1
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An L, Xia H, Zheng W, Hua L. Comparison of cell subsets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and controls based on single-cell transcriptome sequencing. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:9-24. [PMID: 37038777 DOI: 10.3233/thc-236002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly impacts patients' quality of life and survival as it has a high morbidity and mortality rate. COPD progression is associated with infiltration of adaptive inflammatory immune cells that form lymphatic follicles into the lung. OBJECTIVE The rapid development of single-cell RNA sequencing technology (scRNA-seq) provided us with powerful tools for studying the classification of cell subtypes. Additionally, it is known that COPD is closely related to the abnormal function of long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and scRNA-seq can help to study the expression of lncRNA from a single cell level. METHODS We reanalyzed the scRNA-seq data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of COPD patients downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and performed the mRNA-based and lncRNA-based single cell clustering to compare the cell subsets in COPD and controls without COPD. Furthermore, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for the top ranked differentially expressed genes and target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs in different cell subtypes for COPD and controls respectively. RESULTS Differences in cell subtypes were found between COPD and controls. CONCLUSION This study may help us to further understand the mechanism of the human adaptive immune cell response of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiying Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Hua
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Park HE, Lee W, Choi S, Jung M, Shin MK, Shin SJ. Modulating macrophage function to reinforce host innate resistance against Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931876. [PMID: 36505429 PMCID: PMC9730288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the main causative agent of infectious diseases in humans among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that are ubiquitous organisms found in environmental media such as soil as well as in domestic and natural waters. MAC is a primary causative agent of NTM-lung disease that threaten immunocompromised or structural lung disease patients. The incidence and the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection have been reduced, while MAC infections and mortality rates have increased, making it a cause of global health concern. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of long-term drug use have led to a poor outcome of treatment regimens against MAC infections. Therefore, the development of host-directed therapy (HDT) has recently gained interest, aiming to accelerate mycobacterial clearance and reversing lung damage by employing the immune system using a novel adjuvant strategy to improve the clinical outcome of MAC infection. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the innate immune responses that contribute to MAC infection focusing on macrophages, chief innate immune cells, and host susceptibility factors in patients. We also discuss potential HDTs that can act on the signaling pathway of macrophages, thereby contributing to antimycobacterial activity as a part of the innate immune response during MAC infection. Furthermore, this review provides new insights into MAC infection control that modulates and enhances macrophage function, promoting host antimicrobial activity in response to potential HDTs and thus presenting a deeper understanding of the interactions between macrophages and MACs during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
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3
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Khodayari N, Oshins R, Mehrad B, Lascano JE, Qiang X, West JR, Holliday LS, Lee J, Wiesemann G, Eydgahi S, Brantly M. Cigarette smoke exposed airway epithelial cell-derived EVs promote pro-inflammatory macrophage activation in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Respir Res 2022; 23:232. [PMID: 36068572 PMCID: PMC9446525 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder most commonly secondary to a single mutation in the SERPINA1 gene (PI*Z) that causes misfolding and accumulation of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) in hepatocytes and mononuclear phagocytes which reduces plasma AAT and creates a toxic gain of function. This toxic gain of function promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages that contributes to lung inflammation and early-onset COPD, especially in individuals who smoke cigarettes. The aim of this study is to determine the role of cigarette exposed AATD macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells in AATD-mediated lung inflammation. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AATD and healthy individuals were differentiated into alveolar-like macrophages and exposed to air or cigarette smoke while in culture. Macrophage endoplasmic reticulum stress was quantified and secreted cytokines were measured using qPCR and cytokine ELISAs. To determine whether there is "cross talk" between epithelial cells and macrophages, macrophages were exposed to extracellular vesicles released by airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke and their inflammatory response was determined. RESULTS AATD macrophages spontaneously produce several-fold more pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to normal macrophages. AATD macrophages have an enhanced inflammatory response when exposed to cigarette smoke-induced extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from airway epithelial cells. Cigarette smoke-induced EVs induce expression of GM-CSF and IL-8 in AATD macrophages but have no effect on normal macrophages. Release of AAT polymers, potent neutrophil chemo attractants, were also increased from AATD macrophages after exposure to cigarette smoke-induced EVs. CONCLUSIONS The expression of mutated AAT confers an inflammatory phenotype in AATD macrophages which disposes them to an exaggerated inflammatory response to cigarette smoke-induced EVs, and thus could contribute to progressive lung inflammation and damage in AATD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Khodayari
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Regina Oshins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jorge E Lascano
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Jesse R West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - L Shannon Holliday
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Gayle Wiesemann
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Soroush Eydgahi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mark Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd Rm M453A, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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4
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Belchamber KBR, Walker EM, Stockley RA, Sapey E. Monocytes and Macrophages in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:3183-3192. [PMID: 33311976 PMCID: PMC7725100 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s276792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic condition characterised by low circulating levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a serine proteinase inhibitor. The most common deficiency variants are the S and Z mutations, which cause the accumulation of misfolded AAT in hepatocytes resulting in endoplasmic reticular stress and insufficient release of AAT into the circulation (<11μmol/L). This leads to liver disease, as well as an increased risk of emphysema due to unopposed proteolytic activity of neutrophil-derived serine proteinases in the lungs. AATD has been traditionally viewed as an inflammatory disorder caused directly by a proteinase-antiproteinase imbalance in the lung, but increasing evidence suggests that low AAT levels may affect other cellular functions. Recently, AAT polymers have been identified in both monocytes and macrophages from AATD patients and evidence is building that these cells may also play a role in the development of AATD lung disease. Alveolar macrophages are phagocytic cells that are important in the lung immune response but are also implicated in driving inflammation. This review explores the potential implications of monocyte and macrophage involvement in non-liver AAT synthesis and the pathophysiology of AATD lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B R Belchamber
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eloise M Walker
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert A Stockley
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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5
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Lee J, Lu Y, Oshins R, West J, Moneypenny CG, Han K, Brantly ML. Alpha 1 Antitrypsin-Deficient Macrophages Have Impaired Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574410. [PMID: 33329539 PMCID: PMC7714766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an autosomal co-dominant disorder characterized by a low level of circulating AAT, which significantly reduces protection for the lower airways against proteolytic burden caused by neutrophils. Neutrophils, which are terminally differentiated innate immune cells and play a critical role to clear pathogens, accumulate excessively in the lung of AATD individuals. The neutrophil burden in AATD individuals increases the risk for early-onset destructive lung diseases by producing neutrophil products such as reactive oxygen radicals and various proteases. The level of AAT in AATD individuals is not sufficient to inhibit the activity of neutrophil chemotactic factors such as CXCL-8 and LTB4, which could lead to alveolar neutrophil accumulation in AATD individuals. However, as neutrophils have a short lifespan, and apoptotic neutrophils are rapidly cleared by alveolar macrophages that outnumber the apoptotic neutrophils in the pulmonary alveolus, the increased chemotaxis activity does not fully explain the persistent neutrophil accumulation and the resulting chronic inflammation in AATD individuals. Here, we propose that the ability of alveolar macrophages to clear apoptotic neutrophils is impaired in AATD individuals and it could be the main driver to cause neutrophil accumulation in their lung. This study demonstrates that Z-AAT variant significantly increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including CXCL-8, CXCL1, LTB4, and TNFα in LPS-treated macrophages. These cytokines play a central role in neutrophil recruitment to the lung and in clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages. Our result shows that LPS treatment significantly reduces the efferocytosis ability of macrophages with the Z-AAT allele by inducing TNFα expression. We incubated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with apoptotic neutrophils and found that after 3 h of co-incubation, the expression level of CXCL-8 is reduced in M-MDMs but increased in Z-MDMs. This result shows that the expression of inflammatory cytokines could be increased by impaired efferocytosis. It indicates that the efferocytosis ability of macrophages plays an important role in regulating cytokine expression and resolving inflammation. Findings from this study would help us better understand the multifaceted effect of AAT on regulating neutrophil balance in the lung and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yuanqing Lu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Regina Oshins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jesse West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Craig G Moneypenny
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.,DKU-Theragen Institute for NGS Analysis, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Mark L Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Neutrophil elastase promotes macrophage cell adhesion and cytokine production through the integrin-Src kinases pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15874. [PMID: 32981934 PMCID: PMC7522083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a number of respiratory diseases characterized by the presence of excess neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in tissues, including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). NE is considered a primary contributor to disease development, but the precise mechanism has yet to be fully determined. We hypothesized that NE alters the function of macrophages (Mɸ) which play a critical role in many physiological processes in healthy lungs. We demonstrate that monocyte-derived Mɸ exposed to NE releases active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), increase expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8, and reduce capacity to phagocytose bacteria. Changes in Mɸ function following NE treatment were accompanied by increased adhesion and cytoskeleton re-arrangement, indicating the possibility of integrin involvement. To support this observation, we demonstrate that NE induces phosphorylation of kinases from the Src kinase family, a hallmark of integrin signaling activation. Moreover, pretreatment of Mɸ with a specific Src kinase inhibitor, PP2 completely prevents NE-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Taken together these findings indicate that NE participates in lung destruction not only through direct proteolytic degradation of matrix proteins, but also through activation of Mɸ inflammatory and proteolytic functions.
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7
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Skeffington KL, Bond AR, Bigotti MG, AbdulGhani S, Iacobazzi D, Kang SL, Heesom KJ, Wilson MC, Stoica S, Martin R, Caputo M, Suleiman MS, Ghorbel MT. Changes in inflammation and oxidative stress signalling pathways in coarcted aorta triggered by bicuspid aortic valve and growth in young children. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:48. [PMID: 32973936 PMCID: PMC7506967 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates with coarctation of the aorta (CoA) combined with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) show significant structural differences compared to neonatal CoA patients with a normal tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). These effects are likely to change over time in response to growth. This study investigated proteomic differences between coarcted aortic tissue of BAV and TAV patients in children older than one month. Aortic tissue just proximal to the coarctation site was collected from 10 children (BAV; n=6, 1.9±1.7 years, TAV; n=4, 1.7±1.5 years, (mean ± SEM, P=0.92.) Tissue were snap frozen, proteins extracted, and the extracts used for proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) analysis. A total of 1811 protein and 76 phosphoprotein accession numbers were detected, of which 40 proteins and 6 phosphoproteins were significantly differentially expressed between BAV and TAV patients. Several canonical pathways involved in inflammation demonstrated enriched protein expression, including acute phase response signalling, EIF2 signalling and macrophage production of IL12 and reactive oxygen species. Acute phase response signalling also demonstrated enriched phosphoprotein expression, as did Th17 activation. Other pathways with significantly enriched protein expression include degradation of superoxide radicals and several pathways involved in apoptosis. This work suggests that BAV CoA patients older than one month have an altered proteome consistent with changes in inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress compared to TAV CoA patients of the same age. There is no evidence of structural differences, suggesting the pathology associated with BAV evolves with age in paediatric CoA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Skeffington
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew R Bond
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - M Giulia Bigotti
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Safa AbdulGhani
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.,Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Bristol Children's Hospital, Bristol BS2 8JB, UK
| | - Dominga Iacobazzi
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Sok-Leng Kang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, P.O Box 89, Abu Dis, Palestine
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | | | - Serban Stoica
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, P.O Box 89, Abu Dis, Palestine
| | - Robin Martin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, P.O Box 89, Abu Dis, Palestine
| | - Massimo Caputo
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, P.O Box 89, Abu Dis, Palestine
| | - M Saadeh Suleiman
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mohamed T Ghorbel
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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8
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Krotova K, Day A, Aslanidi G. An Engineered AAV6-Based Vaccine Induces High Cytolytic Anti-Tumor Activity by Directly Targeting DCs and Improves Ag Presentation. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 15:166-177. [PMID: 31720373 PMCID: PMC6838889 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that an AAV6-based vaccine generates high levels of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Further modifications described here led to significantly increased levels of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, enhanced formation of memory cells, and superior antigen-specific killing capacity in a murine model. By tracking reporter-gene-positive dendritic cells, we showed that they were directly targeted with modified AAV6 in vivo. Our vaccine's anti-cancer potential was evaluated with the antigen ovalbumin against a B16F10 melanoma cell line stably expressing ovalbumin. The vaccination showed superior protection in a murine model of metastatic melanoma. The vaccination significantly delayed solid tumor growth but did not completely prevent tumor development. We show that tumors in immunized mice escaped vaccine-induced killing by losing ovalbumin expression. The vaccine induced massive tumor infiltration with NK and CD8+ T cells with upregulated PD-1 expression. Thus, a vaccination of a combination of anti-PD-1 antibodies demonstrated significant improvement in the treatment efficacy. To summarize, we showed that a bioengineered AAV6-based vaccine elicits strong and long-lasting cellular and humoral responses against an encoded antigen. To increase AAV vaccine efficiency and mitigate tumor escape through antigen loss, we intended to target several antigens in combination with treatments targeting the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Krotova
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Day
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - George Aslanidi
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
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9
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A cellular census of human lungs identifies novel cell states in health and in asthma. Nat Med 2019; 25:1153-1163. [PMID: 31209336 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human lungs enable efficient gas exchange and form an interface with the environment, which depends on mucosal immunity for protection against infectious agents. Tightly controlled interactions between structural and immune cells are required to maintain lung homeostasis. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to chart the cellular landscape of upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma in healthy lungs, and lower airways in asthmatic lungs. We report location-dependent airway epithelial cell states and a novel subset of tissue-resident memory T cells. In the lower airways of patients with asthma, mucous cell hyperplasia is shown to stem from a novel mucous ciliated cell state, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia. We report the presence of pathogenic effector type 2 helper T cells (TH2) in asthmatic lungs and find evidence for type 2 cytokines in maintaining the altered epithelial cell states. Unbiased analysis of cell-cell interactions identifies a shift from airway structural cell communication in healthy lungs to a TH2-dominated interactome in asthmatic lungs.
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10
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Joshi R, Ojha M, Lewis J, Fan Q, Monia B, Guo S, Varisco BM. Sex-specific differences in emphysema using a murine antisense oligonucleotide model of α-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1165-L1173. [PMID: 31017014 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00502.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
α-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is the leading genetic cause of emphysema; however, until recently, no genuine animal models of AAT deficiency existed, hampering the development of new therapies. This shortcoming is now addressed by both AAT-null and antisense oligonucleotide mouse models. The goal of this study was to more fully characterize the antisense oligonucleotide model. Both liver AAT mRNA and serum AAT levels were lower in anti-AAT versus control oligonucleotide-treated mice after 6, 12, and 24 wk. Six and twelve weeks of anti-AAT oligonucleotide therapy induced emphysema that was worse in female than male mice: mean linear intercept 73.4 versus 62.5 μm (P = 0.000003). However, at 24 wk of treatment, control oligonucleotide-treated mice also developed emphysema. After 6 wk of therapy, anti-AAT male and female mice demonstrated a similar reduction serum AAT levels, and there were no sex or treatment-specific alterations in inflammatory, serine protease, or matrix metalloproteinase mRNAs, with the exception of chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 (Cela1), which was 7- and 9-fold higher in anti-AAT versus control male and female lungs, respectively, and 1.6-fold higher in female versus male anti-AAT-treated lungs (P = 0.04). While lung AAT protein levels were reduced in anti-AAT-treated mice, lung AAT mRNA levels were unaffected. These findings are consistent with increased emphysema susceptibility of female patients with AAT-deficiency. The anti-AAT oligonucleotide model of AAT deficiency is useful for compartment-specific, in vivo molecular biology, and sex-specific studies of AAT-deficient emphysema, but it should be used with caution in studies longer than 12-wk duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika Joshi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mohit Ojha
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jana Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas
| | - Qiang Fan
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brett Monia
- Antisense Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Shuling Guo
- Antisense Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Brian M Varisco
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio.,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
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11
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Bryant AJ, Fu C, Lu Y, Brantly ML, Mehrad B, Moldawer LL, Brusko TM, Brittain EL, West JD, Austin ED, Hamid R. A checkpoint on innate myeloid cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2018; 9:2045894018823528. [PMID: 30562157 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018823528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bryant
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chunhua Fu
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuanquing Lu
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark L Brantly
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Borna Mehrad
- 1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- 2 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- 3 Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evan L Brittain
- 4 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James D West
- 4 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric D Austin
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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12
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Aggarwal S, Ahmad I, Lam A, Carlisle MA, Li C, Wells JM, Raju SV, Athar M, Rowe SM, Dransfield MT, Matalon S. Heme scavenging reduces pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress, fibrosis, and emphysema. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120694. [PMID: 30385726 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema are irreversible chronic events after inhalation injury. However, the mechanism(s) involved in their development remain poorly understood. Higher levels of plasma and lung heme have been recorded in acute lung injury associated with several insults. Here, we provide the molecular basis for heme-induced chronic lung injury. We found elevated plasma heme in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (GOLD stage 4) patients and also in a ferret model of COPD secondary to chronic cigarette smoke inhalation. Next, we developed a rodent model of chronic lung injury, where we exposed C57BL/6 mice to the halogen gas, bromine (Br2) (400 ppm, 30 minutes), and returned them to room air resulting in combined airway fibrosis and emphysematous phenotype, as indicated by high collagen deposition in the peribronchial spaces, increased lung hydroxyproline concentrations, and alveolar septal damage. These mice also had elevated pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as seen in COPD patients; the pharmacological or genetic diminution of ER stress in mice attenuated Br2-induced lung changes. Finally, treating mice with the heme-scavenging protein, hemopexin, reduced plasma heme, ER stress, airway fibrosis, and emphysema. This is the first study to our knowledge to report elevated heme in COPD patients and establishes heme scavenging as a potential therapy after inhalation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine
| | - Adam Lam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center
| | - Matthew A Carlisle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center
| | | | - J Michael Wells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine.,UAB Lung Health Center, and.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - S Vamsee Raju
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine.,UAB Lung Health Center, and.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine.,UAB Lung Health Center, and.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine.,UAB Lung Health Center, and.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center
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13
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Silberstein DZ, Karuppanan K, Aung HH, Chen CH, Cross CE, McDonald KA. An oxidation-resistant, recombinant alpha-1 antitrypsin produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:303-310. [PMID: 29551638 PMCID: PMC6093210 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been implicated in playing key roles in host tissue injury at sites of inflammation dominated by macrophage activations and/or neutrophil infiltrations. Imbalances between proteases/antiproteases and ROS/antioxidants are recognized to contribute to amplification of inflammatory-based host tissue injury. This has been especially well-documented in such respiratory tract diseases as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Inflammation-related protease/ROS disequilibria are further confounded by recognition that proteases can increase ROS by several different mechanisms and that ROS can inactivate proteases. The major human antiprotease, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), is dramatically inactivated by ROS. AAT deficiency is the most prevalent genetic predisposing factor leading to emphysema, a condition treated by replacement infusions of plasma-derived AAT (hAAT) at a cost of up to $200,000 per year per patient. An updated method for production of a plant-made recombinant AAT (prAAT) engineered for enhanced oxidation resistance compared to hAAT is presented. Plant-made recombinant AAT shows comparable antiprotease activity to hAAT, and retains full activity under oxidative conditions that would deactivate hAAT. Additionally, we show that prAAT has similar effectiveness in preventing neutrophil elastase-induced cell death in an in vitro human bronchial epithelial cell culture model. We conclude that prAAT is potentially a "biobetter" AAT product that could be made available to individuals with a wide spectrum of inflammatory disorders characterized by overly aggressive neutrophilic infiltrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z Silberstein
- University of California, Davis, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- University of California, Davis, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hnin Hnin Aung
- University of California, Davis, Department of Medicine, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- University of California, Davis, Department of Medicine, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carroll E Cross
- University of California, Davis, Department of Medicine, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; University of California, Davis, Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Karen A McDonald
- University of California, Davis, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Dysregulated Functions of Lung Macrophage Populations in COPD. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2349045. [PMID: 29670919 PMCID: PMC5835245 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2349045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a diverse respiratory disease characterised by bronchiolitis, small airway obstruction, and emphysema. Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in the disease's progression, and in particular, lung macrophages exploit their prevalence and strategic localisation to orchestrate immune responses. To date, alveolar and interstitial resident macrophages as well as blood monocytes have been described in the lungs of patients with COPD contributing to disease pathology by changes in their functional repertoire. In this review, we summarise recent evidence from human studies and work with animal models of COPD with regard to altered functions of each of these myeloid cell populations. We primarily focus on the dysregulated capacity of alveolar macrophages to secrete proinflammatory mediators and proteases, induce oxidative stress, engulf microbes and apoptotic cells, and express surface and intracellular markers in patients with COPD. In addition, we discuss the differences in the responses between alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages/monocytes in the disease and propose how the field should advance to better understand the implications of lung macrophage functions in COPD.
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