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Roytman S, Paalanen R, Griggs A, David S, Pongmala C, Koeppe RA, Scott PJH, Marusic U, Kanel P, Bohnen NI. Cholinergic system correlates of postural control changes in Parkinson's disease freezers. Brain 2023; 146:3243-3257. [PMID: 37086478 PMCID: PMC10393403 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural instability and freezing of gait are the most debilitating dopamine-refractory motor impairments in advanced stages of Parkinson's disease because of increased risk of falls and poorer quality of life. Recent findings suggest an inability to efficaciously utilize vestibular information during static posturography among people with Parkinson's disease who exhibit freezing of gait, with associated changes in cholinergic system integrity as assessed by vesicular acetylcholine transporter PET. There is a lack of adequate understanding of how postural control varies as a function of available sensory information in patients with Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to examine cerebral cholinergic system changes that associate with inter-sensory postural control processing features as assessed by dynamic computerized posturography and acetylcholinesterase PET. Seventy-five participants with Parkinson's disease, 16 of whom exhibited freezing of gait, underwent computerized posturography on the NeuroCom© Equitest sensory organization test platform, striatal dopamine, and acetylcholinesterase PET scanning. Findings demonstrated that patients with Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait have greater difficulty maintaining balance in the absence of reliable proprioceptive cues as compared to those without freezing of gait [β = 0.28 (0.021, 0.54), P = 0.034], an effect that was independent of disease severity [β = 0.16 (0.062, 0.26), P < 0.01] and age [β = 0.092 (-0.005, 0.19), P = 0.062]. Exploratory voxel-based analysis revealed an association between postural control and right hemispheric cholinergic network related to visual-vestibular integration and self-motion perception. High anti-cholinergic burden predicted postural control impairment in a manner dependent on right hemispheric cortical cholinergic integrity [β = 0.34 (0.065, 0.61), P < 0.01]. Our findings advance the perspective that cortical cholinergic system might play a role in supporting postural control after nigro-striatal dopaminergic losses in Parkinson's disease. Failure of cortex-dependent visual-vestibular integration may impair detection of postural instability in absence of reliable proprioceptive cues. Better understanding of how the cholinergic system plays a role in this process may augur novel treatments and therapeutic interventions to ameliorate debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stiven Roytman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca Paalanen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexis Griggs
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Parkinson’s Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Simon David
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chatkaew Pongmala
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Uros Marusic
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea—ECM, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Parkinson’s Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Parkinson’s Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Mangalam M, Skiadopoulos A, Siu KC, Mukherjee M, Likens A, Stergiou N. Leveraging a virtual alley with continuously varying width modulates step width variability during self-paced treadmill walking. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:136966. [PMID: 36379391 PMCID: PMC10171215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased fall risk in older adults and clinical populations is linked with increased amount and altered temporal structure of step width variability. One approach to rehabilitation seeks to reduce fall risk in older adults by reducing the amount of step width variability and restoring the temporal structure characteristic of healthy young adults. The success of such a program depends on our ability to modulate step width variability effectively. To this end, we investigated how manipulation of the visual walking space in a virtual environment could modulate the amount and temporal structure of step width variability. Nine healthy adults performed self-paced treadmill walking in a virtual alley in a fixed-width Control condition (1.91 m) and two conditions in which the alley's width oscillated sinusoidally at 0.03 Hz: between 0.38 and 1.14 m and 0.38-2.67 m in Narrow and Wide conditions, respectively. The step width time series from each condition was evaluated using: (i) the standard deviation to identify changes in the amount of variability and (ii) the fractal scaling exponent estimated using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to identify changes in the temporal structure of variability in terms of persistence in fluctuations. The Wide condition neither affected the standard deviation nor the fractal scaling exponent of step width time series. The Narrow condition did not affect the standard deviation of step width time series compared to the Control condition but significantly increased its fractal scaling exponent compared to the Control and Wide conditions, suggestive of more persistent fluctuations characteristic of a healthy gait. These results show that virtual reality based rehabilitative intervention can modulate step width variability to potentially reduce fall risk in older adults and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
| | - Andreas Skiadopoulos
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Ka-Chun Siu
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE 68182, USA; College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mukul Mukherjee
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Aaron Likens
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
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Zhang Y, Huang R, Nörenberg W, Arrenberg AB. A robust receptive field code for optic flow detection and decomposition during self-motion. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2505-2516.e8. [PMID: 35550724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The perception of optic flow is essential for any visually guided behavior of a moving animal. To mechanistically predict behavior and understand the emergence of self-motion perception in vertebrate brains, it is essential to systematically characterize the motion receptive fields (RFs) of optic-flow-processing neurons. Here, we present the fine-scale RFs of thousands of motion-sensitive neurons studied in the diencephalon and the midbrain of zebrafish. We found neurons that serve as linear filters and robustly encode directional and speed information of translation-induced optic flow. These neurons are topographically arranged in pretectum according to translation direction. The unambiguous encoding of translation enables the decomposition of translational and rotational self-motion information from mixed optic flow. In behavioral experiments, we successfully demonstrated the predicted decomposition in the optokinetic and optomotor responses. Together, our study reveals the algorithm and the neural implementation for self-motion estimation in a vertebrate visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre for Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruoyu Huang
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Nörenberg
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre for Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aristides B Arrenberg
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Takamuku S, Gomi H. Vision-based speedometer regulates human walking. iScience 2021; 24:103390. [PMID: 34841229 PMCID: PMC8605357 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Can we recover self-motion from vision? This basic issue remains unsolved since, while the human visual system is known to estimate the direction of self-motion from optic flow, it remains unclear whether it also estimates the speed. Importantly, the latter requires disentangling self-motion speed and depths of objects in the scene as retinal velocity depends on both. Here we show that our automatic regulator of walking speed based on vision, which estimates and maintains the speed to its preferred range by adjusting stride length, is robust to changes in the depths. The robustness was not explained by temporal-frequency-based speed coding previously suggested to underlie depth-invariant object-motion perception. Meanwhile, it broke down, not only when the interocular distance was virtually manipulated but also when monocular depth cues were deceptive. These observations suggest that our visuomotor system embeds a speedometer that calculates self-motion speed from vision by integrating monocular/binocular depth and motion cues. Changes in optic flow speed triggers implicit adjustments of walking speed The response is invariant with respect to the depths of objects in the scene The invariance is not explained by temporal-frequency-based speed coding Both binocular and monocular depth cues contribute to the invariance
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takamuku
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugishi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugishi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
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Dong X, Bai J, Bao M. Robust size illusion produced by expanding and contracting flow fields. Vision Res 2017; 133:87-94. [PMID: 28209526 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new illusion is described. Randomly positioned dots moved radially within an imaginary annular window. The dots' motion periodically changed the direction, leading to an alternating percept of expanding and contracting motion. Strikingly, the apparent size of the enclosed circular region shrank during the dots' expanding phases and dilated during the contracting phases. We quantitatively measured the illusion, and found that the presence of energy at the local kinetic edge could not account for the illusion. Besides, we reproduced the illusion on a natural scene background seen from a first-person point of view that moved forward and backward periodically. Blurring the boundaries of motion areas could not reverse the illusion in all subjects. Taken together, our observed illusion is likely induced by optic flow processing with some components of motion contrast. Expanding or contracting dots may induce the self-motion perception of either approaching or leaving way from the circle. These will make the circle appear smaller or larger since its retinal size remains constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Jianying Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Min Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, PR China.
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Indovina I, Mazzarella E, Maffei V, Cesqui B, Passamonti L, Lacquaniti F. Sound-evoked vestibular stimulation affects the anticipation of gravity effects during visual self-motion. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2365-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Butler JS, Campos JL, Bülthoff HH. Optimal visual–vestibular integration under conditions of conflicting intersensory motion profiles. Exp Brain Res 2014; 233:587-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Indovina I, Maffei V, Lacquaniti F. Anticipating the effects of visual gravity during simulated self-motion: estimates of time-to-passage along vertical and horizontal paths. Exp Brain Res 2013; 229:579-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hardiess G, Hansmann-Roth S, Mallot HA. Gaze movements and spatial working memory in collision avoidance: a traffic intersection task. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:62. [PMID: 23760667 PMCID: PMC3674308 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Street crossing under traffic is an everyday activity including collision detection as well as avoidance of objects in the path of motion. Such tasks demand extraction and representation of spatio-temporal information about relevant obstacles in an optimized format. Relevant task information is extracted visually by the use of gaze movements and represented in spatial working memory. In a virtual reality traffic intersection task, subjects are confronted with a two-lane intersection where cars are appearing with different frequencies, corresponding to high and low traffic densities. Under free observation and exploration of the scenery (using unrestricted eye and head movements) the overall task for the subjects was to predict the potential-of-collision (POC) of the cars or to adjust an adequate driving speed in order to cross the intersection without collision (i.e., to find the free space for crossing). In a series of experiments, gaze movement parameters, task performance, and the representation of car positions within working memory at distinct time points were assessed in normal subjects as well as in neurological patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia. In the following, we review the findings of these experiments together with other studies and provide a new perspective of the role of gaze behavior and spatial memory in collision detection and avoidance, focusing on the following questions: (1) which sensory variables can be identified supporting adequate collision detection? (2) How do gaze movements and working memory contribute to collision avoidance when multiple moving objects are present and (3) how do they correlate with task performance? (4) How do patients with homonymous visual field defects (HVFDs) use gaze movements and working memory to compensate for visual field loss? In conclusion, we extend the theory of collision detection and avoidance in the case of multiple moving objects and provide a new perspective on the combined operation of external (bottom-up) and internal (top-down) cues in a traffic intersection task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hardiess
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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