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Pugazhendhi S, Ambati B, Hunter AA. Pathogenesis and Prevention of Worsening Axial Elongation in Pathological Myopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:853-873. [PMID: 32256044 PMCID: PMC7092688 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s241435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of myopia, prevention of disease progression and worsening axial elongation, and emerging myopia treatment modalities. INTRODUCTION Pediatric myopia is a public health concern that impacts young children worldwide and is associated with numerous future ocular diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and other chorioretinal abnormalities. While the exact mechanism of myopia of the human eye remains obscure, several studies have reported on the role of environmental and genetic factors in the disease development. METHODS A review of literature was conducted. PubMed and Medline were searched for combinations and derivatives of the keywords including, but not limited to, "pediatric myopia", "axial elongation", "scleral remodeling" or "atropine." The PubMed and Medline database search were performed for randomized control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses using the same keyword combinations. RESULTS Studies have reported that detection of genetic correlations and modification of environmental influences may have a significant impact in myopia progression, axial elongation and future myopic ocular complications. The conventional pharmacotherapy of pediatric myopia addresses the improvement in visual acuity and prevention of amblyopia but does not affect axial elongation or myopia progression. Several studies have published varying treatments, including optical, pharmacological and surgical management, which show great promise for a more precise control of myopia and preservation of ocular health. DISCUSSION Understanding the role of factors influencing the onset and progression of pediatric myopia will facilitate the development of successful treatments, reduction of disease burden, arrest of progression and improvement in future of the management of myopia.
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Velazquez-Villoria A, Recalde S, Anter J, Bezunartea J, Hernandez-Sanchez M, García-García L, Alonso E, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Araiz-Iribarren J, Fernandez-Robredo P, García-Layana A. Evaluation of 10 AMD Associated Polymorphisms as a Cause of Choroidal Neovascularization in Highly Myopic Eyes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162296. [PMID: 27643879 PMCID: PMC5028023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) commonly occurs in age related macular degeneration and pathological myopia patients. In this study we conducted a case-control prospective study including 431 participants. The aim of this study was to determine the potential association between 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 4 different genetic regions (CFI, COL8A1, LIPC, and APOE), and choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration and the development of choroidal neovascularization in highly myopic eyes of a Caucasian population. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and hypertension was performed for each allele, genotype and haplotype frequency analysis. We found that in the univariate analysis that both single-nucleotide polymorphisms in COL8A1 gene (rs13095226 and rs669676) together with age, sex and hypertension were significantly associated with myopic CNV development in Spanish patients (p<0.05). After correcting for multiple testing none of the polymorphisms studied remained significantly associated with myopic CNV (p>0.05); however, analysis of the axial length between genotypes of rs13095226 revealed an important influence of COL8A1 in the development of CNV in high myopia. Furthermore we conducted a meta-analysis of COL8A1, CFI and LIPC genes SNPs (rs669676, rs10033900 and rs10468017) and found that only rs669676 of these SNPs were associated with high myopia neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Velazquez-Villoria
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaouad Anter
- Department of Celular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas and Ciber de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaione Bezunartea
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Laura García-García
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Alonso
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose María Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Castilla La Mancha University, Albacete and Baviera European Institute of Retina, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Araiz-Iribarren
- University of the Basque Country (Surgical-Clinical Institute of Ophthalmology) and San Eloy Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo García-Layana
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Sherwin JC, Mackey DA. Update on the epidemiology and genetics of myopic refractive error. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ahmed I, Rasool S, Jan T, Qureshi T, Naykoo NA, Andrabi KI. TGIF1 is a potential candidate gene for high myopia in ethnic Kashmiri population. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:282-90. [PMID: 24215395 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.841950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High myopia is a complex disorder that imposes serious consequences on ocular health. Linkage analysis has identified several genetic loci with a series of potential candidate genes that reveal an ambiguous pattern of association with high myopia due to population heterogeneity. We have accordingly chosen to examine the prospect of association of one such gene [transforming growth β-induced factor 1 (TGIF1)] in population that is purely ethnic (Kashmiri) and represents a homogeneous cohort from Northern India. METHODS Cases with high myopia with a spherical equivalent of ≥-6 diopters (D) and emmetropic controls with spherical equivalent within ±0.5 D in one or both eyes represented by a sample size of 212 ethnic Kashmiri subjects and 239 matched controls. Genomic DNA was genotyped for sequence variations in TGIF1 gene and allele frequencies tested for Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. Potential association was evaluated using χ(2) or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Two previously reported missense variations C > T, rs4468717 (first base of codon 143) changing proline to serine and rs2229333 (second base of codon 143) changing proline to leucine were identified in exon 10 of TGIF1. Both variations exhibited possibly significant (p < 0.05) association with the disease phenotype. Since the variant allele frequency of both the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cases is higher than controls with odds ratio greater than 1.Therefore, variant allele of both the single-nucleotide polymorphisms represents the possible risk factor for myopia in the Kashmiri population. In silico predictions show that substitutions are likely to have an impact on the structure and functional properties of the protein, making it imperative to understand their functional consequences in relation to high myopia. CONCLUSIONS TGIF1 is a relevant candidate gene with potential to contribute in the genesis of high myopia.
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Silva R. Myopic Maculopathy: A Review. Ophthalmologica 2012; 228:197-213. [DOI: 10.1159/000339893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baird PN, Schäche M, Dirani M. The GEnes in Myopia (GEM) study in understanding the aetiology of refractive errors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:520-42. [PMID: 20576483 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors represent the leading cause of correctable vision impairment and blindness in the world with an estimated 2 billion people affected. Refractive error refers to a group of refractive conditions including hypermetropia, myopia, astigmatism and presbyopia but relatively little is known about their aetiology. In order to explore the potential role of genetic determinants in refractive error the "GEnes in Myopia (GEM) study" was established in 2004. The findings that have resulted from this study have not only provided greater insight into the role of genes and other factors involved in myopia but have also gone some way to uncovering the aetiology of other refractive errors. This review will describe some of the major findings of the GEM study and their relative contribution to the literature, illuminate where the deficiencies are in our understanding of the development of refractive errors and how we will advance this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common human eye disorder in the world, and is a significant global public health concern. Along with cataract, macular degeneration, infectious disease, and vitamin A deficiency, myopia is one of the most important causes of visual impairment worldwide. Severe or high-grade myopia is a leading cause of blindness because of its associated ocular morbidities of retinal detachment, macular choroidal degeneration, premature cataract, and glaucoma. Ample evidence documents the heritability of the non-syndromic forms of this condition, especially for high-grade myopia, commonly referred to as myopic spherical refractive power of 5 to 6 diopters or higher. Multiple high-grade myopia genetic loci have been identified, and confirmatory studies identifying high-grade and moderate myopia loci have also occurred. In general, myopia susceptibility genes are unknown with few association studies performed, and without confirmation in other research laboratories or testing of separate patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics, The Duke Eye Center and the Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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New susceptibility locus for high myopia is linked to the uromodulin-like 1 (UMODL1) gene region on chromosome 21q22.3. Eye (Lond) 2008; 23:222-9. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2008.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Tang WC, Yap MKH, Yip SP. A review of current approaches to identifying human genes involved in myopia. Clin Exp Optom 2008; 91:4-22. [PMID: 18045248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia is high in many parts of the world, particularly among the Orientals such as Chinese and Japanese. Like other complex diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, myopia is likely to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors, and possibly their interactions. Owing to multiple genes with small effects, genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic complexity, the study of the genetics of myopia poses a complex challenge. This paper reviews the current approaches to the genetic analysis of complex diseases and how these can be applied to the identification of genes that predispose humans to myopia. These approaches include parametric linkage analysis, non-parametric linkage analysis like allele-sharing methods and genetic association studies. Basic concepts, advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed and explained using examples from the literature on myopia. Microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms are common genetic markers in the human genome and are indispensable tools for gene mapping. High throughput genotyping of millions of such markers has become feasible and efficient with recent technological advances. In turn, this makes the identification of myopia susceptibility genes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Chun Tang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Paget S, Vitezica ZG, Malecaze F, Calvas P. Heritability of refractive value and ocular biometrics. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:290-5. [PMID: 18160066 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Paget
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, U563, Toulouse, France
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El-Jaick KB, Powers SE, Bartholin L, Myers KR, Hahn J, Orioli IM, Ouspenskaia M, Lacbawan F, Roessler E, Wotton D, Muenke M. Functional analysis of mutations in TGIF associated with holoprosencephaly. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 90:97-111. [PMID: 16962354 PMCID: PMC1820763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common structural malformation of the forebrain and face in humans. Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of HPE attempts to integrate genetic susceptibility, evidenced by mutations in the known HPE genes, with the epigenetic influence of environmental factors. Mutations or deletions of the human TGIF gene have been associated with HPE in multiple population cohorts. Here we examine the functional effects of all previously reported mutations, and describe four additional variants. Of the eleven sequence variations in TGIF, all but four can be demonstrated to be functionally abnormal. In contrast, no potentially pathogenic sequence alterations were detected in the related gene TGIF2. These results provide further evidence of a role for TGIF in HPE and demonstrate the importance of functional analysis of putative disease-associated alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia B. El-Jaick
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-3717 MD USA
| | - Shannon E. Powers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia
| | - Kenneth R. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of Virginia
| | - Jin Hahn
- Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Ieda M. Orioli
- Laboratory of Congenital Malformations, University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maia Ouspenskaia
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-3717 MD USA
| | - Felicitas Lacbawan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-3717 MD USA
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-3717 MD USA
| | - David Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-3717 MD USA
- Corresponding author: *Maximilian Muenke, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive - MSC 3717, Building 35, Room 1B-203, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, Tel.: (301) 402-8167, Fax.: (301) 480-7876,
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Hasumi Y, Inoko H, Mano S, Ota M, Okada E, Kulski JK, Nishizaki R, Mok J, Oka A, Kumagai N, Nishida T, Ohno S, Mizuki N. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms at 13 loci within the transforming growth factor-induced factor gene shows no association with high myopia in Japanese subjects. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:947-53. [PMID: 17048038 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A previous study in China first indicated that the transforming growth factor-induced factor (TGIF) is a probable candidate gene for high myopia. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether there are significant associations between high myopia and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in the TGIF gene of Japanese subjects. Genomic DNA was collected from 330 Japanese subjects with high myopia and at a level refractive error was less than -9.25 Dsph and 330 randomized controls without high myopia. Thirteen SNPs were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primer extension or by PCR and SNP-specific fluorogenic probes in all of the cases and controls. Thirteen SNPs were found within the TGIF genes of the cases and controls. Two of the SNPs were monomorphic and none of the 13 SNPs showed a significant result. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping confirmed that these alleles have a comparatively strong LD index of >0.8 for D' and >0.4 for r(2). We found no statistical association between any of the 13 SNPs located on the TGIF gene and high myopia in Japanese subjects. Based on our study using Japanese subjects and the previous studies of TGIF gene polymorphism in Chinese and northern European subjects with myopia, there is no convincing evidence to prove a connection between nucleotide sequence variations in TGIF and high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hasumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
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Fan BJ, Tam POS, Choy KW, Wang DY, Lam DSC, Pang CP. Molecular diagnostics of genetic eye diseases. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:231-9. [PMID: 16412407 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eye diseases can be simple or complex, and mostly of heterogeneous molecular genetics. Some eye diseases are caused by mutations in a single gene, but some diseases, such as primary open angle glaucoma, can be due to sequence variations in multiple genes. In some diseases, both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms are involved, as was recently revealed in the mechanism of retinoblastoma. Disease causative mutations and phenotypes may vary by ethnicity and geography. To date, more than a hundred candidate genes for eye diseases are known, although less than 20 have definite disease-causing mutations. The three common genetic eye diseases, primary open angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa, all have known gene mutations, but these account for only a portion of the patients. While the search for eye disease genes and mutations still goes on, known mutations have been utilized for diagnosis. Genetic markers for pre-symptomatic and pre-natal diagnosis are available for specific diseases such as primary open angle glaucoma and retinoblastoma. This paper reviews the molecular basis of common genetic eye diseases and the available genetic markers for clinical diagnosis. Difficulties and challenges in molecular investigation of some eye diseases are discussed. Establishment of ethnic-specific disease databases that contain both clinical and genetic information for identification of genetic markers with diagnostic, prognostic, or pharmacological value is strongly advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Zhou J, Young TL. Evaluation of Lipin 2 as a candidate gene for autosomal dominant 1 high-grade myopia. Gene 2005; 352:10-9. [PMID: 15862761 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The first autosomal dominant high-grade myopia locus has been mapped to chromosome 18p11.31 between markers D18S59 and D18S1138 by haplotype analysis. Refinement of the region by transmission disequilibrium testing suggests that a candidate gene (or genes) for this locus named myopia 2 (MYP2) is likely in an interval between markers D18S63 and D18S52. Lipin 2 (LPIN2), a candidate gene for lipodystrophy, maps in proximity to this locus. Our purpose in this study was to identify mutations and polymorphisms in the LPIN2 gene in myopic patients and control subjects. Expression studies of this gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that LPIN2 was ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, such as brain, kidney, lung, heart, and skeletal muscles. It was also expressed in cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve, and sclera. Direct sequencing of the LPIN2 gene revealed 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in myopia and unaffected individuals. Eight of them were novel. Among the 11 SNPs detected in this study, 2 exonic variants (G2950692A and C2924436T) were synonymous and do not lead to changes in amino acid of the translated protein product. Two transversions in intron 1 (T2951033A homozygote and heterozygote, C2951049A) and one transversions in intron 7 (G2924536C homozygote and heterozygote), 5 nucleotide variants (A 2909606T, del2909343T, G2907798C, T2907425G, T2907152C) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), and TATTAA nucleotide deletions (homozygote and heterozygote) at 2950970-5 in intron 1 were also detected. Although LPIN2 gene was excluded as a candidate for MYP2, the SNPs detected in this study will aid in future mapping and association studies involving this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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