Point-of-Care Spirometry Identifies High-Risk Individuals Excluded from Lung Cancer Screening

Stratification and management of patients ineligible for lung cancer screening

This study identifies participants ineligible for lung cancer screening with the greatest likelihood of future eligibility. Lung cancer risk in participants enrolled in longitudinal lung screening was assessed using the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian lung cancer risk calculator (PLCO_m2012) at two timepoints: baseline (T₁) and follow-up (T₂). Separate analyses were performed on four PLCO_m2012 eligibility thresholds (3.25%, 2.00%, 1.50%, and 1.00%); only participants with a T₁ risk less than the threshold were included in that analysis. Cox-models identified T₁ risk factors associated with screen-eligibility at T₂. Three models, applying differing assumptions of participant behavior, predicted future eligibility and were benchmarked against the observed cohort. Nine hundred and fifty-six participants had a T₁ risk <3.25%; at 2.00% n= 755; at 1.50% n= 652; at 1.00% n= 484. Lung cancer risk increased over time in most screen-ineligible participants. However, risk increased much faster in participants who became screen-eligible at T₂ compared to those who remained screen-ineligible (median per-year increase of 0.35% versus 0.02%, when using a 3.25% threshold). Participants smoking for >30 years, current smokers, less educated participants, and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at T₁ were significantly more likely to become screen-eligible. New diagnoses of COPD and/or non-lung cancers between T₁ and T₂ precipitated eligibility in a subset of participants. The prediction model that assumed health behaviors observed at T₁ continued to T₂ reasonably predicted changes in lung cancer risk. This prediction model and the identified baseline risk factors can identify screen-ineligible participants who should be closely followed for future eligibility.