1
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Marini F, Manassi M, Ramon M. Super recognizers: Increased sensitivity or reduced biases? Insights from serial dependence. J Vis 2024; 24:13. [PMID: 39046722 PMCID: PMC11271810 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.7.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Super recognizers (SRs) are people that exhibit a naturally occurring superiority for processing facial identity. Despite the increase of SR research, the mechanisms underlying their exceptional abilities remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether the enhanced facial identity processing of SRs could be attributed to the lack of sequential effects, such as serial dependence. In serial dependence, perception of stimulus features is assimilated toward stimuli presented in previous trials. This constant error in visual perception has been proposed as a mechanism that promotes perceptual stability in everyday life. We hypothesized that an absence of this constant source of error in SRs could account for their superior processing-potentially in a domain-general fashion. We tested SRs (n = 17) identified via a recently proposed diagnostic framework (Ramon, 2021) and age-matched controls (n = 20) with two experiments probing serial dependence in the face and shape domains. In each experiment, observers were presented with randomly morphed face identities or shapes and were asked to adjust a face's identity or a shape to match the stimulus they saw. We found serial dependence in controls and SRs alike, with no difference in its magnitude across groups. Interestingly, we found that serial dependence impacted the performance of SRs more than that of controls. Taken together, our results show that enhanced face identity processing skills in SRs cannot be attributed to the lack of serial dependence. Rather, serial dependence, a beneficial nested error in our visual system, may in fact further stabilize the perception of SRs and thus enhance their visual processing proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Marini
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mauro Manassi
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Meike Ramon
- Applied Face Cognition Lab, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- AIR - Association for Independent Research, Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Van der Hulst E, van Heusden E, Wagemans J, Moors P. Additivity of grouping by proximity and luminance similarity is dependent on relative grouping strength: An analysis of individual differences in grouping sensitivity. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:1186-1205. [PMID: 37740153 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that grouping by proximity is well described by a linear function relating the perceived orientation of a dot lattice to the ratio of the distances between the dots in the different orientations. Similarly, luminance influences how observers perceptually group stimuli. Using the dot lattice paradigm, it has been shown that proximity and luminance similarity interact additively, which means that their effects can be summed to predict an observers' percept. In this study, we revisit the additive interplay between proximity and luminance similarity and we ask whether this pattern might be the result of inappropriately averaging different types of observers or the imbalance between the strength of proximity grouping and luminance similarity grouping. To address these questions, we first ran a replication of the original study reporting the additive interplay between proximity and luminance similarity. Our results showed a convincing replication at the aggregate and individual level. However, at the individual level, all observers showed grouping by proximity whereas some observers did not show grouping by luminance similarity. In response, we ran a second experiment with enlarged luminance differences to reinforce the strength of grouping by luminance similarity and balance the strength of the two grouping cues. Interestingly, in this second experiment, additivity was not observed but instead a significant interaction was obtained. This disparity suggests that the additivity or interaction between two grouping cues in a visual stimulus is not a general rule of perceptual grouping but a consequence of relative grouping strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Wagemans
- Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Moors
- Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Jonauskaite D, Epicoco D, Al-Rasheed AS, Aruta JJBR, Bogushevskaya V, Brederoo SG, Corona V, Fomins S, Gizdic A, Griber YA, Havelka J, Hirnstein M, John G, Jopp DS, Karlsson B, Konstantinou N, Laurent É, Marquardt L, Mefoh PC, Oberfeld D, Papadatou-Pastou M, Perchtold-Stefan CM, Spagnulo GFM, Sultanova A, Tanaka T, Tengco-Pacquing MC, Uusküla M, Wąsowicz G, Mohr C. A comparative analysis of colour-emotion associations in 16-88-year-old adults from 31 countries. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:275-305. [PMID: 38041610 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
As people age, they tend to spend more time indoors, and the colours in their surroundings may significantly impact their mood and overall well-being. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to provide informed guidance on colour choices, irrespective of age group. To work towards informed choices, we investigated whether the associations between colours and emotions observed in younger individuals also apply to older adults. We recruited 7393 participants, aged between 16 and 88 years and coming from 31 countries. Each participant associated 12 colour terms with 20 emotion concepts and rated the intensity of each associated emotion. Different age groups exhibited highly similar patterns of colour-emotion associations (average similarity coefficient of .97), with subtle yet meaningful age-related differences. Adolescents associated the greatest number but the least positively biased emotions with colours. Older participants associated a smaller number but more intense and more positive emotions with all colour terms, displaying a positivity effect. Age also predicted arousal and power biases, varying by colour. Findings suggest parallels in colour-emotion associations between younger and older adults, with subtle but significant age-related variations. Future studies should next assess whether colour-emotion associations reflect what people actually feel when exposed to colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domicele Jonauskaite
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Déborah Epicoco
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Sanne G Brederoo
- University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Violeta Corona
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
- Business Management Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergejs Fomins
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alena Gizdic
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yulia A Griber
- Department of Sociology and Philosophy, Smolensk State University, Smolensk, Russia
| | | | - Marco Hirnstein
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - George John
- Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (formerly), New Delhi, India
| | - Daniela S Jopp
- Institute of Psychology and LIVES Center of Competence, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bodil Karlsson
- Division Built Environment, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikos Konstantinou
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Éric Laurent
- Laboratoire de recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et psychologie Cognitive (LINC), Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Lynn Marquardt
- Section for Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Philip C Mefoh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Oberfeld
- Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Takumi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology and Faculty of Letters, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mari Uusküla
- School of Humanities, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Grażyna Wąsowicz
- Department of Economic Psychology, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Garobbio S, Kunchulia M, Herzog MH. Weak correlations between visual abilities in healthy older adults, despite long-term performance stability. Vision Res 2024; 215:108355. [PMID: 38142530 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Using batteries of visual tests, most studies have found that there are only weak correlations between the performance levels of the tests. Factor analysis has confirmed these results. This means that a participant excelling in one test may rank low in another test. Hence, there is very little evidence for a common factor in vision. In visual aging research, cross-sectional studies have repeatedly found that healthy older adults' performance is strongly deteriorated in most visual tests compared to young adults. However, also within the healthy older population, there is no evidence for a visual common factor. To investigate whether the weak between-tests correlations are due to fluctuations in individual performance throughout time, we conducted a longitudinal study. Healthy older adults performed a battery of eight visual tests, with two re-tests after approximately four and seven years. Pearson's, Spearman's and intraclass correlations of most visual tests were significant across the three testing, indicating that the tests are reliable and individual differences are stable across years. Yet, we found low between-tests correlations at each visit, which is consistent with previous studies finding no evidence for a visual common factor. Our results exclude the possibility that the weak correlations between tests are due to high within-individual variance across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Garobbio
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marina Kunchulia
- Free University of Tbilisi and Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cottier TV, Turner W, Holcombe AO, Hogendoorn H. Exploring the extent to which shared mechanisms contribute to motion-position illusions. J Vis 2023; 23:8. [PMID: 37703000 PMCID: PMC10503592 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Motion-position illusions (MPIs) are visual motion illusions in which motion signals bias the perceived position of an object. Due to phenomenological similarities between these illusions, previous research has assumed that some are caused by common mechanisms. However, this assumption has yet to be directly tested. This study investigates this assumption by exploiting between-participant variations in illusion magnitude. During two sessions, 106 participants viewed the flash-lag effect, luminance flash-lag effect, Fröhlich effect, flash-drag effect, flash-grab effect, motion-induced position shift, twinkle-goes effect, and the flash-jump effect. For each effect, the magnitude of the illusion was reliable within participants, strongly correlating between sessions. When the pairwise correlations of averaged illusions magnitudes were explored, two clusters of statistically significant positively correlated illusions were identified. The first cluster comprised the flash-grab effect, motion-induced position shift, and twinkle-goes effect. The second cluster comprised the Fröhlich and flash-drag effect. The fact that within each of these two clusters, individual differences in illusion magnitude were correlated suggests that these clusters may reflect shared underlying mechanisms. An exploratory factor analysis provided additional evidence that these correlated clusters shared an underlying factor, with each cluster loading onto their own factor. Overall, our results reveal that, contrary to the prevailing perspective in the literature, while some motion-position illusions share processes, most of these illusions are unlikely to reflect any shared processes, instead implicating unique mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy V Cottier
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- https://research.qut.edu.au/timinglab/
| | - William Turner
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alex O Holcombe
- School of Psychology, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hinze Hogendoorn
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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6
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Seemiller ES, Gaska J, O'Keefe E, Shoda E, Knapp J, Winterbottom M. Vision screening and vocational aptitude: A factor analysis approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286513. [PMID: 37256907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For a good vision screening battery to quickly and accurately reflect the status of the human visual system it should be relevant, reliable, and streamlined. Because the early visual system has limited functional architecture, many simple measurements of the visual system may in fact be measuring the shared computations and parallel processes of other visual functions, making much of the measurement process redundant. This can make a screening battery repetitious and therefore inefficient. The purpose of this research is to investigate these redundancies in a large occupational screening dataset using factor analysis. 192 subjects participated in the Operational Based Vision Assessment (OBVA) Laboratory Automated Vision Testing (AVT) procedure. The AVT includes digital tests for visual acuity, luminance and cone contrast sensitivity, motion coherence, stereopsis, and binocular motor function. Psychometric thresholds and fusional ranges were collected from each subject and a factor analysis was utilized to investigate independent latent variables in the dataset. A promax rotation revealed 5 factors that explained 74% of the total variance: (1) medium and high spatial frequency vision, (2) stereoacuity and horizontal fusional range, (3) cone contrast sensitivity, (4) motion perception, and (5) low spatial frequency vision. Practically, these results suggest that the screening battery can be reduced to 5 independent measurements that capture much of the variance in the dataset. Furthermore, the factors predicted operational and vocational aptitude better than any single variable. More interestingly, these relationships also reiterate known computational processes within the human visual system, such as the parallel processing of low and high spatial frequency content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Seemiller
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - James Gaska
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | | | | | - Jonelle Knapp
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Marc Winterbottom
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
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7
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Gordillo D, Ramos da Cruz J, Moreno D, Garobbio S, Herzog MH. Do we really measure what we think we are measuring? iScience 2023; 26:106017. [PMID: 36844457 PMCID: PMC9947309 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tests used in the empirical sciences are often (implicitly) assumed to be representative of a given research question in the sense that similar tests should lead to similar results. Here, we show that this assumption is not always valid. We illustrate our argument with the example of resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG). We used multiple analysis methods, contrary to typical EEG studies where one analysis method is used. We found, first, that many EEG features correlated significantly with cognitive tasks. However, these EEG features correlated weakly with each other. Similarly, in a second analysis, we found that many EEG features were significantly different in older compared to younger participants. When we compared these EEG features pairwise, we did not find strong correlations. In addition, EEG features predicted cognitive tasks poorly as shown by cross-validated regression analysis. We discuss several explanations of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Gordillo
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
| | - Janir Ramos da Cruz
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Systems and Robotics – Lisboa (LARSyS), Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dana Moreno
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simona Garobbio
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Lhotka M, Ischebeck A, Helmlinger B, Zaretskaya N. No common factor for illusory percepts, but a link between pareidolia and delusion tendency: A test of predictive coding theory. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1067985. [PMID: 36798645 PMCID: PMC9928206 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding theory is an influential view of perception and cognition. It proposes that subjective experience of the sensory information results from a comparison between the sensory input and the top-down prediction about this input, the latter being critical for shaping the final perceptual outcome. The theory is able to explain a wide range of phenomena extending from sensory experiences such as visual illusions to complex pathological states such as hallucinations and psychosis. In the current study we aimed at testing the proposed connection between different phenomena explained by the predictive coding theory by measuring the manifestation of top-down predictions at progressing levels of complexity, starting from bistable visual illusions (alternating subjective experience of the same sensory input) and pareidolias (alternative meaningful interpretation of the sensory input) to self-reports of hallucinations and delusional ideations in everyday life. Examining the correlation structure of these measures in 82 adult healthy subjects revealed a positive association between pareidolia proneness and a tendency for delusional ideations, yet without any relationship to bistable illusions. These results show that only a subset of the phenomena that are explained by the predictive coding theory can be attributed to one common underlying factor. Our findings thus support the hierarchical view of predictive processing with independent top-down effects at the sensory and cognitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Lhotka
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anja Ischebeck
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Helmlinger
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Natalia Zaretskaya
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Natalia Zaretskaya, ✉
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9
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Visual masking deficits in schizophrenia: a view into the genetics of the disease through an endophenotype. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:529. [PMID: 36585402 PMCID: PMC9803632 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder determined by a complex mixture of genetic and environmental factors. To better understand the contributions of human genetic variations to schizophrenia, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of a highly sensitive endophenotype. In this visual masking endophenotype, two vertical bars, slightly shifted in the horizontal direction, are briefly presented (vernier offset). Participants are asked to indicate the offset direction of the bars (either left or right). The bars are followed by a grating mask, which makes the task both spatially and temporally challenging. The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) between the vernier and the mask was determined in 206 patients with schizophrenia, 109 first-order relatives, and 143 controls. Usually, in GWAS studies, patients are compared to controls (i.e., a binary task) without considering the large differences in performance between patients and controls, as it occurs in many paradigms. The masking task allows for a particularly powerful analysis because the differences in ISI within the patient population are large. We genotyped all participants and searched for associations between human polymorphisms and the masking endophenotype using a linear mixed model. We did not identify any genome-wide significant associations (p < 5 × 10-8), indicating that common variants with strong effects are unlikely to contribute to the large inter-group differences in visual masking. However, we found significant differences in polygenetic risk scores (PRS) between patients and controls, and relatives and controls.
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10
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Clark K, Birch-Hurst K, Pennington CR, Petrie ACP, Lee JT, Hedge C. Test-retest reliability for common tasks in vision science. J Vis 2022; 22:18. [PMID: 35904797 PMCID: PMC9344221 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.8.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in perception and attention has typically sought to evaluate cognitive mechanisms according to the average response to a manipulation. Recently, there has been a shift toward appreciating the value of individual differences and the insight gained by exploring the impacts of between-participant variation on human cognition. However, a recent study suggests that many robust, well-established cognitive control tasks suffer from surprisingly low levels of test-retest reliability (Hedge, Powell, & Sumner, 2018b). We tested a large sample of undergraduate students (n = 160) in two sessions (separated by 1–3 weeks) on four commonly used tasks in vision science. We implemented measures that spanned a range of perceptual and attentional processes, including motion coherence (MoCo), useful field of view (UFOV), multiple-object tracking (MOT), and visual working memory (VWM). Intraclass correlations ranged from good to poor, suggesting that some task measures are more suitable for assessing individual differences than others. VWM capacity (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.77), MoCo threshold (ICC = 0.60), UFOV middle accuracy (ICC = 0.60), and UFOV outer accuracy (ICC = 0.74) showed good-to-excellent reliability. Other measures, namely the maximum number of items tracked in MOT (ICC = 0.41) and UFOV number accuracy (ICC = 0.48), showed moderate reliability; the MOT threshold (ICC = 0.36) and UFOV inner accuracy (ICC = 0.30) showed poor reliability. In this paper, we present these results alongside a summary of reliabilities estimated previously for other vision science tasks. We then offer useful recommendations for evaluating test-retest reliability when considering a task for use in evaluating individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kait Clark
- University of the West of England, Department of Social Sciences, Bristol, UK., https://go.uwe.ac.uk/kaitclark
| | - Kayley Birch-Hurst
- University of the West of England, Department of Social Sciences, Bristol, UK., https://go.uwe.ac.uk/kayleybirchhurst
| | - Charlotte R Pennington
- University of the West of England, Department of Social Sciences, Bristol, UK.,Aston University, School of Psychology, College of Health & Life Sciences, Birmingham, UK., https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/persons/charlotte-rebecca-pennington
| | - Austin C P Petrie
- University of the West of England, Department of Social Sciences, Bristol, UK.,University of Sussex, School of Psychology, Sussex, UK.,
| | - Joshua T Lee
- University of the West of England, Department of Social Sciences, Bristol, UK.,
| | - Craig Hedge
- Aston University, School of Psychology, College of Health & Life Sciences, Birmingham, UK.,Cardiff University, School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK., https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/persons/craig-hedge
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11
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Garobbio S, Pilz KS, Kunchulia M, Herzog MH. No Common Factor Underlying Decline of Visual Abilities in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Exp Aging Res 2022; 49:183-200. [PMID: 35786407 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2094660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent work has shown an association between cognitive and visual impairments and two main theories were advanced, namely the sensory deprivation and the common cause theories. Most studies considered only basic visual functions such as visual acuity or visual field size and evaluated the association with dementia. OBJECTIVES To reconcile between these theories and to test the link between visual and cognitive decline in mildly cognitive impaired people. METHODS We employed a battery of 19 visual tasks on 39 older adults with mild cognitive impairment and 91 without any evidence of cognitive decline, as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. RESULTS Our results show a strong association between visual impairment and mild cognitive impairment. In agreement with previous results with younger and healthy older adults, we found also only weak correlations between most tests in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that visual and cognitive abilities decline simultaneously, but they do so independently across visual and cognitive functions and across participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Garobbio
- a Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin S Pilz
- Cito Institute for Educational Measurement, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Kunchulia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, and Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Cretenoud AF, Barakat A, Milliet A, Choung OH, Bertamini M, Constantin C, Herzog MH. How do visual skills relate to action video game performance? J Vis 2021; 21:10. [PMID: 34269794 PMCID: PMC8297421 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.7.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been claimed that video gamers possess increased perceptual and cognitive skills compared to non-video gamers. Here, we examined to which extent gaming performance in CS:GO (Counter-Strike: Global Offensive) correlates with visual performance. We tested 94 players ranging from beginners to experts with a battery of visual paradigms, such as visual acuity and contrast detection. In addition, we assessed performance in specific gaming skills, such as shooting and tracking, and administered personality traits. All measures together explained about 70% of the variance of the players’ rank. In particular, regression models showed that a few visual abilities, such as visual acuity in the periphery and the susceptibility to the Honeycomb illusion, were strongly associated with the players’ rank. Although the causality of the effect remains unknown, our results show that high-rank players perform better in certain visual skills compared to low-rank players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Cretenoud
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,
| | - Arthur Barakat
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Logitech Europe S.A., Innovation Park EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,
| | - Alain Milliet
- Logitech Europe S.A., Innovation Park EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,
| | - Oh-Hyeon Choung
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,
| | - Marco Bertamini
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,
| | | | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,
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13
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Cretenoud AF, Grzeczkowski L, Kunchulia M, Herzog MH. Individual differences in the perception of visual illusions are stable across eyes, time, and measurement methods. J Vis 2021; 21:26. [PMID: 34029369 PMCID: PMC8164370 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.5.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision scientists have tried to classify illusions for more than a century. For example, some studies suggested that there is a unique common factor for all visual illusions. Other studies proposed that there are several subclasses of illusions, such as illusions of linear extent or distortions. We previously observed strong within-illusion correlations but only weak between-illusion correlations, arguing in favor of an even higher multifactorial space with-more or less-each illusion making up its own factor. These mixed results are surprising. Here, we examined to what extent individual differences in the perception of visual illusions are stable across eyes, time, and measurement methods. First, we did not find any significant differences in the magnitudes of the seven illusions tested with monocular or binocular viewing conditions. In addition, illusion magnitudes were not significantly predicted by visual acuity. Second, we observed stable individual differences over time. Last, we compared two illusion measurements, namely an adjustment procedure and a method of constant stimuli, which both led to similar individual differences. Hence, it is unlikely that the individual differences in the perception of visual illusions arise from instability across eyes, time, and measurement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Cretenoud
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,
| | - Lukasz Grzeczkowski
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Active Perception and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,
| | - Marina Kunchulia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.,
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,
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14
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Abstract
We recently found only weak correlations between the susceptibility to various visual illusions. However, we observed strong correlations among different variants of an illusion, suggesting that the visual space of illusions includes several illusion-specific factors. Here, we specifically examined how factors for the vertical-horizontal, Müller-Lyer, and Ponzo illusions relate to each other. We measured the susceptibility to each illusion separately and to combinations of two illusions, which we refer to as a merged illusion; for example, we tested the Müller-Lyer illusion and the vertical-horizontal illusion, as well as a merged version of both illusions. We used an adjustment procedure in two experiments with 306 and 98 participants, respectively. Using path analyses, correlations, and exploratory factor analyses, we found that the susceptibility to a merged illusion is well predicted from the susceptibilities to the individual illusions. We suggest that there are illusion-specific factors that, by independent combinations, represent the whole visual structure underlying illusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Cretenoud
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Francis
- Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Cretenoud AF, Grzeczkowski L, Bertamini M, Herzog MH. Individual differences in the Müller-Lyer and Ponzo illusions are stable across different contexts. J Vis 2020; 20:4. [PMID: 32511665 PMCID: PMC7416885 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision scientists have attempted to classify visual illusions according to certain aspects, such as brightness or spatial features. For example, Piaget proposed that visual illusion magnitudes either decrease or increase with age. Subsequently, it was suggested that illusions are segregated according to their context: real-world contexts enhance and abstract contexts inhibit illusion magnitudes with age. We tested the effects of context on the Müller-Lyer and Ponzo illusions with a standard condition (no additional context), a line-drawing perspective condition, and a real-world perspective condition. A mixed-effects model analysis, based on data from 76 observers with ages ranging from 6 to 66 years, did not reveal any significant interaction between context and age. Although we found strong intra-illusion correlations for both illusions, we found only weak inter-illusion correlations, suggesting that the structure underlying these two spatial illusions includes several specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Cretenoud
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Lukasz Grzeczkowski
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Marco Bertamini
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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16
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Brascamp JW, Qian CS, Hambrick DZ, Becker MW. Individual differences point to two separate processes involved in the resolution of binocular rivalry. J Vis 2020; 19:15. [PMID: 31622474 DOI: 10.1167/19.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although binocular rivalry is different from other perceptually bistable phenomena in requiring interocular conflict, it also shares numerous features with those phenomena. This raises the question of whether, and to what extent, the neural bases of binocular rivalry and other bistable phenomena overlap. Here we examine this question using an individual-differences approach. In a first experiment, observers reported perception during four binocular rivalry tasks that differed in the features and retinal locations of the stimuli used. Perceptual dominance durations were highly correlated when compared between stimuli that differed in location only. Correlations were substantially weaker, however, when comparing stimuli comprised of different features. Thus, individual differences in binocular-rivalry perception partly reflect a feature-specific factor that is not shared among all variants of binocular rivalry. Our second experiment again included several binocular rivalry variants, but also a different form of bistability: moving plaid rivalry. Correlations in dominance durations between binocular rivalry variants that differed in feature content were again modest. Moreover, and surprisingly, correlations between binocular rivalry and moving plaid rivalry were of similar magnitude. This indicates a second, more general, factor underlying individual differences in binocular rivalry perception: one that is shared across binocular rivalry and moving plaid rivalry. We propose that the first, feature-specific factor corresponds to feature-tuned mechanisms involved in the treatment of interocular conflict, whereas the second, general factor corresponds to mechanisms involved in representing surfaces. These latter mechanisms would operate at a binocular level and be central to both binocular rivalry and other forms of bistability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Brascamp
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Cheng Stella Qian
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David Z Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mark W Becker
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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17
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Visual attention, biological motion perception, and healthy ageing. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 84:625-642. [PMID: 30088079 PMCID: PMC7109192 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological motion perception is the ability of the visual system to perceive complex human movement patterns. The previous studies have shown a direct link between attentional abilities and performance on biological motion tasks, both of which have been shown to deteriorate with age. However, it is not known whether there is a direct link between age-related deficits in biological motion processing and attention. Here, we investigated whether age-related changes in biological motion perception are mediated by impaired attentional abilities. To assess basic biological motion performance, we asked 42 younger (M = 21 years) and 39 older adults (M = 69 years) to indicate the facing direction of point-light actions. Performance did not differ between age groups. We assessed visual spatial and selective attentional abilities, using a range of tasks: conjunctive visual search, spatial cueing, and the Stroop task. Across all tasks, older adults were significantly slower to respond and exhibited larger interference/cueing effects, compared to younger adults. To assess attentional demands in relation with biological motion perception, participants performed a biological motion search task for which they had to indicate the presence of a target point-light walker among a varied number of distracters. Older adults were slower, and generally worse than younger adults at discriminating the walkers. Correlations showed that there was no significant relationship between performance in attention tasks and biological motion processing, which indicates that age-related changes in biological motion perception are unlikely to be driven by general attentional decline.
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18
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Samaey C, Wagemans J, Moors P. Individual differences in processing orientation and proximity as emergent features. Vision Res 2020; 169:12-24. [PMID: 32143067 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous examples of meaningful inter-individual differences in visual processing have been documented in low- and high-level vision. For mid-level vision or perceptual organization, vision scientists have only recently started to study the inter-individual differences structure. In this study, we focus on orientation and proximity as emergent features and combine a quantitative information processing approach with an individual differences approach. We first replicated the results reported in Hawkins, Houpt, Eidels, and Townsend (2016) in a set of 52 observers. That is, observers showed higher processing capacity for detecting a change in a stimulus configuration when the emergent features orientation or proximity were changed. Next, we asked whether individual differences processing capacities were similar across emergent features. The capacity to detect any type of change correlated moderately across individuals, whereas the capacity to detect changes in either emergent feature alone was not strongly correlated. This indicates that there is no general sensitivity to emergent features and that observers can be good at detecting orientation changes whilst being poor at detecting proximity changes (and vice versa). An additional exploratory multivariate analysis of the data revealed that response times and accuracies correlated strongly within each emergent feature. Moreover, specific factors related to change detection and inward displacements were observed, revealing consistent individual differences in our data. We discuss the results in the context of the literature on individual differences in vision where both specific, fragmented factors as well as broad, general factors have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Samaey
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Belgium; Center for Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Moors
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Reiniger JL, Lobecke AC, Sabesan R, Bach M, Verbakel F, de Brabander J, Holz FG, Berendschot TTJM, Harmening WM. Habitual higher order aberrations affect Landolt but not Vernier acuity. J Vis 2020; 19:11. [PMID: 31100127 PMCID: PMC6526962 DOI: 10.1167/19.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess whether the eye's optical imperfections are relevant for hyperacute vision, we measured ocular wave aberrations, visual hyperacuity, and acuity thresholds in 31 eyes of young adults. Although there was a significant positive correlation between the subjects' performance in Vernier- and Landolt-optotype acuity tasks, we found clear differences in how far both acuity measures correlate with the eyes' optics. Landolt acuity thresholds were significantly better in eyes with low higher order aberrations and high visual Strehl ratios (r2 = 0.22, p = 0.009), and significantly positively correlated with axial length (r2 = 0.15, p = 0.03). A retinal image quality metric, calculated as two-dimensional correlation between perfect and actual retinal image, was also correlated with Landolt acuity thresholds (r2 = 0.27, p = 0.003). No such correlations were found with Vernier acuity performance (r2 < 0.03, p > 0.3). Based on these results, hyperacuity thresholds are, contrary to resolution acuity, not affected by higher order aberrations of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne C Lobecke
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Bach
- Eye Center, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Germany
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20
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Cretenoud AF, Karimpur H, Grzeczkowski L, Francis G, Hamburger K, Herzog MH. Factors underlying visual illusions are illusion-specific but not feature-specific. J Vis 2019; 19:12. [DOI: 10.1167/19.14.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Cretenoud
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harun Karimpur
- Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukasz Grzeczkowski
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- General and Experimental Psychology, Psychology Department, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Francis
- Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kai Hamburger
- Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Grzeczkowski L, Cretenoud AF, Mast FW, Herzog MH. Motor response specificity in perceptual learning and its release by double training. J Vis 2019; 19:4. [DOI: 10.1167/19.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Grzeczkowski
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Aline F. Cretenoud
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Fred W. Mast
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H. Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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22
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Tulver K. The factorial structure of individual differences in visual perception. Conscious Cogn 2019; 73:102762. [PMID: 31176848 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although at first glance the way we perceive the world is similar for most individuals and resembles a veridical interpretation of the environment, the persistent individual differences found in many perceptual processes continue to inspire and confuse researchers. Despite numerous attempts to map out the reliable factors and correlates of individual variance in perception, the factorial structure of vision has remained elusive. The current article reviews recent developments in the study of individual differences in perception with a focus on work that has applied latent variable techniques for analysing performance across multiple visual paradigms. As this overview reveals, studies that have attempted to answer the question whether one general or several specific factors best describe vision tend to reject the monolithic view. Some general notes are also provided regarding pitfalls that should be taken into account when designing such research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi Tulver
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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23
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Individual differences in the effects of priors on perception: A multi-paradigm approach. Cognition 2019; 187:167-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Grzeczkowski L, Roinishvili M, Chkonia E, Brand A, Mast FW, Herzog MH, Shaqiri A. Is the perception of illusions abnormal in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:929-939. [PMID: 30551346 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There seems to be no common factor for visual perception, i.e., performance in visual tasks correlates only weakly with each other. Similar results were found with visual illusions. One may expect common visual factors for individuals suffering from pathologies that alter brain functioning, such as schizophrenia. For example, patients who are more severely affected by the disease, e.g., stronger positive symptoms, may show increased illusion magnitudes. Here, in the first experiment, we used a battery of seven visual illusions and a mental imagery questionnaire. Illusion magnitudes for the seven illusions did not differ significantly between the patients and controls. In addition, correlations between the different illusions and mental imagery were low. In the second experiment, we tested 59 patients (mostly outpatients) with ten visual illusions. As for the first experiment, patients and controls showed similar susceptibility to all but one visual illusion. Moreover, there were no significant correlations between different illusions, symptoms, or medication type. Thus, it seems that perception of visual illusions is mostly intact in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Grzeczkowski
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland; Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Leopoldstraße 13, München 80802 Germany.
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Andreas Brand
- Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Fred W Mast
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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25
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Brascamp JW, Becker MW, Hambrick DZ. Revisiting individual differences in the time course of binocular rivalry. J Vis 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29971348 DOI: 10.1167/18.7.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously showing an observer two incompatible displays, one to each eye, causes binocular rivalry, during which the observer regularly switches between perceiving one eye's display and perceiving the other. Observers differ in the rate of this perceptual cycle, and these individual differences have been reported to correlate with differences in the perceptual switch rate for other bistable perception phenomena. Identifying which psychological or neural factors explain this variability can help clarify the mechanisms underlying binocular rivalry and of bistable perception generally. Motivated by the prominent theory that perceptual switches during binocular rivalry are brought about by neural adaptation, we investigated whether perceptual switch rates are correlated with the strength of neural adaptation, indexed by visual aftereffects. We found no compelling evidence for such correlations. Moreover, we did not corroborate previous findings that switch rates are correlated between binocular rivalry and other forms of bistable perception. This latter nonreplication prompted us to perform a meta-analysis of existing research into correlations among forms of bistable perception, which revealed that evidence for such correlations is much weaker than is generally believed. By showing no common factor linking individual differences in binocular rivalry and in our other paradigms, these results fit well with other work that has shown such common factors to be rare among visual phenomena generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Brascamp
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mark W Becker
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David Z Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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26
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Shaqiri A, Roinishvili M, Grzeczkowski L, Chkonia E, Pilz K, Mohr C, Brand A, Kunchulia M, Herzog MH. Sex-related differences in vision are heterogeneous. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7521. [PMID: 29760400 PMCID: PMC5951855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite well-established sex differences for cognition, audition, and somatosensation, few studies have investigated whether there are also sex differences in visual perception. We report the results of fifteen perceptual measures (such as visual acuity, visual backward masking, contrast detection threshold or motion detection) for a cohort of over 800 participants. On six of the fifteen tests, males significantly outperformed females. On no test did females significantly outperform males. Given this heterogeneity of the sex effects, it is unlikely that the sex differences are due to any single mechanism. A practical consequence of the results is that it is important to control for sex in vision research, and that findings of sex differences for cognitive measures using visually based tasks should confirm that their results cannot be explained by baseline sex differences in visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Eka Chkonia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Karin Pilz
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Bâtiment Geopolis, Quartier Mouline, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Brand
- Institute for Psychology and Cognition Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marina Kunchulia
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Shaqiri A, Roinishvili M, Kaliuzhna M, Favrod O, Chkonia E, Herzog MH, Blanke O, Salomon R. Rethinking Body Ownership in Schizophrenia: Experimental and Meta-analytical Approaches Show no Evidence for Deficits. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:643-652. [PMID: 29036731 PMCID: PMC5890460 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder, in which patients experience an abnormal sense of self. While deficits in sensorimotor self-representation (agency) are well documented in schizophrenia, less is known about other aspects of bodily self-representation (body ownership). Here, we tested a large cohort (N = 59) of chronic schizophrenia patients and matched controls (N = 30) on a well-established body illusion paradigm, the Full Body Illusion (FBI). In this paradigm, changes in body ownership are induced through prolonged multisensory stimulation, in which participants are stroked on their back while seeing the stroking on the back of a virtual body. When the felt and seen stroking are synchronous, participants typically feel higher identification with the seen body as well as a drift in self-location towards it. However, when the stroking is asynchronous, no such changes occur. Our results show no evidence for abnormal body ownership in schizophrenia patients. A meta-analysis of previous work corroborates this result. Thus, while schizophrenia patients may be impaired in the sense of agency, their multisensory bodily self-representation, as tested here, seems to be unaffected by the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Vision Research Laboratory, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Chair in Cognitive Neuroprosthetics, Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Chair in Cognitive Neuroprosthetics, Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roy Salomon
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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28
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Mollon JD, Bosten JM, Peterzell DH, Webster MA. Individual differences in visual science: What can be learned and what is good experimental practice? Vision Res 2017; 141:4-15. [PMID: 29129731 PMCID: PMC5730466 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We all pass out our lives in private perceptual worlds. The differences in our sensory and perceptual experiences often go unnoticed until there emerges a variation (such as 'The Dress') that is large enough to generate different descriptions in the coarse coinage of our shared language. In this essay, we illustrate how individual differences contribute to a richer understanding of visual perception, but we also indicate some potential pitfalls that face the investigator who ventures into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Mollon
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny M Bosten
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael A Webster
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, United States.
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29
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Individual differences in context-dependent effects reveal common mechanisms underlying the direction aftereffect and direction repulsion. Vision Res 2017; 141:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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The structure of inter-individual differences in visual ability: Evidence from the general population and synaesthesia. Vision Res 2017; 141:293-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Grzeczkowski L, Clarke AM, Francis G, Mast FW, Herzog MH. About individual differences in vision. Vision Res 2017; 141:282-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Law PCF, Miller SM, Ngo TT. The effect of stimulus strength on binocular rivalry rate in healthy individuals: Implications for genetic, clinical and individual differences studies. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:127-136. [PMID: 28859877 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Binocular rivalry (BR) occurs when conflicting images concurrently presented to corresponding retinal locations of each eye stochastically alternate in perception. Anomalies of BR rate have been examined in a range of clinical psychiatric conditions. In particular, slow BR rate has been proposed as an endophenotype for bipolar disorder (BD) to improve power in large-scale genome-wide association studies. Examining the validity of BR rate as a BD endophenotype however requires large-scale datasets (n=1000s to 10,000s), a standardized testing protocol, and optimization of stimulus parameters to maximize separation between BD and healthy groups. Such requirements are indeed relevant to all clinical psychiatric BR studies. Here we address the issue of stimulus optimization by examining the effect of stimulus parameter variation on BR rate and mixed-percept duration (MPD) in healthy individuals. We aimed to identify the stimulus parameters that induced the fastest BR rates with the least MPD. Employing a repeated-measures within-subjects design, 40 healthy adults completed four BR tasks using orthogonally drifting grating stimuli that varied in drift speed and aperture size. Pairwise comparisons were performed to determine modulation of BR rate and MPD by these stimulus parameters, and individual variation of such modulation was also assessed. From amongst the stimulus parameters examined, we found that 8cycles/s drift speed in a 1.5° aperture induced the fastest BR rate without increasing MPD, but that BR rate with this stimulus configuration was not substantially different to BR rate with stimulus parameters we have used in previous studies (i.e., 4cycles/s drift speed in a 1.5° aperture). In addition to contributing to stimulus optimization issues, the findings have implications for Levelt's Proposition IV of binocular rivalry dynamics and individual differences in such dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C F Law
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Steven M Miller
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trung T Ngo
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, Neurosciences & Cognitive Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
Human vision is extremely sensitive to equidistance of spatial intervals in the frontal plane. Thresholds for spatial equidistance have been extensively measured in bisecting tasks. Despite the vast number of studies, the informational basis for equidistance perception is unknown. There are three possible sources of information for spatial equidistance in pictures, namely, distances in the picture plane, in physical space, and visual space. For each source, equidistant intervals were computed for perspective photographs of walls and canals. Intervals appear equidistant if equidistance is defined in visual space. Equidistance was further investigated in paintings of perspective scenes. In appraisals of the perspective skill of painters, emphasis has been on accurate use of vanishing points. The current study investigated the skill of painters to depict equidistant intervals. Depicted rows of equidistant columns, tiles, tapestries, or trees were analyzed in 30 paintings and engravings. Computational analysis shows that from the middle ages until now, artists either represented equidistance in physical space or in a visual space of very limited depth. Among the painters and engravers who depict equidistance in a highly nonveridical visual space are renowned experts of linear perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J Erkelens
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Agnew HC, Phillips LH, Pilz KS. Global form and motion processing in healthy ageing. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 166:12-20. [PMID: 27039346 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perceive biological motion has been shown to deteriorate with age, and it is assumed that older adults rely more on the global form than local motion information when processing point-light walkers. Further, it has been suggested that biological motion processing in ageing is related to a form-based global processing bias. Here, we investigated the relationship between older adults' preference for form information when processing point-light actions and an age-related form-based global processing bias. In a first task, we asked older (>60years) and younger adults (19-23years) to sequentially match three different point-light actions; normal actions that contained local motion and global form information, scrambled actions that contained primarily local motion information, and random-position actions that contained primarily global form information. Both age groups overall performed above chance in all three conditions, and were more accurate for actions that contained global form information. For random-position actions, older adults were less accurate than younger adults but there was no age-difference for normal or scrambled actions. These results indicate that both age groups rely more on global form than local motion to match point-light actions, but can use local motion on its own to match point-light actions. In a second task, we investigated form-based global processing biases using the Navon task. In general, participants were better at discriminating the local letters but faster at discriminating global letters. Correlations showed that there was no significant linear relationship between performance in the Navon task and biological motion processing, which suggests that processing biases in form- and motion-based tasks are unrelated.
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