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Chen L, Cichy RM, Kaiser D. Alpha-frequency feedback to early visual cortex orchestrates coherent naturalistic vision. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2321. [PMID: 37948520 PMCID: PMC10637741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
During naturalistic vision, the brain generates coherent percepts by integrating sensory inputs scattered across the visual field. Here, we asked whether this integration process is mediated by rhythmic cortical feedback. In electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, we experimentally manipulated integrative processing by changing the spatiotemporal coherence of naturalistic videos presented across visual hemifields. Our EEG data revealed that information about incoherent videos is coded in feedforward-related gamma activity while information about coherent videos is coded in feedback-related alpha activity, indicating that integration is indeed mediated by rhythmic activity. Our fMRI data identified scene-selective cortex and human middle temporal complex (hMT) as likely sources of this feedback. Analytically combining our EEG and fMRI data further revealed that feedback-related representations in the alpha band shape the earliest stages of visual processing in cortex. Together, our findings indicate that the construction of coherent visual experiences relies on cortical feedback rhythms that fully traverse the visual hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Chen
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Radoslaw M. Cichy
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Mathematical Institute, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Physics, Geography, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen 35392, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Marburg 35032, Germany
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Chen J, Zhou L, Jiang C, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhou H, Kang W, Jiang X, Li Y, Luo N, Yao M, Niu M, Chen S, Zuo XN, Li L, Liu J. Impaired Ocular Tracking and Cortical Atrophy in Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2022; 37:972-982. [PMID: 35107831 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a prodromal stage of synucleinopathies. Patients with synucleinopathies frequently display eye movement abnormalities. However, whether patients with iRBD have eye movement abnormalities remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess eye movement abnormalities and related gray matter alterations and explore whether such abnormalities can serve as biomarkers to indicate phenoconversion to synucleinopathies in iRBD. METHODS Forty patients with iRBD with early disease progression and 35 healthy control subjects participated in a 15-minute ocular-tracking task that evaluated their control of eye movement abilities. They also underwent clinical assessments for olfactory function, nonmotor symptoms, and autonomic symptoms, all of which are biomarkers to predict phenoconversion to synucleinopathies in iRBD. A subgroup of the participants (20 patients with iRBD and 20 healthy control subjects) also participated in structural magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The ocular-tracking ability in patients with iRBD was inferior to that of healthy control subjects in two aspects: pursuit initiation and steady-state tracking. Cortical thinning in the right visual area V4 in patients with iRBD is coupled with impaired pursuit initiation. Furthermore, prolonged pursuit initiation in patients with iRBD exhibits a trend of correlation with olfactory loss, the earliest biomarker that develops prior to other prodromal biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS We found ocular-tracking abnormalities in patients with iRBD even early in their disease progression that have not been reported before. These abnormalities are coupled with atrophy of brain areas involved in the perception of object motion and might indicate phenoconversion to synucleinopathies in iRBD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufeng Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningdi Luo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengsha Yao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Pavan A, Ghin F, Campana G. Visual Short-Term Memory for Coherent and Sequential Motion: A rTMS Investigation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111471. [PMID: 34827470 PMCID: PMC8615668 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of the human medio-temporal complex (hMT+) in the memory encoding and storage of a sequence of four coherently moving random dot kinematograms (RDKs), by applying repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) during an early or late phase of the retention interval. Moreover, in a second experiment, we also tested whether disrupting the functional integrity of hMT+ during the early phase impaired the precision of the encoded motion directions. Overall, results showed that both recognition accuracy and precision were worse in middle serial positions, suggesting the occurrence of primacy and recency effects. We found that rTMS delivered during the early (but not the late) phase of the retention interval was able to impair not only recognition of RDKs, but also the precision of the retained motion direction. However, such impairment occurred only for RDKs presented in middle positions along the presented sequence, where performance was already closer to chance level. Altogether these findings suggest an involvement of hMT+ in the memory encoding of visual motion direction. Given that both position sequence and rTMS modulated not only recognition but also the precision of the stored information, these findings are in support of a model of visual short-term memory with a variable resolution of each stored item, consistent with the assigned amount of memory resources, and that such item-specific memory resolution is supported by the functional integrity of area hMT+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pavan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf East, Lincoln LN5 7AY, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Filippo Ghin
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf East, Lincoln LN5 7AY, UK;
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cognitive Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianluca Campana
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padova, Via Luzzati 4, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Werth R. Is Developmental Dyslexia Due to a Visual and Not a Phonological Impairment? Brain Sci 2021; 11:1313. [PMID: 34679378 PMCID: PMC8534212 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a widely held belief that developmental dyslexia (DD) is a phonological disorder in which readers have difficulty associating graphemes with their corresponding phonemes. In contrast, the magnocellular theory of dyslexia assumes that DD is a visual disorder caused by dysfunctional magnocellular neural pathways. The review explores arguments for and against these theories. Recent results have shown that DD is caused by (1) a reduced ability to simultaneously recognize sequences of letters that make up words, (2) longer fixation times required to simultaneously recognize strings of letters, and (3) amplitudes of saccades that do not match the number of simultaneously recognized letters. It was shown that pseudowords that could not be recognized simultaneously were recognized almost without errors when the fixation time was extended. However, there is an individual maximum number of letters that each reader with DD can recognize simultaneously. Findings on the neurobiological basis of temporal summation have shown that a necessary prolongation of fixation times is due to impaired processing mechanisms of the visual system, presumably involving magnocells and parvocells. An area in the mid-fusiform gyrus also appears to play a significant role in the ability to simultaneously recognize words and pseudowords. The results also contradict the assumption that DD is due to a lack of eye movement control. The present research does not support the assumption that DD is caused by a phonological disorder but shows that DD is due to a visual processing dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Werth
- Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Munich, Haydnstrasse 5, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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