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Morin F, Polard L, Fresnel E, Richard M, Schmit H, Martin-Houitte C, Cordioli RL, Lebret M, Mercat A, Beloncle F, Savary D, Richard JC, Lesimple A. A new physiological manikin to test and compare ventilation devices during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resusc Plus 2024; 19:100663. [PMID: 38827273 PMCID: PMC11143906 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of bench systems permitting to evaluate ventilation devices in the specific context of cardiac arrest. Objectives The objective of the study is to assess if a new physiological manikin may permit to evaluate the performances of medical devices dedicated to ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods Specific CPR-related features required to reproduce realistic ventilation were implemented into the SAM (Sarthe Anjou Mayenne) manikin. In the first place, the manikin ability to mimic ventilation during CPR was assessed and compared to real-life tracings of airway pressure, flow and capnogram from three out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. In addition, to illustrate the interest of this manikin, ventilation was evaluated during mechanical continuous chest compressions with two devices dedicated to CPR: the Boussignac cardiac arrest device (B-card - Vygon; Ecouen France) and the Impedance Threshold Device (ITD - Zoll; Chelmsford, MA). Results The SAM manikin enabled precise replication of ventilation tracings as observed in three OHCA patients during CPR, and it allowed for comparison between two distinct ventilation devices. B-card generated a mean, maximum and minimum intrathoracic pressure of 6.3 (±0.1) cmH2O, 18.9 (±1.1) cmH2O and -0.3 (±0.2) cmH2O respectively; while ITD generated a mean, maximum and minimum intrathoracic pressure of -1.6 (±0.0) cmH2O, 5.7 (±0.1) cmH2O and -4.8 (±0.1) cmH2O respectively during CPR. B-card allowed to increase passive ventilation compared to the ITD which resulted in a dramatic limitation of passive ventilation. Conclusion The SAM manikin is an innovative model integrating specific physiological features that permit to accurately evaluate and compare ventilation devices during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Morin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Laura Polard
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
| | | | | | - Hugo Schmit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Annecy Genevois Hospital, Annecy, France
| | | | | | - Marius Lebret
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
- Kernel Biomedical, Bois-Guillaume, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Erphan Paris-Saclay University, Versailles, France
| | - Alain Mercat
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - François Beloncle
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Dominique Savary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Richard
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Arnaud Lesimple
- Vent’Lab, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Med2Lab Laboratory, ALMS, Antony, France
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Shepard LN, Nishisaki A. Anthropometric-Targeted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: As Good as It Can Get? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2024; 25:767-769. [PMID: 39101803 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N Shepard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Akira Nishisaki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Vanwulpen M, Bouillon A, Cornelis R, Dessers B, Hachimi-Idrissi S. Detecting Intrathoracic Airway Closure during Prehospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Using Quasi-Static Pressure-Volume Curves: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4274. [PMID: 39064313 PMCID: PMC11278204 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Intrathoracic airway closure frequently occurs during cardiac arrest, possibly impairing ventilation. Previously, capnogram analysis was used to detect this pathophysiological process. In other populations, quasi-static pressure-volume curves obtained during constant low-flow inflations are routinely used to detect intrathoracic airway closure. This study reports the first use of quasi-static pressure-volume curves to detect intrathoracic airway closure during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods: Connecting a pressure and flow sensor to the endotracheal tube enabled the performance of low-flow inflations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation using a manual resuscitator. Users connected the device following intubation and performed a low-flow inflation during the next rhythm analysis when chest compressions were interrupted. Determining the lower inflection point on the resulting pressure-volume curves allowed for the detection and quantification of intrathoracic airway closure. Results: The research device was used during the prehospital treatment of ten cardiac arrest patients. A lower inflection point indicating intrathoracic airway closure was detected in all patients. During cardiac arrest, the median pressure at which the lower inflection point occurred was 5.56 cmH20 (IQR 4.80, 8.23 cmH20). This value varied considerably between cases and was lower in patients who achieved return of spontaneous circulation. Conclusions: In this pilot study, quasi-static pressure-volume curves were obtained during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intrathoracic airway closure was detected in all patients. Further research is needed to determine whether the use of ventilation strategies to counter intrathoracic airway closure could lead to improved outcomes and if the degree of airway closure could serve as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Vanwulpen
- Emergency Department, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium (S.H.-I.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arthur Bouillon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Cornelis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Dessers
- Emergency Department, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium (S.H.-I.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saïd Hachimi-Idrissi
- Emergency Department, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium (S.H.-I.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Free University Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Rosà T, Bongiovanni F, Michi T, Mastropietro C, Menga LS, DE Pascale G, Antonelli M, Grieco DL. Recruitment-to-inflation ratio for bedside PEEP selection in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Minerva Anestesiol 2024; 90:694-706. [PMID: 39021144 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.24.17982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In acute respiratory distress syndrome, the role of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury is controversial. Randomized trials comparing higher versus lower PEEP strategies failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit. This may depend on the inter-individually variable potential for lung recruitment (i.e. recruitability), which would warrant PEEP individualization to balance alveolar recruitment and the unavoidable baby lung overinflation produced by high pressure. Many techniques have been used to assess recruitability, including lung imaging, multiple pressure-volume curves and lung volume measurement. The Recruitment-to-Inflation ratio (R/I) has been recently proposed to bedside assess recruitability without additional equipment. R/I assessment is a simplified technique based on the multiple pressure-volume curve concept: it is measured by monitoring respiratory mechanics and exhaled tidal volume during a 10-cmH2O one-breath derecruitment maneuver after a short high-PEEP test. R/I scales recruited volume to respiratory system compliance, and normalizes recruitment to a proxy of actual lung size. With modest R/I (<0.3-0.4), setting low PEEP (5-8 cmH2O) may be advisable; with R/I>0.6-0.7, high PEEP (≥15 cmH2O) can be considered, provided that airway and/or transpulmonary plateau pressure do not exceed safety limits. In case of intermediate R/I (≈0.5), a more granular assessment of recruitability may be needed. This could be accomplished with advanced monitoring tools, like sequential lung volume measurement with granular R/I assessment or electrical impedance tomography monitoring during a decremental PEEP trial. In this review, we discuss R/I rationale, applications and limits, providing insights on its clinical use for PEEP selection in moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Rosà
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Bongiovanni
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Michi
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mastropietro
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca S Menga
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro DE Pascale
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Antonelli
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico L Grieco
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy -
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Bouillon A, Vanwulpen M, Tackaert T, Cornelis R, Hachimi-Idrissi S. Explorative study on lower inflection point dynamics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Potential implications for airway management. Resuscitation 2024; 200:110242. [PMID: 38759718 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after an Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA), intrathoracic airway closure can impede ventilation, adversely affecting patient outcomes. This explorative study investigates the evolution of intrathoracic airway closure by analyzing the lower inflection point (LIP) during the inspiration phase of CPR, aiming to identify the potential thresholds for alveolar recruitment. METHODS AND MATERIALS Eleven OHCA patients undergoing CPR with endotracheal intubation and manual bag ventilation were included. Flow and pressure measurements were obtained using Sensirion SFM3200AW and Wika CPT2500 sensors attached to the endotracheal tube, connected to a Surface Go Tablet for data collection. Flow data was analyzed in Microsoft Excel, while pressure data was processed using the Wika USBsoft2500 application. Analysis focused on the inspiration phase of the first 6-8 breaths, with an additional 2 breaths recorded and analyzed at the end of CPR. RESULTS Across the cohort, the median tidal volume was 870.00 milliliter (mL), average flow was 31.90 standard liters per minute (slm), and average pressure was 17.21 cmH2O. The calculated average LIP was 31.47 cmH2O. Most cases (72.7%) exhibited a negative trajectory in LIP evolution during CPR, with 2 cases (18.2%) showing a positive trajectory and 1 case remaining inconclusive. The average LIP in the first 8 breaths was significantly higher than in the last 2 breaths (p = 0.018). No significant correlation was found between average LIP and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), compression depth, frequency, or end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2). However, a significant negative correlation was observed between the average LIP of the last 2 breaths and CPR duration (p = 0.023). VALIDATION LIP calculation in low-flow ventilations using the novel mathematical method yielded values consistent with those reported in the literature. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION These explorative data demonstrate a predominantly negative trajectory in LIP evolution during CPR, suggesting potential challenges in maintaining airway patency. Limitations include a small sample size and sensor recording issues. Further research is warranted to explore the evolution of LIP and its implications for personalized ventilation strategies in CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bouillon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Maxim Vanwulpen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tackaert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Cornelis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Said Hachimi-Idrissi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Shellen S, Parnia S, Huppert EL, Gonzales AM, Pollard K. Integrating rSO 2 and EEG monitoring in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A novel methodology. Resusc Plus 2024; 18:100644. [PMID: 38708064 PMCID: PMC11066545 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), survival and neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest remain poor due to ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury. As the likelihood of survival and favorable neurologic outcome decreases with increasing severity of ischemia during CPR, developing methods to measure the magnitude of ischemia during resuscitation is critical for improving overall outcomes. Cerebral oximetry, which measures regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) by near-infrared spectroscopy, has emerged as a potentially beneficial marker of cerebral ischemia during CPR. In numerous preclinical and clinical studies, higher rSO2 during CPR has been associated with improved cardiac arrest survival and neurologic outcome. There is also emerging evidence that this can be integrated with electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring to provide a bimodal system of brain monitoring during CPR. In this method's review, we discuss the feasibility, application, and implications of this integrated monitoring approach, highlighting its significance for improving clinical outcomes in cardiac arrest management and guiding future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Shellen
- Critical Care and Resuscitation Research Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sam Parnia
- Critical Care and Resuscitation Research Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elise L. Huppert
- Critical Care and Resuscitation Research Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anelly M. Gonzales
- Critical Care and Resuscitation Research Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenna Pollard
- Critical Care and Resuscitation Research Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Chu SE, Huang CY, Cheng CY, Chan CH, Chen HA, Chang CH, Tsai KC, Chiu KM, Ma MHM, Chiang WC, Sun JT. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Without Aortic Valve Compression Increases the Chances of Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Crit Care Med 2024:00003246-990000000-00336. [PMID: 38780398 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following current cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines, which recommend chest compressions at "the center of the chest," ~50% of patients experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) undergo aortic valve (AV) compression, obstructing blood flow. We used resuscitative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to elucidate the impact of uncompressed vs. compressed AV on outcomes of adult patients experiencing OHCA. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING Single center. PATIENTS This study included adult OHCA patients undergoing resuscitative TEE in the emergency department. Patients were categorized into AV uncompressed or AV compressed groups based on TEE findings. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome was sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The secondary outcomes included end-tidal co2 (Etco2) during CPR, any ROSC, survival to ICU and hospital discharge, post-resuscitation withdrawal, and favorable neurologic outcomes at discharge. Additional analyses on intra-arrest arterial blood pressure (ABP) were also conducted. The sample size was pre-estimated at 37 patients/group. From October 2020 to January 2023, 76 patients were enrolled, 39 and 37 in the AV uncompressed and AV compressed groups, respectively. Intergroup baseline characteristics were similar. Compared with the AV compressed group, the AV uncompressed group had a higher probability of sustained ROSC (53.8% vs. 24.3%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.72; p = 0.010), any ROSC (56.4% vs. 32.4%; aOR, 3.30; p = 0.033), and survival to ICU (33.3% vs. 8.1%; aOR, 6.74; p = 0.010), and recorded higher initial diastolic ABP (33.4 vs. 11.5 mm Hg; p = 0.002) and a larger proportion achieving diastolic ABP greater than 20 mm Hg during CPR (93.8% vs. 33.3%; p < 0.001). The Etco2, post-resuscitation withdrawal, and survival to discharge revealed no significant intergroup differences. No patients were discharged with favorable neurologic outcomes. Uncompressed AV seemed critical for sustained ROSC across all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Absence of AV compression during OHCA resuscitation is associated with an increased chance of ROSC and survival to ICU. However, its effect on long-term outcomes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-En Chu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Douliu City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chan
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-An Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ho Chang
- Statistical Consulting Unit, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chau Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ming Chiu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Matthew Huei-Ming Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Douliu City, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chu Chiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Douliu City, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tang Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Jenten Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Shrimpton AJ, Brown V, Vassallo J, Nolan JP, Soar J, Hamilton F, Cook TM, Bzdek BR, Reid JP, Makepeace CH, Deutsch J, Ascione R, Brown JM, Benger JR, Pickering AE. A quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anaesthesia 2024; 79:156-167. [PMID: 37921438 PMCID: PMC10952244 DOI: 10.1111/anae.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear if cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an aerosol-generating procedure and whether this poses a risk of airborne disease transmission to healthcare workers and bystanders. Use of airborne transmission precautions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation may confer rescuer protection but risks patient harm due to delays in commencing treatment. To quantify the risk of respiratory aerosol generation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans, we conducted an aerosol monitoring study during out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Exhaled aerosol was recorded using an optical particle sizer spectrometer connected to the breathing system. Aerosol produced during resuscitation was compared with that produced by control participants under general anaesthesia ventilated with an equivalent respiratory pattern to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A porcine cardiac arrest model was used to determine the independent contributions of ventilatory breaths, chest compressions and external cardiac defibrillation to aerosol generation. Time-series analysis of participants with cardiac arrest (n = 18) demonstrated a repeating waveform of respiratory aerosol that mapped to specific components of resuscitation. Very high peak aerosol concentrations were generated during ventilation of participants with cardiac arrest with median (IQR [range]) 17,926 (5546-59,209 [1523-242,648]) particles.l-1 , which were 24-fold greater than in control participants under general anaesthesia (744 (309-2106 [23-9099]) particles.l-1 , p < 0.001, n = 16). A substantial rise in aerosol also occurred with cardiac defibrillation and chest compressions. In a complimentary porcine model of cardiac arrest, aerosol recordings showed a strikingly similar profile to the human data. Time-averaged aerosol concentrations during ventilation were approximately 270-fold higher than before cardiac arrest (19,410 (2307-41,017 [104-136,025]) vs. 72 (41-136 [23-268]) particles.l-1 , p = 0.008). The porcine model also confirmed that both defibrillation and chest compressions generate high concentrations of aerosol independent of, but synergistic with, ventilation. In conclusion, multiple components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate high concentrations of respiratory aerosol. We recommend that airborne transmission precautions are warranted in the setting of high-risk pathogens, until the airway is secured with an airway device and breathing system with a filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Shrimpton
- Anaesthesia, Pain and Critical Care Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - V. Brown
- Critical Care, South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation TrustUK
- Great Western Air Ambulance CharityBristolUK
| | - J. Vassallo
- Institute of Naval MedicineGosportUK
- Academic Department of Military Emergency MedicineRoyal Centre for Defence MedicineBirminghamUK
| | - J. P. Nolan
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical SchoolCoventryUK
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care MedicineRoyal United HospitalBathUK
| | - J. Soar
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care MedicineNorth Bristol NHS TrustBristolUK
| | - F. Hamilton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolUK
| | - T. M. Cook
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care MedicineRoyal United HospitalBathUK
| | - B. R. Bzdek
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - J. P. Reid
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - C. H. Makepeace
- Langford Vets and Translational Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of BristolUK
| | - J. Deutsch
- Langford Vets and Translational Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of BristolUK
| | - R. Ascione
- Translational Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- University Hospital Bristol Weston NHS TrustBristolUK
| | - J. M. Brown
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care MedicineNorth Bristol NHS TrustBristolUK
| | - J. R. Benger
- Faculty of Health and Applied SciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - A. E. Pickering
- Department of AnaesthesiaUniversity Hospitals Bristol and WestonBristolUK
- Anaesthesia, Pain and Critical Care Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Shepard LN, Berg RA, O'Halloran A. It's time to learn more about the "P" in CPR. Resuscitation 2023; 193:110037. [PMID: 37944853 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N Shepard
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Robert A Berg
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 1910, United States.
| | - Amanda O'Halloran
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 1910, United States.
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10
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Azcarate I, Urigüen JA, Leturiondo M, Sandoval CL, Redondo K, Gutiérrez JJ, Russell JK, Wallmüller P, Sterz F, Daya MR, Ruiz de Gauna S. The Role of Chest Compressions on Ventilation during Advanced Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6918. [PMID: 37959385 PMCID: PMC10647836 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is growing interest in the quality of manual ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but accurate assessment of ventilation parameters remains a challenge. Waveform capnography is currently the reference for monitoring ventilation rate in intubated patients, but fails to provide information on tidal volumes and inspiration-expiration timing. Moreover, the capnogram is often distorted when chest compressions (CCs) are performed during ventilation compromising its reliability during CPR. Our main purpose was to characterize manual ventilation during CPR and to assess how CCs may impact on ventilation quality. Methods: Retrospective analysis were performed of CPR recordings fromtwo databases of adult patients in cardiac arrest including capnogram, compression depth, and airway flow, pressure and volume signals. Using automated signal processing techniques followed by manual revision, individual ventilations were identified and ventilation parameters were measured. Oscillations on the capnogram plateau during CCs were characterized, and its correlation with compression depth and airway volume was assessed. Finally, we identified events of reversed airflow caused by CCs and their effect on volume and capnogram waveform. Results: Ventilation rates were higher than the recommended 10 breaths/min in 66.7% of the cases. Variability in ventilation rates correlated with the variability in tidal volumes and other ventilatory parameters. Oscillations caused by CCs on capnograms were of high amplitude (median above 74%) and were associated with low pseudo-volumes (median 26 mL). Correlation between the amplitude of those oscillations with either the CCs depth or the generated passive volumes was low, with correlation coefficients of -0.24 and 0.40, respectively. During inspiration and expiration, reversed airflow events caused opposed movement of gases in 80% of ventilations. Conclusions: Our study confirmed lack of adherence between measured ventilation rates and the guideline recommendations, and a substantial dispersion in manual ventilation parameters during CPR. Oscillations on the capnogram plateau caused by CCs did not correlate with compression depth or associated small tidal volumes. CCs caused reversed flow during inspiration, expiration and in the interval between ventilations, sufficient to generate volume changes and causing oscillations on capnogram. Further research is warranted to assess the impact of these findings on ventilation quality during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Azcarate
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Urigüen
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mikel Leturiondo
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
| | | | - Koldo Redondo
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
| | - José Julio Gutiérrez
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
| | - James Knox Russell
- Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine (CPR-EM), Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.K.R.); (M.R.D.)
| | - Pia Wallmüller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (F.S.)
| | - Fritz Sterz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (F.S.)
| | - Mohamud Ramzan Daya
- Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine (CPR-EM), Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.K.R.); (M.R.D.)
| | - Sofía Ruiz de Gauna
- Group of Signal and Communications, Bilbao School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (J.A.U.); (M.L.); (K.R.); (J.J.G.); (S.R.d.G.)
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11
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Pozzi M, Cominesi DR, Giani M, Avalli L, Foti G, Brochard LJ, Bellani G, Rezoagli E. Airway Closure in Patients With Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema as a Cause of Driving Pressure Overestimation: The "Uncorking Effect". Chest 2023; 164:e125-e130. [PMID: 37945193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway closure is an underestimated phenomenon reported in hypoxemic respiratory failure under mechanical ventilation, during cardiac arrest, and in patients who are obese. Because airway and alveolar pressure are not communicating, it leads to an overestimation of driving pressure and an underestimation of respiratory system compliance. Airway closure also favors denitrogenation atelectasis. To date, it has been described mainly in patients with ARDS and those with obesity. We describe three cases of airway closure in patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema caused by cardiogenic shock, highlighting its resolution in a limited period of time (24 h) as pulmonary edema resolved. The waveforms show a biphasic reopening that we refer to as the "uncorking effect". The detection of airway closure may require setting positive end-expiratory pressure at or above the airway opening pressure to avoid the overestimation of driving pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pozzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Davide Raimondi Cominesi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Giani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Leonello Avalli
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Foti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Laurent J Brochard
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giacomo Bellani
- Centre for Medical Sciences - CISMed, University of Trento, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, Trento, Italy; Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy.
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12
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Brochard LJ. Mechanical Ventilation: Negative to Positive and Back Again. Crit Care Clin 2023; 39:437-449. [PMID: 37230549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Critical care and mechanical ventilation have a relatively brief history in medicine. Premises existed through the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries but modern mechanical ventilation started in the twentieth century. Noninvasive ventilation techniques had started both in the intensive care unit and for home ventilation at the end of the 1980s and the 1990s. The need for mechanical ventilation is increasingly influenced worldwide by the spread of respiratory viruses, and the last coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has seen a massive successful use of noninvasive ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent J Brochard
- Keenan Research Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Room 4-08, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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13
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Measuring ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: PART of the equation. Resuscitation 2023; 184:109696. [PMID: 36681381 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Kopra J, Litonius E, Pekkarinen PT, Laitinen M, Heinonen JA, Fontanelli L, Mäkiaho TP, Skrifvars MB. Ventilation during continuous compressions or at 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio results in similar arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in an experimental model of prolonged cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:3. [PMID: 36607514 PMCID: PMC9823175 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-022-00485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, transportation to hospital with continuous chest compressions (CCC) from a chest compression device and ventilation with 100% oxygen through an advanced airway is common practice. Despite this, many patients are hypoxic and hypercapnic on arrival, possibly related to suboptimal ventilation due to the counterpressure caused by the CCC. We hypothesized that a compression/ventilation ratio of 30:2 would provide better ventilation and gas exchange compared to asynchronous CCC during prolonged experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS We randomized 30 anaesthetized domestic swine (weight approximately 50 kg) with electrically induced ventricular fibrillation to the CCC or 30:2 group and bag-valve ventilation with a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 100%. We started CPR after a 5-min no-flow period and continued until 40 min from the induction of ventricular fibrillation. Chest compressions were performed with a Stryker Medical LUCAS® 2 mechanical chest compression device. We collected arterial blood gas samples every 5 min during the CPR, measured ventilation distribution during the CPR using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and analysed post-mortem computed tomography (CT) scans for differences in lung aeration status. RESULTS The median (interquartile range [IQR]) partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) at 30 min was 110 (52-117) mmHg for the 30:2 group and 70 (40-171) mmHg for the CCC group. The median (IQR) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) at 30 min was 70 (45-85) mmHg for the 30:2 group and 68 (42-84) mmHg for the CCC group. No statistically significant differences between the groups in PaO2 (p = 0.40), PaCO2 (p = 0.79), lactate (p = 0.37), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p = 0.47) or EtCO2 (p = 0.19) analysed with a linear mixed model were found. We found a deteriorating trend in PaO2, EtCO2 and MAP and rising PaCO2 and lactate levels through the intervention. There were no differences between the groups in the distribution of ventilation in the EIT data or the post-mortem CT findings. CONCLUSIONS The 30:2 and CCC protocols resulted in similar gas exchange and lung pathology in an experimental prolonged mechanical CPR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Kopra
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Emergency Care and Services, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Litonius
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkka T. Pekkarinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Intensive Care, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Laitinen
- VetCT Teleconsulting–Teleradiology Small Animal Team, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juho A. Heinonen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Fontanelli
- grid.8982.b0000 0004 1762 5736Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tomi P. Mäkiaho
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Emergency Care and Services, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus B. Skrifvars
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Emergency Care and Services, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Benoit JL, Lakshmanan S, Farmer SJ, Sun Q, Gray JJ, Sams W, Tadesse DG, McMullan JT. Ventilation rates measured by capnography during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations and their association with return of spontaneous circulation. Resuscitation 2023; 182:109662. [PMID: 36481240 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) recommend a ventilation rate of 8-10 per minute yet acknowledge that few data exist to guide recommendations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of continuous capnography to measure ventilation rates and the association with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). METHODS This was a retrospective observational cohort study. We included all OHCA during a two-year period and excluded traumatic and pediatric patients. Ventilations were recorded using non-invasive continuous capnography. Blinded medically trained team members manually annotated all ventilations. Four techniques were used to analyze ventilation rate. The primary outcome was sustained prehospital ROSC. Secondary outcomes were vital status at the end of prehospital care and survival to hospital admission. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed. RESULTS A total of 790 OHCA were analyzed. Only 386 (49%) had useable capnography data. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final study cohort was 314 patients. The median ventilation rate per minute was 7 (IQR 5.4-8.5). Only 70 (22%) received a guideline-compliant ventilation rate of 8-10 per minute. Sixty-two (20%) achieved the primary outcome. No statistically significant associations were observed between any of the ventilation parameters and patient outcomes in both univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS We failed to detect an association between intra-arrest ventilation rates measured by continuous capnography and proximal patient outcomes after OHCA. Capnography has poor reliability as a measure of ventilation rate. Achieving guideline-compliant ventilation rates remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Benoit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Shyam Lakshmanan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sam J Farmer
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine - Northern Kentucky Campus, Highland Heights, KY, USA.
| | - Qin Sun
- Data Management and Analysis Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - J Jordan Gray
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Woodrow Sams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Jason T McMullan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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16
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Lesimple A, Fritz C, Hutin A, Charbonney E, Savary D, Delisle S, Ouellet P, Bronchti G, Lidouren F, Piraino T, Beloncle F, Prouvez N, Broc A, Mercat A, Brochard L, Tissier R, Richard JC. A novel capnogram analysis to guide ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: clinical and experimental observations. Crit Care 2022; 26:287. [PMID: 36151559 PMCID: PMC9508761 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decreases lung volume below the functional residual capacity and can generate intrathoracic airway closure. Conversely, large insufflations can induce thoracic distension and jeopardize circulation. The capnogram (CO2 signal) obtained during continuous chest compressions can reflect intrathoracic airway closure, and we hypothesized here that it can also indicate thoracic distension. Objectives To test whether a specific capnogram may identify thoracic distension during CPR and to assess the impact of thoracic distension on gas exchange and hemodynamics. Methods (1) In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients, we identified on capnograms three patterns: intrathoracic airway closure, thoracic distension or regular pattern. An algorithm was designed to identify them automatically. (2) To link CO2 patterns with ventilation, we conducted three experiments: (i) reproducing the CO2 patterns in human cadavers, (ii) assessing the influence of tidal volume and respiratory mechanics on thoracic distension using a mechanical lung model and (iii) exploring the impact of thoracic distension patterns on different circulation parameters during CPR on a pig model. Measurements and main results (1) Clinical data: 202 capnograms were collected. Intrathoracic airway closure was present in 35%, thoracic distension in 22% and regular pattern in 43%. (2) Experiments: (i) Higher insufflated volumes reproduced thoracic distension CO2 patterns in 5 cadavers. (ii) In the mechanical lung model, thoracic distension patterns were associated with higher volumes and longer time constants. (iii) In six pigs during CPR with various tidal volumes, a CO2 pattern of thoracic distension, but not tidal volume per se, was associated with a significant decrease in blood pressure and cerebral perfusion. Conclusions During CPR, capnograms reflecting intrathoracic airway closure, thoracic distension or regular pattern can be identified. In the animal experiment, a thoracic distension pattern on the capnogram is associated with a negative impact of ventilation on blood pressure and cerebral perfusion during CPR, not predicted by tidal volume per se. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-022-04156-0.
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17
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Fritz C, Jaeger D, Luo Y, Lardenois E, Badat B, Roquet FE, Rigollot M, Kimmoun A, Tran N'G, Richard JCM, Chouihed T, Levy B. IMPACT OF DIFFERENT VENTILATION STRATEGIES ON GAS EXCHANGES AND CIRCULATION DURING PROLONGED MECHANICAL CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN A PORCINE MODEL. Shock 2022; 58:119-127. [PMID: 34710880 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Optimal ventilation during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is still controversial. Ventilation is expected to provide sufficient arterial oxygen content and adequate carbon dioxide removal, while minimizing the risk of circulatory impairment. The objective of the present study was to compare three ventilation strategies in a porcine model during mechanical continuous chest compressions (CCC) according to arterial oxygenation and hemodynamic impact. Method: Ventricular fibrillation was induced and followed by five no-flow minutes and thirty low-flow minutes resuscitation with mechanical-CCC without vasopressive drugs administration. Three groups of eight Landras pig were randomized according to the ventilation strategy: 1. Standard nonsynchronized volume-control mode (SD-group); 2. synchronized bilevel pressure-controlled ventilation (CPV-group); 3. continuous insufflation with Boussignac Cardiac-Arrest Device (BC-group). We assessed 1. arterial blood gases, 2. macro hemodynamics, 3. tissular cerebral macro and micro-circulation and 4. airway pressure, minute ventilation at baseline and every 5 minutes during the protocol. Results: Arterial PaO2 level was higher at each measurement time in SD-group (>200 mm Hg) compare to CPV-group and BC-group ( P < 0.01). In BC-group, arterial PaCO2 level was significantly higher (>90mm Hg) than in SD and CPV groups ( P < 0.01). There was no difference between groups concerning hemodynamic parameters, cerebral perfusion and microcirculation. Conclusion: Ventilation modalities in this porcine model of prolonged CPR influence oxygenation and decarboxylation without impairing circulation and cerebral perfusion. Synchronized bi-level pressure-controlled ventilation' use avoid hyperoxia and was as efficient as asynchronized volume ventilation to maintain alveolar ventilation and systemic perfusion during prolonged CPR.
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18
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Bhandari S, Coult J, Counts CR, Bulger NE, Kwok H, Latimer AJ, Sayre MR, Rea TD, Johnson NJ. Investigating the Airway Opening Index during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation 2022; 178:96-101. [PMID: 35850376 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chest compressions during CPR induce oscillations in capnography (ETCO2) waveforms. Studies suggest ETCO2 oscillation characteristics are associated with intrathoracic airflow dependent on airway patency. Oscillations can be quantified by the Airway Opening Index (AOI). We sought to evaluate multiple methods of computing AOI and their association with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 307 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases in Seattle, WA during 2019. ETCO2 and chest impedance waveforms were annotated for the presence of intubation and CPR. We developed four methods for computing AOI based on peak ETCO2 and the oscillations in ETCO2 during CCs (ΔETCO2). We examined the feasibility of automating ΔETCO2 and AOI calculation and evaluated differences in AOI across the methods using nonparametric testing (p=0.05). RESULTS Median [interquartile range] AOI across all cases using Methods 1-4 was 28.0% [17.9-45.5%], 20.6% [13.0-36.6%], 18.3% [11.4-30.4%], and 22.4% [12.8-38.5%], respectively (p<0.001). Cases with ROSC had a higher median AOI than those without ROSC across all methods, though not statistically significant. Cases with ROSC had a significantly higher median [interquartile range] ΔETCO2 of 7.3 mmHg [4.5-13.6 mmHg] compared to those without ROSC (4.8 mmHg [2.6-9.1 mmHg], p<0.001). CONCLUSION We calculated AOI using four proposed methods resulting in significantly different AOI. Additionally, AOI and ΔETCO2 were larger in cases achieving ROSC. Further investigation is required to characterize AOI's ability to predict OHCA outcomes, and whether this information can improve resuscitation care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bhandari
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
| | - Jason Coult
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Natalie E Bulger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Heemun Kwok
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew J Latimer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; University of Washington Airlift Northwest, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael R Sayre
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Seattle Fire Department, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas D Rea
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Emergency Medical Services, Public Health - Seattle & King County
| | - Nicholas J Johnson
- Division of Emergency Medical Services, Public Health - Seattle & King County; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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19
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Beloncle FM, Merdji H, Lesimple A, Pavlovsky B, Yvin E, Savary D, Mercat A, Meziani F, Richard JC. Gas Exchange and Respiratory Mechanics After a Cardiac Arrest: A Clinical Description of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-Associated Lung Edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:637-640. [PMID: 35579690 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202111-2644le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- François M Beloncle
- Université Angers Faculté des Sciences, 173468, Département de Réanimation Médicale et de Médecine Hyperbare Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers; and Laboratoire de Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée, CNRS UMR 6214 - INSERM U1083, Angers, France;
| | - Hamid Merdji
- Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Elise Yvin
- Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | | | - Alain Mercat
- CHU d'Angers, Réanimation Médicale et Médecine Hyperbare, Angers, France
| | - Ferhat Meziani
- Hôpitaux universitaires de Strabourg, réanimation médicale, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Rezoagli E, Magliocca A, Grieco DL, Bellani G, Ristagno G. Impact of lung structure on airway opening index during mechanical versus manual chest compressions in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 296:103807. [PMID: 34757207 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The exhaled CO2 signal provides guidance during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The Airway opening index (AOI) has been recently used to quantify chest-compression (CC) induced expired CO2 oscillations. We aimed to determine whether levels of intrathoracic pressures developed during CC or parameters related to lung structure may affect AOI. METHODS Secondary analysis of a randomized animal study (n = 12) in a porcine model of cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during ambulance transport. Animals were randomized to 18-min of manual or mechanical CCs. Changes in AOI and right atrial pressure (ΔRAP) were recorded during CCs in animals undergoing manual (n = 6) or mechanical (n = 6) CCs. Lung CT scan and measurement of the respiratory system compliance (Cpl,rs) were performed immediately after return of spontaneous circulation. RESULTS Animals undergoing mechanical CCs had a lower AOI compared to animals treated with manual CCs (p < 0.001). AOI negatively correlated with the swings of intrathoracic pressure, as measured by the change in ΔRAP (ρ=-0.727, p = 0.007). AOI correlated with the lung density (ρ=-0.818, p = 0.001) and with the Cpl,rs (ρ = 0.676, p = 0.016). Animals with cardiopulmonary resuscitation associated lung edema (CRALE) (i.e. mean CT≥-500 HU) showed lower levels of AOI compared to animals without it (29 ± 12 % versus 50 ± 16 %, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Animals undergoing mechanical CCs had lower levels of AOI compared to animals undergoing manual CCs. A higher swing of intrathoracic pressure during CC, a denser and a stiffer lung were associated with an impaired CO2 exhalation during CC as observed by a lower AOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rezoagli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, via Giovanni Battista Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Aurora Magliocca
- Department of Medical Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Domenico Luca Grieco
- Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Moscati 31, 00168, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bellani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy; Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, via Giovanni Battista Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Medical Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Anestesia-Rianimazione e Emergenza Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 16, 20122 20122, Milan, Italy
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21
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Berve PO, Hardig BM, Skålhegg T, Kongsgaard H, Kramer-Johansen J, Wik L. Mechanical active compression-decompression versus standard mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomised haemodynamic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest study. Resuscitation 2021; 170:1-10. [PMID: 34710550 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) utilises a suction cup to lift the chest-wall actively during the decompression phase (AD). We hypothesised that mechanical ACD-CPR (Intervention), with AD up to 30 mm above the sternal resting position, would generate better haemodynamic results than standard mechanical CPR (Control). METHODS This out-of-hospital adult non-traumatic cardiac arrest trial was prospective, block-randomised and non-blinded. We included intubated patients with capnography recorded during mechanical CPR. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, prisoners, and prior chest surgery. The primary endpoint was maximum tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (pMTCO2) and secondary endpoints were oxygen saturation of cerebral tissue (SctO2), invasive arterial blood pressures and CPR-related injuries. Intervention device lifting force performance was categorised as Complete AD (≥30 Newtons) or Incomplete AD (≤10 Newtons). Haemodynamic data, analysed as one measurement for each parameter per ventilation (Observation Unit, OU) with non-linear regression statistics are reported as mean (standard deviation). A two-sided p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Of 221 enrolled patients, 210 were deemed eligible (Control 109, Intervention 101). The Control vs. Intervention results showed no significant differences for pMTCO2: 29(17) vs 29(18) mmHg (p = 0.86), blood pressures during compressions: 111(45) vs. 101(68) mmHg (p = 0.93) and decompressions: 21(20) vs. 18(18) mmHg (p = 0.93) or for SctO2%: 55(36) vs. 57(9) (p = 0.42). The 48 patients who received Complete AD in > 50% of their OUs had higher SctO2 than Control patients: 58(11) vs. 55(36)% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mechanical ACD-CPR provided similar haemodynamic results to standard mechanical CPR. The Intervention device did not consistently provide Complete AD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT02479152. The Haemodynamic Effects of Mechanical Standard and Active Chest Compression-decompression During Out-of-hospital CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Olav Berve
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Prehospital Emergency Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Air Ambulance Department, Division of Prehospital Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjarne Madsen Hardig
- Clinical Sciences, Helsingborg, Section II, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden; Stryker/Jolife AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tore Skålhegg
- Air Ambulance Department, Division of Prehospital Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Kongsgaard
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Prehospital Emergency Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jo Kramer-Johansen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Prehospital Emergency Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Air Ambulance Department, Division of Prehospital Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Wik
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Prehospital Emergency Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Air Ambulance Department, Division of Prehospital Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Orlob S, Wittig J, Hobisch C, Auinger D, Honnef G, Fellinger T, Ristl R, Schindler O, Metnitz P, Feigl G, Prause G. Reliability of mechanical ventilation during continuous chest compressions: a crossover study of transport ventilators in a human cadaver model of CPR. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2021; 29:102. [PMID: 34321068 PMCID: PMC8316711 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-021-00921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have stated that hyperventilation often occurs in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) mainly due to excessive ventilation frequencies, especially when a manual valve bag is used. Transport ventilators may provide mandatory ventilation with predetermined tidal volumes and without the risk of hyperventilation. Nonetheless, interactions between chest compressions and ventilations are likely to occur. We investigated whether transport ventilators can provide adequate alveolar ventilation during continuous chest compression in adult CPR. Methods A three-period crossover study with three common transport ventilators in a cadaver model of CPR was carried out. The three ventilators ‘MEDUMAT Standard²’, ‘Oxylog 3000 plus’, and ‘Monnal T60’ represent three different interventions, providing volume-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation (VC-CMV) via an endotracheal tube with a tidal volume of 6 mL/kg predicted body weight. Proximal airflow was measured, and the net tidal volume was derived for each respiratory cycle. The deviation from the predetermined tidal volume was calculated and analysed. Several mixed linear models were calculated with the cadaver as a random factor and ventilator, height, sex, crossover period and incremental number of each ventilation within the period as covariates to evaluate differences between ventilators. Results Overall median deviation of net tidal volume from predetermined tidal volume was − 21.2 % (IQR: 19.6, range: [− 87.9 %; 25.8 %]) corresponding to a tidal volume of 4.75 mL/kg predicted body weight (IQR: 1.2, range: [0.7; 7.6]). In a mixed linear model, the ventilator model, the crossover period, and the cadaver’s height were significant factors for decreased tidal volume. The estimated effects of tidal volume deviation for each ventilator were − 14.5 % [95 %-CI: −22.5; −6.5] (p = 0.0004) for ‘Monnal T60’, − 30.6 % [95 %-CI: −38.6; −22.6] (p < 0.0001) for ‘Oxylog 3000 plus’ and − 31.0 % [95 %-CI: −38.9; −23.0] (p < 0.0001) for ‘MEDUMAT Standard²’. Conclusions All investigated transport ventilators were able to provide alveolar ventilation even though chest compressions considerably decreased tidal volumes. Our results support the concept of using ventilators to avoid excessive ventilatory rates in CPR. This experimental study suggests that healthcare professionals should carefully monitor actual tidal volumes to recognise the occurrence of hypoventilation during continuous chest compressions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13049-021-00921-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Orlob
- Division of Anaesthesiology for Cardiovascular Surgery and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria. .,Institute for Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannes Wittig
- Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Hobisch
- Division of General Anaesthesiology, Emergency- and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Auinger
- Division of General Anaesthesiology, Emergency- and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Honnef
- Division of General Anaesthesiology, Emergency- and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Fellinger
- Centre for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robin Ristl
- Centre for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otmar Schindler
- Department of Internal and Respiratory Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Enzenbach, State Hospital Graz II, Hörgas 30, 8112, Gratwein, Austria
| | - Philipp Metnitz
- Division of General Anaesthesiology, Emergency- and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Feigl
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Morphology and Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Gerhard Prause
- Division of General Anaesthesiology, Emergency- and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036, Graz, Austria
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23
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Levenbrown Y, Hossain MJ, Keith JP, Burr K, Hesek A, Shaffer TH. Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on additional passive ventilation generated by CPR compressions in a porcine model. Intensive Care Med Exp 2021; 9:37. [PMID: 34308496 PMCID: PMC8310691 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-021-00401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Compressions given during cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate small, ineffective passive ventilations through oscillating waves. Positive end-expiratory pressure increases the volume of these passive ventilations; however, its effect on passive ventilation is unknown. Our objective was to determine if increasing positive end-expiratory pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation increases passive ventilation generated by compressions to a clinically significant point. This study was conducted on 13 Landrace-Yorkshire pigs. After inducing cardiac arrest with bupivacaine, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed with a LUCAS 3.1. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, pigs were ventilated at a positive end-expiratory pressure of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 cmH2O (randomly determined) for 9 min. Using the NM3 respiratory monitoring device, expired minute ventilation and volumetric capnography were measured. Arterial blood gas was obtained for each positive end-expiratory pressure level to compare the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on carbon dioxide. Results Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure from 0 to 20 cmH2O increased the mean (SEM) expired minute ventilation from 6.33 (0.04) to 7.33 (0.04) mL/min. With the 5-cmH2O incremental increases in positive end-expiratory pressure from 0 to 20 cmH2O, volumetric capnography increased from a mean (SEM) of 94.19 (0.78) to 115.18 (0.8) mL/min, except for 15 cmH2O, which showed greater carbon dioxide exhalation with volumetric capnography compared with 20 cmH2O. PCO2 declined significantly as positive end-expiratory pressure was increased from 0 to 20 cmH2O. Conclusions When increasing positive end-expiratory pressure from 0 to 20, the contribution to overall ventilation from gas oscillations generated by the compressions became more significant, and may even lead to hypocapnia, especially when using positive end-expiratory pressures between 15 and 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Levenbrown
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical School of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Md Jobayer Hossain
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, DE, USA.,Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - James P Keith
- Department of Respiratory Care, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Katlyn Burr
- Department of Respiratory Care, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Anne Hesek
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Thomas H Shaffer
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical School of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Nemours Biomedical Research/Center for Pediatric Lung Research, Wilmington, DE, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Couper K, Deakin CD, Djärv T, Lott C, Olasveengen T, Paal P, Pellis T, Perkins GD, Sandroni C, Nolan JP. [Adult advanced life support]. Notf Rett Med 2021; 24:406-446. [PMID: 34121923 PMCID: PMC8185697 DOI: 10.1007/s10049-021-00893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
These European Resuscitation Council Advanced Life Support guidelines are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. This section provides guidelines on the prevention of and ALS treatments for both in-hospital cardiac arrest and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Soar
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, Großbritannien
| | - Bernd W. Böttiger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Pierre Carli
- SAMU de Paris, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, Frankreich
| | - Keith Couper
- Critical Care Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, Großbritannien
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, Großbritannien
| | - Charles D. Deakin
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Großbritannien
- South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Otterbourne, Großbritannien
| | - Therese Djärv
- Dept of Acute and Reparative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Schweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Schweden
| | - Carsten Lott
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Theresa Olasveengen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norwegen
| | - Peter Paal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospitallers Brothers Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Österreich
| | - Tommaso Pellis
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, Pordenone, Italien
| | - Gavin D. Perkins
- Warwick Medical School and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Warwick, Coventry, Großbritannien
| | - Claudio Sandroni
- Department of Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Anaesthesiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rom, Italien
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rom, Italien
| | - Jerry P. Nolan
- Warwick Medical School, Coventry, Großbritannien, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Royal United Hospital, University of Warwick, Bath, Großbritannien
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25
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Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, de Lucas N, Martinez-Mejias A, Biarent D, Bingham R, Brissaud O, Hoffmann F, Johannesdottir GB, Lauritsen T, Maconochie I. [Paediatric Life Support]. Notf Rett Med 2021; 24:650-719. [PMID: 34093080 PMCID: PMC8170638 DOI: 10.1007/s10049-021-00887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Paediatric Life Support (PLS) guidelines are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). This section provides guidelines on the management of critically ill or injured infants, children and adolescents before, during and after respiratory/cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van de Voorde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine UG, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgien
- Federal Department of Health, EMS Dispatch Center, East & West Flanders, Brüssel, Belgien
| | - Nigel M. Turner
- Paediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Niederlande
| | - Jana Djakow
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, NH Hospital, Hořovice, Tschechien
- Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Tschechien
| | | | - Abel Martinez-Mejias
- Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Hospital de Terassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spanien
| | - Dominique Biarent
- Paediatric Intensive Care & Emergency Department, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brüssel, Belgien
| | - Robert Bingham
- Hon. Consultant Paediatric Anaesthetist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, Großbritannien
| | - Olivier Brissaud
- Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Pédiatriques et Néonatales, CHU Pellegrin – Hôpital des Enfants de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Frankreich
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Pädiatrische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Deutschland
| | | | - Torsten Lauritsen
- Paediatric Anaesthesia, The Juliane Marie Centre, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Kopenhagen, Dänemark
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, Imperial College Healthcare Trust NHS, London, Großbritannien
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26
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Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Couper K, Deakin CD, Djärv T, Lott C, Olasveengen T, Paal P, Pellis T, Perkins GD, Sandroni C, Nolan JP. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2021; 161:115-151. [PMID: 33773825 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
These European Resuscitation Council Advanced Life Support guidelines, are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. This section provides guidelines on the prevention of and ALS treatments for both in-hospital cardiac arrest and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Soar
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
| | - Bernd W Böttiger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pierre Carli
- SAMU de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Keith Couper
- Critical Care Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry,UK
| | - Charles D Deakin
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Otterbourne,UK
| | - Therese Djärv
- Dept of Acute and Reparative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Lott
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Germany
| | - Theresa Olasveengen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Paal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospitallers Brothers Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tommaso Pellis
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, Italy
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Claudio Sandroni
- Department of Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Anaesthesiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jerry P Nolan
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL; Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
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27
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Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, de Lucas N, Martinez-Mejias A, Biarent D, Bingham R, Brissaud O, Hoffmann F, Johannesdottir GB, Lauritsen T, Maconochie I. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation 2021; 161:327-387. [PMID: 33773830 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
These European Resuscitation Council Paediatric Life Support (PLS) guidelines, are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. This section provides guidelines on the management of critically ill infants and children, before, during and after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van de Voorde
- Department of Emergency Medicine Ghent University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine UG, Ghent, Belgium; EMS Dispatch Center, East & West Flanders, Federal Department of Health, Belgium.
| | - Nigel M Turner
- Paediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana Djakow
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, NH Hospital, Hořovice, Czech Republic; Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Abel Martinez-Mejias
- Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Hospital de Terassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominique Biarent
- Paediatric Intensive Care & Emergency Department, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Bingham
- Hon. Consultant Paediatric Anaesthetist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Olivier Brissaud
- Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Pédiatriques et Néonatales, CHU Pellegrin - Hôpital des Enfants de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Paediatric Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Lauritsen
- Paediatric Anaesthesia, The Juliane Marie Centre, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare Trust NHS, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, London, UK
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28
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Geri G, Richard JC. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-associated Lung Edema: The Price to Pay to Get the Heartbeat? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:405-406. [PMID: 32966750 PMCID: PMC7885848 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202009-3445ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Geri
- Medical Intensive Care Unit Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP Boulogne Billancourt, France.,Paris-Saclay University Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,INSERM UMR1018, CESP Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Richard
- Département de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation et Médecine Hyperbare Université d'Angers Angers, France and.,INSERM UMR 955 Eq13 Créteil, France
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29
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Santini A, Fumagalli J, Merrino A, Protti I, Paleari MC, Montoli M, Dondossola D, Gori F, Righi I, Rosso L, Gatti S, Pesenti A, Grasselli G, Zanella A. Evidence of Air Trapping During Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion: A Swine Experimental Lung Imaging and Mechanics Study. Transplant Proc 2020; 53:457-465. [PMID: 33339649 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) allows the ventilation and perfusion of lungs to evaluate their viability for transplantation. The aim of this study is to compare the mechanical, morphologic and functional properties of lungs during EVLP with values obtained in vivo to guide a safe mechanical ventilation strategy. Lungs from 5 healthy pigs were studied in vivo and during 4 hours of EVLP. Lung compliance, airway resistance, gas exchange, and hemodynamic parameters were collected at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H2O. Computed tomography was performed at PEEP 0, PEEP 5, and total lung capacity (TLC). Lung pressure-volume (PV) curves were performed from PEEP 0 to TLC. Lung compliance decreased during EVLP (53 ± 5 mL/cm H2O vs 29 ± 7 mL/cm H2O, P < .05), and the PV curve showed a lower inflection point. Gas content (528 ± 118 mL vs 892 ± 402 mL at PEEP 0) and airway resistance (25 ± 5 vs 44 ± 9 cmH2O/L∗s-1, P < .05) were higher during EVLP. Alveolar dead space (5% ± 2% vs 17% ± 6%, P < .05) and intrapulmonary shunt (9% ± 2% vs 28% ± 13%, P < .05) increased ex vivo compared to in vivo, while the partial pressure of oxygen to inspired oxygen fraction ratio (PO2/FiO2) did not differ (468 ± 52 mm Hg vs 536 ± 14 mm Hg). In conclusion, during EVLP lungs show signs of air trapping and bronchoconstriction, resulting in low compliance and increased alveolar dead space. Intrapulmonary shunt is high despite oxygenation levels acceptable for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santini
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Anestesia e Terapie Intensive, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - J Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Merrino
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - I Protti
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M C Paleari
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Montoli
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Toracica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - D Dondossola
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e dei Trapianti di Fegato, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - F Gori
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - I Righi
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Toracica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - L Rosso
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Toracica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Gatti
- Centro di Ricerche Precliniche, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pesenti
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Grasselli
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Zanella
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Arabi YM, Mallampalli R, Englert JA, Bosch NA, Walkey AJ, Al-Dorzi HM. Update in Critical Care 2019. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:1050-1057. [PMID: 32176850 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202002-0285up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rama Mallampalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State Wexner Medical, Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Joshua A Englert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State Wexner Medical, Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Nicholas A Bosch
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allan J Walkey
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hasan M Al-Dorzi
- Intensive Care Department, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on cardiac output and oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:36. [PMID: 32712733 PMCID: PMC7382317 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used to optimize oxygenation by preventing alveolar collapse. However, PEEP can potentially decrease cardiac output through cardiopulmonary interactions. The effect of PEEP on cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not known. Methods This was a preclinical randomized, controlled, animal study conducted in an animal research facility on 25 Landrace-Yorkshire pigs. After inducing cardiac arrest, CPR was performed with LUCAS 3. During CPR, pigs were ventilated at a PEEP of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 cmH2O (randomly determined via lottery) for 9 min. Cardiac output, obtained via ultrasound dilution, and PaO2 were measured, and oxygen delivery calculated for each PEEP. Results A mixed-effects repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the baseline value adjusted mean cardiac output, PaO2, and oxygen delivery between PEEP groups. Least significant difference test was used to conduct pairwise comparisons between PEEP groups. To determine optimum PEEP, Gaussian mixture model was applied to the adjusted means of cardiac output and oxygen delivery. Increasing PEEP to 10 and higher resulted in significant declines in cardiac output. A PEEP of 15 and higher resulted in significant declines in oxygen delivery. As PEEP was increased from 0 to 20, PaO2 increased significantly. Gaussian mixture model identified the 0–5 PEEP group as providing optimal cardiac output and oxygen delivery, with PEEP of 5 providing the highest oxygen delivery. Conclusions A PEEP of 0–5 resulted in the optimal oxygen delivery and cardiac output during CPR, with PEEP of 5 resulting in higher oxygen delivery, and a slightly lower, statistically insignificant cardiac output than PEEP of 0.
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Leturiondo M, Ruiz de Gauna S, Gutiérrez JJ, Alonso D, Corcuera C, Urtusagasti JF, González-Otero DM, Russell JK, Daya MR, Ruiz JM. Chest compressions induce errors in end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement. Resuscitation 2020; 153:195-201. [PMID: 32492455 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is used as a non-invasive estimate of cardiac output and perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, capnograms are often distorted by chest compressions (CCs) and this may affect ETCO2 measurement. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of CC-artefact on the accuracy of ETCO2 measurements obtained during out-of-hospital manual CPR. METHODS We retrospectively analysed monitor-defibrillator recordings collected by two advanced life support agencies during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. These two agencies, represented as A and B used different side-stream capnometers and monitor-defibrillators. One-minute capnogram segments were reviewed. Each ventilation within each segment was identified using the transthoracic impedance signal and the capnogram. ETCO2 values per ventilation were manually annotated and compared to the corresponding capnometry values stored in the monitor-defibrillator. Ventilations were classified as distorted or non-distorted by CC-artefact. RESULTS A total of 407 1-min capnogram segments from 65 patients were analysed. Overall, 4095 ventilations were annotated, 2170 (32.4% distorted) and 1925 (31.8% distorted) for agency A and B, respectively. Median (IQR) unsigned error in ETCO2 measurement increased from 1.5 (0.6-3.1)% for non-distorted to 5.5 (1.8-14.1)% for distorted ventilations; from 0.7 (0.3-1.2)% to 3.7 (1.0-9.9)% in agency A and from 2.3 (1.2-3.9)% to 8.3 (3.9-19.5)% in agency B (p < 0.001). Errors were higher than 10 mmHg in 9% and higher than 15 mmHg in 5% of the distorted ventilations. CONCLUSION CC-artefact causes ETCO2 measurement errors in the two studied devices. This suggests that capnometer algorithms may need to be adapted to reliably perform in the presence of CC-artefact during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Leturiondo
- University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | | | | | - Daniel Alonso
- Emergentziak-Osakidetza, Basque Country Health System, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Carlos Corcuera
- Emergentziak-Osakidetza, Basque Country Health System, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jesus María Ruiz
- University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
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Neth MR, Idris A, McMullan J, Benoit JL, Daya MR. A review of ventilation in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:190-201. [PMID: 33000034 PMCID: PMC7493547 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest continues to be a devastating condition despite advances in resuscitation care. Ensuring effective gas exchange must be weighed against the negative impact hyperventilation can have on cardiac physiology and survival. The goals of this narrative review are to evaluate the available evidence regarding the role of ventilation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation and to provide recommendations for future directions. Ensuring successful airway patency is fundamental for effective ventilation. The airway management approach should be based on professional skill level and the situation faced by rescuers. Evidence has explored the influence of different ventilation rates, tidal volumes, and strategies during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; however, other modifiable factors affecting out-of-hospital cardiac arrest ventilation have limited supporting data. Researchers have begun to explore the impact of ventilation in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes, further stressing its importance in cardiac arrest resuscitation management. Capnography and thoracic impedance signals are used to measure ventilation rate, although these strategies have limitations. Existing technology fails to reliably measure real-time clinical ventilation data, thereby limiting the ability to investigate optimal ventilation management. An essential step in advancing cardiac arrest care will be to develop techniques to accurately and reliably measure ventilation parameters. These devices should allow for immediate feedback for out-of-hospital practitioners, in a similar way to chest compression feedback. Once developed, new strategies can be established to guide out-of-hospital personnel on optimal ventilation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Neth
- Department of Emergency MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Ahamed Idris
- Department of Emergency MedicineUT SouthwesternDallasTexas
| | - Jason McMullan
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
| | - Justin L. Benoit
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhio
| | - Mohamud R. Daya
- Department of Emergency MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregon
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34
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Personalized physiology-guided resuscitation in highly monitored patients with cardiac arrest-the PERSEUS resuscitation protocol. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 24:473-480. [PMID: 30741366 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-019-09772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Resuscitation guidelines remain uniform across all cardiac arrest patients, focusing on the delivery of chest compressions to a standardized rate and depth and algorithmic vasopressor dosing. However, individualizing resuscitation to the appropriate hemodynamic and ventilatory goals rather than a standard "one-size-fits-all" treatment seems a promising new therapeutic strategy. In this article, we present a new physiology-guided treatment strategy to titrate the resuscitation efforts to patient's physiologic response after cardiac arrest. This approach can be applied during resuscitation attempts in highly monitored patients, such as those in the operating room or the intensive care unit, and could serve as a method for improving tissue perfusion and oxygenation while decreasing post-resuscitation adverse effects.
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35
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Chalkias A, Xanthos T. Airway Pressure Monitoring May Improve Small Airway Flow, Hemodynamics, and Tissue Oxygenation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:928-929. [PMID: 30605346 PMCID: PMC6444660 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201811-2075le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Chalkias
- 1 University of Thessaly Larisa, Greece.,2 Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Athens, Greece and
| | - Theodoros Xanthos
- 2 Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Athens, Greece and.,3 European University Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus
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36
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Savary D, Drennan IR, Badat B, Grieco DL, Piraino T, Lesimple A, Charbonney E, Fritz C, Delisle S, Ouellet P, Mercat A, Bronchti G, Brochard L, Richard JC. Gastric insufflation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A study in human cadavers. Resuscitation 2019; 146:111-117. [PMID: 31730897 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bag-valve-mask ventilation is the first-line ventilation method during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Risks include excessive volume delivery and gastric insufflation, the latter increasing the risk of pneumonia. The efficacy of ventilation can also be reduced by airway closure. We hypothesized that continuous chest compression (CC) could limit the risk of gastric insufflation compared to the recommended 30:2 interrupted CC strategy. This experimental study was performed in human "Thiel" cadavers to assess the respective impact of discontinuous vs. continuous chest compressions on gastric insufflation and ventilation during CPR. METHODS The 30:2 interrupted CC technique was compared to continuous CC in 5 non-intubated cadavers over a 6 min-period. Flow and Airway Pressure were measured at the mask. A percutaneous gastrostomy allowed measuring the cumulative gastric insufflated volume. Two additional cadavers were equipped with esophageal and gastric catheters instead of the gastrostomy. RESULTS For the 7 cadavers studied (4 women) median age of death was 79 [74-84] years. After 6 min of CPR, the cumulative gastric insufflation measured in 5 cadavers was markedly reduced during continuous CC compared to the interrupted CC strategy: (1.0 [0.8-4.1] vs. 5.9 [4.0-5.6] L; p < 0.05) while expired minute ventilation was slightly higher during continuous than interrupted CC (1.9 [1.4-2.8] vs. 1.6 [1.1-2.7] L/min; P < 0.05). In 2 additional cadavers, the progressive rise in baseline gastric pressure was lower during continuous CC than interrupted CC (1 and 2 cmH2O vs. 12 and 5.8 cmH2O). CONCLUSION Continuous CC significantly reduces the volume of gas insufflated in the stomach compared to the recommended 30:2 interrupted CC strategy. Ventilation actually delivered to the lung is also slightly increased by the strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Savary
- Emergency Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
| | - Ian R Drennan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Domenico L Grieco
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Piraino
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arnaud Lesimple
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Charbonney
- Département de médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Laboratoire d'anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Caroline Fritz
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM URM_1116, Team 2, Lorraine University, France
| | - Stephane Delisle
- Faculty of Medicine of the University Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Paul Ouellet
- Vitalité Health Network, North West Zone, Edmundston, Canada
| | - Alain Mercat
- Critical Care Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Gilles Bronchti
- Laboratoire d'anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières et CIUSSS MCQ, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Laurent Brochard
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Airway closure and fiberoptic evidence of bronchial collapse during the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:1838-1839. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Duhem H, Viglino D, Bellier A, Tanguy S, Descombe V, Boucher F, Chaffanjon P, Debaty G. Cadaver models for cardiac arrest: A systematic review and perspectives. Resuscitation 2019; 143:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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39
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Scales DC, Kavanagh BP. Can a Physiologic Insight "Resuscitate" Research in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:682-684. [PMID: 30383400 PMCID: PMC6423109 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1912ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damon C Scales
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian P Kavanagh
- 3 The Research Institute and Department of Critical Care Medicine Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada and.,4 Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Anesthesia University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Mosesso VN. Ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation-Only mostly dead! Resuscitation 2019; 141:200-201. [PMID: 31238035 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.06.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Mosesso
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Transthoracic Impedance Measured with Defibrillator Pads-New Interpretations of Signal Change Induced by Ventilations. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050724. [PMID: 31121817 PMCID: PMC6571933 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Compressions during the insufflation phase of ventilations may cause severe pulmonary injury during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Transthoracic impedance (TTI) could be used to evaluate how chest compressions are aligned with ventilations if the insufflation phase could be identified in the TTI waveform without chest compression artifacts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether and how the insufflation phase could be precisely identified during TTI. We synchronously measured TTI and airway pressure (Paw) in 21 consenting anaesthetised patients, TTI through the defibrillator pads and Paw by connecting the monitor-defibrillator’s pressure-line to the endotracheal tube filter. Volume control mode with seventeen different settings were used (5–10 ventilations/setting): Six volumes (150–800 mL) with 12 min−1 frequency, four frequencies (10, 12, 22 and 30 min−1) with 400 mL volume, and seven inspiratory times (0.5–3.5 s) with 400 mL/10 min−1 volume/frequency. Median time differences (quartile range) between timing of expiration onset in the Paw-line (PawEO) and the TTI peak and TTI maximum downslope were measured. TTI peak and PawEO time difference was 579 (432–723) ms for 12 min−1, independent of volume, with a negative relation to frequency, and it increased linearly with inspiratory time (slope 0.47, R2 = 0.72). PawEO and TTI maximum downslope time difference was between −69 and 84 ms for any ventilation setting (time aligned). It was independent (R2 < 0.01) of volume, frequency and inspiratory time, with global median values of −47 (−153–65) ms, −40 (−168–68) ms and 20 (−93–128) ms, for varying volume, frequency and inspiratory time, respectively. The TTI peak is not aligned with the start of exhalation, but the TTI maximum downslope is. This knowledge could help with identifying the ideal ventilation pattern during CPR.
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