Multifaceted Therapy of Nanocatalysts in Neurological Diseases

Nanozymes: Potential Therapies for Reactive Oxygen Species Overproduction and Inflammation in Ischemic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury

Nanozymes, which can selectively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), have recently emerged as promising candidates for treating ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) in preclinical models. ROS overproduction during the early phase of these diseases leads to oxidative brain damage, which has been a major cause of mortality worldwide. However, the clinical application of ROS-scavenging enzymes is limited by their short in vivo half-life and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanozymes, which mimic the catalytic function of natural enzymes, have several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high stability, and easy storage. These advantages render them superior to natural enzymes for disease diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. This review highlights recent advancements in nanozyme applications for ischemic stroke and TBI, emphasizing their potential to mitigate the detrimental effect of ROS overproduction, oxidative brain damage, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier compromise. Therefore, nanozymes represent a promising treatment modality for ROS overproduction conditions in future medical practices.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Biological Functions of Enolase Targeted Peptide Modified Oxaliplatin-Loaded Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Alongside with Photothermal Radiotherapy

The goal of this research is to explore the anticancer effects of α-enolase targeted peptide (ETP) modified oxaliplatin-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles (ETP-PtFe NPs) and their synthesis, characterization, biological function, and characterization on breast cancer. The ETP-PtFe NPs were studied using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. Nanocomplexes’ cytotoxicity and cell cycle distribution were studied utilizing flow cytometry tests in a total of eight trials. A unilateral subcutaneous tumor-bearing rat was created to test the anticancer effects of ETP-PtFe NPs In Vivo. In combination with near-infrared light irradiation, ETP-PtFe suppressed the proliferation of 4TI and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells much more than the pure material group in the CCK8 experiment. ETP-PtFe and NIR light irradiation significantly suppressed 4TI and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle compared to the pure material group. This study found that ETP-PtFe combination with near infrared light irradiation was more effective In Vivo against tumors in mice with unilateral subcutaneous tumors than normal saline combined with near infrared light irradiation. The anticancer and photothermal effects of the ETP-PtFe nanocomposite In Vitro and In Vivo provide a promising notion and technique for non-invasive early diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of breast cancer’s primary tumor.

Single-atom Nanozymes for Biomedical Applications： Recent Advances and Challenges

Nanozymes have received extensive attention in the fields of sensing and detection, medical therapy, industry, and agriculture thanks to the combination of the catalytic properties of natural enzymes and the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, coupled with superior stability and ease of preparation. Despite the promise of nanozymes, conventional nanozymes are constrained by their oversized size and low catalytic capacity in sophisticated practical application environments. single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) were characterized as nanozymes with high catalytic efficiency by uniformly distributed single atoms as catalysis sites, thus effectively addressing the defects of conventional nanozymes. This paper reviews the activity improvement scheme and catalytic mechanism of SAzymes and highlights the latest research progress of SAzymes in the fields of biomedical sensing and therapy. Eventually, the challenges and future directions of SAzymes are discussed in this paper.

A Review of Off-On Fluorescent Nanoprobes: Mechanisms, Properties, and Applications

With the development of nanomaterials, fluorescent nanoprobes have attracted enormous attention in the fields of chemical sensing, optical materials, and biological detection. In this paper, the advantages of "off-on" fluorescent nanoprobes in disease detection, such as high sensitivity and short response time, are attentively highlighted. The characteristics, sensing mechanisms, and classifications of disease-related target substances, along with applications of these nanoprobes in cancer diagnosis and therapy are summarized systematically. In addition, the prospects of "off-on" fluorescent nanoprobe in disease detection are predicted. In this review, we presented information from all the papers published in the last 5 years discussing "off-on" fluorescent nanoprobes. This review was written in the hopes of being useful to researchers who are interested in further developing fluorescent nanoprobes. The characteristics of these nanoprobes are explained systematically, and data references and supports for biological analysis, clinical drug improvement, and disease detection have been provided appropriately.