonary granuloma formation.
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Abrahams KA, Cox JAG, Spivey VL, Loman NJ, Pallen MJ, Constantinidou C, Fernández R, Alemparte C, Remuiñán MJ, Barros D, Ballell L, Besra GS. Identification of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine inhibitors targeting M. tuberculosis QcrB. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52951. [PMID: 23300833 PMCID: PMC3534098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major human pathogen and the causative agent for the pulmonary disease, tuberculosis (TB). Current treatment programs to combat TB are under threat due to the emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant TB. Through the use of high throughput whole cell screening of an extensive compound library a number of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (IP) compounds were obtained as potent lead molecules active against M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The IP inhibitors (1-4) demonstrated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range of 0.03 to 5 µM against a panel of M. tuberculosis strains. M. bovis BCG spontaneous resistant mutants were generated against IP 1, 3, and 4 at 5× MIC and subsequent whole genome sequencing identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (937)ACC>(937)GCC (T313A) in qcrB, which encodes the b subunit of the electron transport ubiquinol cytochrome C reductase. This mutation also conferred cross-resistance against IP 1, 3 and 4 demonstrating a common target. Gene dosage experiments confirmed M. bovis BCG QcrB as the target where over-expression in M. bovis BCG led to an increase in MIC from 0.5 to >8 µM for IP 3. An acute murine model of TB infection established bacteriostatic activity of the IP series, which await further detailed characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Abrahams
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. G. Cox
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vickey L. Spivey
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Loman
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Pallen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raquel Fernández
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemparte
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Modesto J. Remuiñán
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barros
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (GSB); (LB)
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GSB); (LB)
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Chang K, Deng S, Lu W, Wang F, Jia S, Li F, Yu L, Chen M. Association between CD209 -336A/G and -871A/G polymorphisms and susceptibility of tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41519. [PMID: 22911807 PMCID: PMC3404017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between CD209 promoter polymorphisms (-336A/G, -871A/G) and tuberculosis (TB) risk has been widely reported, but results of previous studies remain controversial and ambiguous. To assess the association between CD209 polymorphisms and TB risk, a meta-analysis was performed. Methods Based on comprehensive searches of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Weipu, and CBM databases, we identified outcome data from all articles estimating the association between CD209 polymorphisms and TB risk. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results A total of 14 studies with 3,610 cases and 3,539 controls were identified. There was no significant association between CD209 -336A/G polymorphism and TB risk (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.91–1.19 for G vs. A; OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.84–1.53 for GG vs. AA; OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.87–1.24 for GG+AG vs. AA; OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.88–1.39 for GG vs. AG+AA). However, the significant association was revealed for Asians in GG vs. AA (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.46–4.22, P = 0.0008) and GG vs. AG+AA (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.33–3.32, P = 0.001). For the CD209 -871A/G polymorphism, lack of an association was also found (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.70–0.95 for G vs. A; OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.52–1.93 for GG vs. AA; OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.60–0.89 for GG+AG vs. AA; OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.57–2.10 for GG vs. AG+AA). Conclusion The present meta-analysis suggested that CD209 promoter polymorphisms (-336A/G, -871A/G) were unlikely to substantially contribute to TB susceptibility. However, the GG genotype of CD209 -336A/G polymorphism might be a genetic risk factor that increases TB susceptibility for Asians in GG vs. AA and GG vs. AG+AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoli Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangrong Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fake Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (MC); (LY)
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (MC); (LY)
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Norouzi S, Aghamohammadi A, Mamishi S, Rosenzweig SD, Rezaei N. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) complications associated with primary immunodeficiency diseases. J Infect 2012; 64:543-54. [PMID: 22430715 PMCID: PMC4792288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a group of inherited disorders, characterized by defects of the immune system predisposing individuals to variety of manifestations, including recurrent infections and unusual vaccine complications. There are a number of PIDs prone to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) complications. This review presents an update on our understanding about the BCGosis-susceptible PIDs, including severe combined immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayna Norouzi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sergio D. Rosenzweig
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Esteban J, García-Pedrazuela M, Muñoz-Egea MC, Alcaide F. Current treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13:967-86. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.677824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Usha V, Hobrath JV, Gurcha SS, Reynolds RC, Besra GS. Identification of novel Mt-Guab2 inhibitor series active against M. tuberculosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33886. [PMID: 22479467 PMCID: PMC3315515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. With the emergence of multidrug resistant TB, extensively drug resistant TB and HIV-associated TB it is imperative that new drug targets be identified. The potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) as a novel drug target was explored in the present study. IMPDH exclusively catalyzes the conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine monophosphate (XMP) in the presence of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Although the enzyme is a dehydrogenase, the enzyme does not catalyze the reverse reaction i.e. the conversion of XMP to IMP. Unlike other bacteria, M. tuberculosis harbors three IMPDH-like genes, designated as Mt-guaB1, Mt-guaB2 and Mt-guaB3 respectively. Of the three putative IMPDH's, we previously confirmed that Mt-GuaB2 was the only functional ortholog by characterizing the enzyme kinetically. Using an in silico approach based on designed scaffolds, a series of novel classes of inhibitors was identified. The inhibitors possess good activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC values in the range of 0.4 to 11.4 µg mL−1. Among the identified ligands, two inhibitors have nanomolar Kis against the Mt-GuaB2 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeraraghavan Usha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Judith V. Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sudagar S. Gurcha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Reynolds
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Walker NF, Clark SO, Oni T, Andreu N, Tezera L, Singh S, Saraiva L, Pedersen B, Kelly DL, Tree JA, D'Armiento JM, Meintjes G, Mauri FA, Williams A, Wilkinson RJ, Friedland JS, Elkington PT. Doxycycline and HIV infection suppress tuberculosis-induced matrix metalloproteinases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:989-97. [PMID: 22345579 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201110-1769oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Tuberculosis kills more than 1.5 million people per year, and standard treatment has remained unchanged for more than 30 years. Tuberculosis (TB) drives matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity to cause immunopathology. In advanced HIV infection, tissue destruction is reduced, but underlying mechanisms are poorly defined and no current antituberculous therapy reduces host tissue damage. OBJECTIVES To investigate MMP activity in patients with TB with and without HIV coinfection and to determine the potential of doxycycline to inhibit MMPs and decrease pathology. METHODS Concentrations of MMPs and cytokines were analyzed by Luminex array in a prospectively recruited cohort of patients. Modulation of MMP secretion and Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by doxycycline was studied in primary human cells and TB-infected guinea pigs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS HIV coinfection decreased MMP concentrations in induced sputum of patients with TB. MMPs correlated with clinical markers of tissue damage, further implicating dysregulated protease activity in TB-driven pathology. In contrast, cytokine concentrations were no different. Doxycycline, a licensed MMP inhibitor, suppressed TB-dependent MMP-1 and -9 secretion from primary human macrophages and epithelial cells by inhibiting promoter activation. In the guinea pig model, doxycycline reduced lung TB colony forming units after 8 weeks in a dose-dependent manner compared with untreated animals, and in vitro doxycycline inhibited mycobacterial proliferation. CONCLUSIONS HIV coinfection in patients with TB reduces concentrations of immunopathogenic MMPs. Doxycycline decreases MMP activity in a cellular model and suppresses mycobacterial growth in vitro and in guinea pigs. Adjunctive doxycycline therapy may reduce morbidity and mortality in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi F Walker
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, UK
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