Control of Breathing in Preterm Infants. Neonatal ICU and Beyond

Control of Breathing and Central Hypoventilation Syndromes

Control of breathing in children varies with age and sleep state. There is overlap between central hypoventilation, autonomic dysfunction, and hypothalamic dysfunction in the rare disorders (congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and rapid-onset obesity, hypoventilation, hypothalamic dysfunction, and autonomic dysregulation). Other, more common disorders that typically present in childhood also include central hypoventilation and disordered ventilatory responses.

Association of transcutaneous CO2 with respiratory support: a prospective double blind observational study in children with bronchiolitis and reactive airway disease

The use of clinical scoring to assess for severity of respiratory distress and respiratory failure is challenging due to subjectivity and interrater variability. Transcutaneous Capnography (TcpCO₂) can be used as an objective tool to assess a patient’s ventilatory status. This study was designed to assess for any correlation of continuous monitoring of TcpCO₂ with the respiratory clinical scores and deterioration in children admitted for acute respiratory distress. A prospective observational study over one year on children aged 2 weeks to 5 years admitted with acute respiratory distress or failure secondary to Bronchiolitis and Reactive airway disease was performed. Continuous TcpCO₂ monitoring for upto 48 h was recorded. Investigators, bedside physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurses were blinded from the transcutaneous trends at the time of data collection. Total of 813 TcpCO₂ measurements at standard intervals of 30 min were obtained on 38 subjects. Subjects with abnormal TcpCO₂ (> 45 mmHg) were younger (6.9 ± 5.2 vs. 23.05 ± 17.7 months,) and were more likely to be on higher oxygen flow rate (0.52 L/min/kg vs 0.46 lier/min/kg, p = 0.004) and higher FiO₂ (38.4 vs 33.6, p < 0.001 using heated high flow nasal cannula. No difference was found in bronchiolitis score or PEW score in subjects with normal and abnormal TcpCO₂. A small but statistically significant increase in TcpCO₂ was observed at the escalation of care. Even though odds of escalation of care are higher with abnormal TcpCO₂ (OR 1.92), this difference did not reach statistical significance. pCO₂ can provide additive information for non-invasive clinical monitoring of children requiring varying respiratory support; however, it does not provide predictive value for escalation or de-escalation of care.