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Yan S, Li M, Liu B, Ma Z, Yang Q. Neutrophil extracellular traps and pulmonary fibrosis: an update. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:2. [PMID: 36658568 PMCID: PMC9851107 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a serious and often fatal illness that occurs in various clinical settings and represents a significant unmet medical need. Increasing evidence indicates that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute significantly to the progression of PF. Therefore, understanding the pathways by which NETs contribute to the disease is crucial for developing effective treatments. This review focuses on the formation of NETs and the common mechanisms of NETs in PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyan Yan
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021 Shandong China
| | - Meiqi Li
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021 Shandong China
| | - Baocheng Liu
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021 Shandong China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021 Shandong China
| | - Qingrui Yang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021 Shandong China
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Clements D, Miller S, Babaei-Jadidi R, Adam M, Potter SS, Johnson SR. Cross talk between LAM cells and fibroblasts may influence alveolar epithelial cell behavior in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L283-L293. [PMID: 34936509 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00351.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a female-specific cystic lung disease in which tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)-deficient LAM cells, LAM-associated fibroblasts (LAFs), and other cell types infiltrate the lungs. LAM lesions can be associated with type II alveolar epithelial (AT2) cells. We hypothesized that the behavior of AT2 cells in LAM is influenced locally by LAFs. We tested this hypothesis in the patient samples and in vitro. In human LAM lung, nodular AT2 cells show enhanced proliferation when compared with parenchymal AT2 cells, demonstrated by increased Ki67 expression. Furthermore, nodular AT2 cells express proteins associated with epithelial activation in other disease states including matrix metalloproteinase 7, and fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7). In vitro, LAF-conditioned medium is mitogenic and positively chemotactic for epithelial cells, increases the rate of epithelial repair, and protects against apoptosis. In vitro, LAM patient-derived TSC2 null cells cocultured with LAFs upregulate LAF expression of the epithelial chemokine and mitogen FGF7, a potential mediator of fibroblast-epithelial cross talk, in a mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent manner. In a novel in vitro model of LAM, ex vivo cultured LAM lung-derived microtissues promote both epithelial migration and adhesion. Our findings suggest that AT2 cells in LAM display a proliferative, activated phenotype and fibroblast accumulation following LAM cell infiltration into the parenchyma contributes to this change in AT2 cell behavior. Fibroblast-derived FGF7 may contribute to the cross talk between LAFs and hyperplastic epithelium in vivo, but does not appear to be the main driver of the effects of LAFs on epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Clements
- Translational Medical Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Miller
- Translational Medical Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roya Babaei-Jadidi
- Translational Medical Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Adam
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Simon R Johnson
- Translational Medical Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Lehmann M, Buhl L, Alsafadi HN, Klee S, Hermann S, Mutze K, Ota C, Lindner M, Behr J, Hilgendorff A, Wagner DE, Königshoff M. Differential effects of Nintedanib and Pirfenidone on lung alveolar epithelial cell function in ex vivo murine and human lung tissue cultures of pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:175. [PMID: 30219058 PMCID: PMC6138909 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease. Repetitive injury and reprogramming of the lung epithelium are thought to be critical drivers of disease progression, contributing to fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and subsequently loss of lung architecture and function. To date, Pirfenidone and Nintedanib are the only approved drugs known to decelerate disease progression, however, if and how these drugs affect lung epithelial cell function, remains largely unexplored. Methods We treated murine and human 3D ex vivo lung tissue cultures (3D-LTCs; generated from precision cut lung slices (PCLS)) as well as primary murine alveolar epithelial type II (pmATII) cells with Pirfenidone or Nintedanib. Murine 3D-LTCs or pmATII cells were derived from the bleomycin model of fibrosis. Early fibrotic changes were induced in human 3D-LTCs by a mixture of profibrotic factors. Epithelial and mesenchymal cell function was determined by qPCR, Western blotting, Immunofluorescent staining, and ELISA. Results Low μM concentrations of Nintedanib (1 μM) and mM concentrations of Pirfenidone (2.5 mM) reduced fibrotic gene expression including Collagen 1a1 and Fibronectin in murine and human 3D-LTCs as well as pmATII cells. Notably, Nintedanib stabilized expression of distal lung epithelial cell markers, especially Surfactant Protein C in pmATII cells as well as in murine and human 3D-LTCs. Conclusions Pirfenidone and Nintedanib exhibit distinct effects on murine and human epithelial cells, which might contribute to their anti-fibrotic action. Human 3D-LTCs represent a valuable tool to assess anti-fibrotic mechanisms of potential drugs for the treatment of IPF patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0876-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Lehmann
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Buhl
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Hani N Alsafadi
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Klee
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Hermann
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Chiharu Ota
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lindner
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Asklepios Biobank for Lung Diseases, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Asklepios Clinic Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Asklepios Biobank for Lung Diseases, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Asklepios Clinic Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany.,Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany. .,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, AMC, Research 2, 9th Flr, 12700 East 19th Ave, Aurora, Denver, CO, 80045, USA.
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Mümmler C, Burgy O, Hermann S, Mutze K, Günther A, Königshoff M. Cell-specific expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 contributes to pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J 2018; 32:703-716. [PMID: 28986417 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700482r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease with limited therapeutic options and unknown etiology. IPF is characterized by epithelial cell injury, impaired cellular crosstalk between epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and the formation of fibroblast foci with increased extracellular matrix deposition (ECM). We investigated the role of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), a master regulator of bone development that has been linked to profibrotic signaling. RUNX2 expression was up-regulated in lung homogenates from patients with IPF and in experimental bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. The RUNX2 level correlated with disease severity as measured by decreased diffusing capacity and increased levels of the IPF biomarker, matrix metalloproteinase 7. Nuclear RUNX2 was observed in prosurfactant protein C-positive hyperplastic epithelial cells and was rarely found in myofibroblasts. We discovered an up-regulation of RUNX2 in fibrotic alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells as well as an increase of RUNX2-negative fibroblasts in experimental and human pulmonary fibrosis. Functionally, small interfering RNA-mediated RUNX2 knockdown decreased profibrotic ATII cell function, such as proliferation and migration, whereas fibroblasts displayed activation markers and increased ECM expression after RUNX2 knockdown. This study reveals that RUNX2 is differentially expressed in ATII cells vs. fibroblasts in lung fibrosis, which contributes to profibrotic cell function. Cell-specific targeting of RUNX2 pathways may represent a therapeutic approach for IPF.-Mümmler, C., Burgy, O., Hermann, S., Mutze, K., Günther, A., Königshoff, M. Cell-specific expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 contributes to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mümmler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier Burgy
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah Hermann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Classical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channels support myofibroblast differentiation and development of experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:560-568. [PMID: 27932059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive lung disease without effective medical treatment options leading to respiratory failure and death within 3-5years of diagnosis. The pathological process of PF is driven by aberrant wound-healing involving fibroblasts and myofibroblasts differentiated by secreted profibrotic transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1). Classical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6), a Na+- and Ca2+-permeable cation channel, is able to promote myofibroblast conversion of primary rat cardiac and human dermal fibroblasts and TRPC6-deficiency impaired wound healing after injury. To study a potential role of TRPC6 in the development of PF we analyzed lung function, gene and protein expression in wild-type (WT) and TRPC6-deficient (TRPC6-/-) lungs utilizing a bleomycin-induced PF-model. Fibrotic WT-mice showed a significant higher death rate while bleomycin-treated TRPC6-deficient mice were partly protected from fibrosis as a consequence of a lower production of collagen and an almost normal function of the respiratory system (reduced resistance and elastance compared to fibrotic WT-mice). On a molecular level TGF-β1 induced TRPC6 up-regulation, increased Ca2+ influx and nuclear NFAT localization in WT primary murine lung fibroblasts (PMLFs) resulting in higher stress fiber formation and accelerated contraction rates as compared to treated TRPC6-deficient fibroblasts. Therefore, we conclude that TRPC6 is an important determinant for TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation during fibrosis and specific channel inhibitors might be beneficial in a future treatment of PF.
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