1
|
Pitha I, Du L, Nguyen TD, Quigley H. IOP and glaucoma damage: The essential role of optic nerve head and retinal mechanosensors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 99:101232. [PMID: 38110030 PMCID: PMC10960268 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
There are many unanswered questions on the relation of intraocular pressure to glaucoma development and progression. IOP itself cannot be distilled to a single, unifying value, because IOP level varies over time, differs depending on ocular location, and can be affected by method of measurement. Ultimately, IOP level creates mechanical strain that affects axonal function at the optic nerve head which causes local extracellular matrix remodeling and retinal ganglion cell death - hallmarks of glaucoma and the cause of glaucomatous vision loss. Extracellular tissue strain at the ONH and lamina cribrosa is regionally variable and differs in magnitude and location between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. The ultimate targets of IOP-induced tissue strain in glaucoma are retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic nerve head and the cells that support axonal function (astrocytes, the neurovascular unit, microglia, and fibroblasts). These cells sense tissue strain through a series of signals that originate at the cell membrane and alter cytoskeletal organization, migration, differentiation, gene transcription, and proliferation. The proteins that translate mechanical stimuli into molecular signals act as band-pass filters - sensing some stimuli while ignoring others - and cellular responses to stimuli can differ based on cell type and differentiation state. Therefore, to fully understand the IOP signals that are relevant to glaucoma, it is necessary to understand the ultimate cellular targets of IOP-induced mechanical stimuli and their ability to sense, ignore, and translate these signals into cellular actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Pitha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Nanomedicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Glaucoma Center of Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liya Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thao D Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harry Quigley
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Glaucoma Center of Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Axial Shortening in Myopic Children after Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:1223-1237. [PMID: 36790672 PMCID: PMC10011250 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Axial length (AL) elongation in myopia is considered irreversible. We aimed to systemically report unexpected AL shortening observed in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) after repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy. METHODS This is a post hoc analysis of a multicenter, single-masked RCT. Two hundred sixty-four myopic children aged 8-13 years allocated to RLRL treatment (intervention group) or a single vision spectacle (SVS, control group) were included. AL was measured using an IOL-master 500 at baseline, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits. AL shortening was defined as AL reduction from baseline to follow-up visits at three cutoffs: > 0.05 mm, > 0.10 mm, and > 0.20 mm. Frequency of AL shortening at different cutoffs was calculated. Analysis was done with intent to treat (ITT). RESULTS At 12-months follow up, frequency of AL shortening > 0.05 mm was 26/119 (21.85%) and 2/145 (1.38%) for the RLRL group versus the control group, respectively. The frequency was 18/119 (15.13%) versus 0/145 (0%) for AL shortening > 0.10 mm, and 7/119 (5.88%) versus 0/145 (0%), for AL shortening > 0.20 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean AL shortening after 12 months (SD) was -0.156 (0.086) mm in the RLRL group and -0.06 mm in the control group. Age was significantly associated with AL shortening in the multivariable analysis. For the RLRL group that exhibited AL shortening (n = 56), choroidal thickness (ChT) thickening (0.056 mm) could only explain 28.3% of AL shortening (-0.20 mm). CONCLUSION Nearly a quarter of children had > 0.05 mm AL shortening following 12 months of RLRL therapy, whereas AL shortening rarely occurred among controls. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04073238).
Collapse
|
3
|
Strickland RG, Garner MA, Gross AK, Girkin CA. Remodeling of the Lamina Cribrosa: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Approaches for Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158068. [PMID: 35897642 PMCID: PMC9329908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The chronic disease is characterized by optic nerve degeneration and vision field loss. The reduction of intraocular pressure remains the only proven glaucoma treatment, but it does not prevent further neurodegeneration. There are three major classes of cells in the human optic nerve head (ONH): lamina cribrosa (LC) cells, glial cells, and scleral fibroblasts. These cells provide support for the LC which is essential to maintain healthy retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. All these cells demonstrate responses to glaucomatous conditions through extracellular matrix remodeling. Therefore, investigations into alternative therapies that alter the characteristic remodeling response of the ONH to enhance the survival of RGC axons are prevalent. Understanding major remodeling pathways in the ONH may be key to developing targeted therapies that reduce deleterious remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Strickland
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.S.); (M.A.G.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Mary Anne Garner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.S.); (M.A.G.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Alecia K. Gross
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.S.); (M.A.G.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Christopher A. Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-325-8620
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee J, Lee J, Sim W, Kim JH. Soluble TGFBI aggravates the malignancy of cholangiocarcinoma through activation of the ITGB1 dependent PPARγ signalling pathway. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:275-291. [PMID: 35357655 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating cancer with a poor prognosis. Previous reports have presented conflicting results on the role of transforming growth factor-β-induced protein (TGFBI) in malignant cancers. Currently, our understanding of the role of TGFBI in cholangiocarcinoma is ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of TGFBI in human cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Iterative patient partitioning (IPP) scoring and consecutive elimination methods were used to select prognostic biomarkers. mRNA and protein expression levels were determined using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Western blot and ELISA analyses. Biological activities of selected biomarkers were examined using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Prognostic values were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Liptak's z score analyses. RESULTS TGFBI was selected as a candidate cholangiocarcinoma biomarker. GEO database analysis revealed significantly higher TGFBI mRNA expression levels in cholangiocarcinoma tissues compared to matched normal tissues. TGFBI protein was specifically detected in a soluble form in vitro and in vivo. TGFBI silencing evoked significant anti-cancer effects in vitro. Soluble TGFBI treatment aggravated the malignancy of cholangiocarcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo through activation of the integrin beta-1 (ITGB1) dependent PPARγ signalling pathway. High TGFBI expression was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that TGFBI may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cholangiocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwhoi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungsul Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woogwang Sim
- Department of Anatomy, University of California,, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carson JP, Robinson MW, Ramm GA, Gobert GN. RNA sequencing of LX-2 cells treated with TGF-β1 identifies genes associated with hepatic stellate cell activation. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7677-7688. [PMID: 34648138 PMCID: PMC8604886 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are liver-resident myofibroblast precursors responsible for the production of collagen and maintenance of the hepatic extracellular matrix (ECM). As such, they are generally associated with fibrotic liver diseases. HSCs become “activated” in response to tissue damage or pathogen invasion, a process most commonly driven by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Despite this, the full extent of TGF-β1 signalling in these cells is poorly understood. Clarifying the range and diversity of this signalling will further improve our understanding of the process of HSC activation. Methods and results RNA sequencing was used to quantitate the transcriptomic changes induced in LX-2 cells, an activated human HSC line, following TGF-b1 treatment. In total, 5,258 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed with a false discovery rate cut-off of < 0.1. The topmost deregulated of these genes included those with no currently characterised role in either HSC activation or fibrotic processes, including CIITA and SERPINB2. In silico analysis revealed the prominent signalling pathways downstream of TGF-β1 in LX-2 cells. Conclusions In this study, we describe the genes and signalling pathways significantly deregulated in LX-2 cells following TGF-β1 treatment. We identified several highly deregulated genes with no currently characterised role in HSC activation, which may represent novel mediators of fibrotic responses in HSCs or the liver macroenvironment. This work may be of use in the identification of new markers of liver fibrosis and could provide insight into prospective genes or pathways that might be targeted for the amelioration of fibrotic liver disease in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack P. Carson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Locked Bag 2000, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Level 6, Oral Health Centre (Building), Herston Road, 4006 Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Summers JA, Schaeffel F, Marcos S, Wu H, Tkatchenko AV. Functional integration of eye tissues and refractive eye development: Mechanisms and pathways. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108693. [PMID: 34228967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Refractive eye development is a tightly coordinated developmental process. The general layout of the eye and its various components are established during embryonic development, which involves a complex cross-tissue signaling. The eye then undergoes a refinement process during the postnatal emmetropization process, which relies heavily on the integration of environmental and genetic factors and is controlled by an elaborate genetic network. This genetic network encodes a multilayered signaling cascade, which converts visual stimuli into molecular signals that guide the postnatal growth of the eye. The signaling cascade underlying refractive eye development spans across all ocular tissues and comprises multiple signaling pathways. Notably, tissue-tissue interaction plays a key role in both embryonic eye development and postnatal eye emmetropization. Recent advances in eye biometry, physiological optics and systems genetics of refractive error have significantly advanced our understanding of the biological processes involved in refractive eye development and provided a framework for the development of new treatment options for myopia. In this review, we summarize the recent data on the mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development and discuss new evidence suggesting a wide-spread signal integration across different tissues and ocular components involved in visually guided eye growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jody A Summers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susana Marcos
- Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Podvin S, Jones A, Liu Q, Aulston B, Mosier C, Ames J, Winston C, Lietz CB, Jiang Z, O’Donoghue AJ, Ikezu T, Rissman RA, Yuan SH, Hook V. Mutant Presenilin 1 Dysregulates Exosomal Proteome Cargo Produced by Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neurons. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13033-13056. [PMID: 34056454 PMCID: PMC8158845 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and propagation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-Tau) is a neuropathological hallmark occurring with neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extracellular vesicles, exosomes, have been shown to initiate tau propagation in the brain. Notably, exosomes from human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) neurons expressing the AD familial A246E mutant form of presenilin 1 (mPS1) are capable of inducing tau deposits in the mouse brain after in vivo injection. To gain insights into the exosome proteome cargo that participates in propagating tau pathology, this study conducted proteomic analysis of exosomes produced by human iPSC neurons expressing A246E mPS1. Significantly, mPS1 altered the profile of exosome cargo proteins to result in (1) proteins present only in mPS1 exosomes and not in controls, (2) the absence of proteins in the mPS1 exosomes which were present only in controls, and (3) shared proteins which were upregulated or downregulated in the mPS1 exosomes compared to controls. These results show that mPS1 dysregulates the proteome cargo of exosomes to result in the acquisition of proteins involved in the extracellular matrix and protease functions, deletion of proteins involved in RNA and protein translation systems along with proteasome and related functions, combined with the upregulation and downregulation of shared proteins, including the upregulation of amyloid precursor protein. Notably, mPS1 neuron-derived exosomes displayed altered profiles of protein phosphatases and kinases involved in regulating the status of p-tau. The dysregulation of exosome cargo proteins by mPS1 may be associated with the ability of mPS1 neuron-derived exosomes to propagate tau pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Alexander Jones
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Brent Aulston
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Janneca Ames
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Charisse Winston
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology,
Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston 02118, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Veterans
Affairs San Diego Healthcare System,
La Jolla, San Diego 92161, California, United States
| | - Shauna H. Yuan
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
- Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nielsen NS, Poulsen ET, Lukassen MV, Chao Shern C, Mogensen EH, Weberskov CE, DeDionisio L, Schauser L, Moore TC, Otzen DE, Hjortdal J, Enghild JJ. Biochemical mechanisms of aggregation in TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 77:100843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Mohanty V, Subbannayya Y, Najar MA, Pinto SM, Kasaragod S, Karuppiah H, Sreeramulu B, Singh KK, Dalal S, Manikkoth S, Arunachalam C, Prasad TSK, Murthy KR. Proteomics and Visual Health Research: Proteome of the Human Sclera Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:98-110. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varshasnata Mohanty
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mohammed Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sandeep Kasaragod
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Hilda Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | | | - Kunal Kumar Singh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Sunita Dalal
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Shyamjith Manikkoth
- Department of Pharmacology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Cynthia Arunachalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Krishna R. Murthy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sato T, Muramatsu T, Tanabe M, Inazawa J. Identification and characterization of transforming growth factor beta-induced in circulating tumor cell subline from pancreatic cancer cell line. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3623-3633. [PMID: 30156359 PMCID: PMC6215881 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis to liver, lung, brain, or bone occurs by circulating tumor cells (CTC). We hypothesized that a subset of CTC had features that are more malignant than tumor cells at the primary site. We established a highly malignant cell line, Panc-1-CTC, derived from the human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 using an in vivo selection method. Panc-1-CTC cells showed greater migratory and invasive abilities than its parent cell line in vitro. In addition, Panc-1-CTC cells had a higher tumor-forming ability than parent cells in vivo. To examine whether a difference in malignant phenotypes exists between Panc-1-CTC cells and parent cells, we carried out comprehensive gene expression array analysis. As a result, Panc-1-CTC significantly expressed transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI), an extracellular matrix protein, more abundantly than did parent cells. TGFBI is considered to regulate cell adhesion, but its functions remain unclear. In the present study, knockdown of TGFBI reduced cell migration and invasion abilities, whereas overexpression of TGFBI increased both abilities. Moreover, elevated expression of TGFBI was associated with poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Sato
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang WJ, Song HX, Li SY, Guo B, Wu JF, Li GP, Guo DD, Shi DL, Bi HS, Jonas JB. Amphiregulin Antibody and Reduction of Axial Elongation in Experimental Myopia. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:134-144. [PMID: 28256400 PMCID: PMC5360597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the mechanism of ocular axial elongation in myopia, guinea pigs (age: 2–3 weeks) which either underwent unilateral or bilateral lens-induced myopization (group 1) or which were primarily myopic at baseline (group 2) received unilateral intraocular injections of amphiregulin antibody (doses: 5, 10, or 15 μg) three times in intervals of 9 days. A third group of emmetropic guinea pigs got intraocular unilateral injections of amphiregulin (doses: 0.25, 0.50 or 1.00 ng, respectively). In each group, the contralateral eyes received intraocular injections of Ringer's solution. In intra-animal inter-eye comparison and intra-eye follow-up comparison in groups 1 and 2, the study eyes as compared to the contralateral eyes showed a dose-dependent reduction in axial elongation. In group 3, study eyes and control eyes did not differ significantly in axial elongation. Immunohistochemistry revealed amphiregulin labelling at the retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with lens-induced myopization and Ringer's solution injection, but not in eyes with amphiregulin antibody injection. Intraocular injections of amphiregulin-antibody led to a reduction of lens-induced axial myopic elongation and of the physiological eye enlargement in young guinea pigs. In contrast, intraocularly injected amphiregulin in a dose of ≤ 1 ng did not show a significant effect. Amphiregulin may be one of several essential molecular factors for axial elongation. Intraocular injections of amphiregulin-antibody led to a reduction of lens-induced axial myopic elongation in guinea pigs. Intraocular injections of amphiregulin-antibody also led to a reduction of the physiological eye growth in guinea pigs. Amphiregulin may be one of several essential molecular factors for axial elongation in young guinea pigs.
Due to an increase in its prevalence, myopia has been feared to become one of the most common causes of irreversible visual impairment worldwide. Although staying indoors in childhood has been identified as the most important factor for the development of myopia, the underlying mechanism leading to myopia has remained elusive so far. In the present experimental study, young guinea pigs which were myopized by a lens, developed less myopia if they simultaneously received intraocular injections of an antibody of amphiregulin, a member of the epithelial growth factor family. It suggests that amphiregulin is associated with axial elongation in myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jun Jiang
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Xin Song
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shao Yu Li
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Guo
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Feng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guo Ping Li
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Da Dong Guo
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - De Long Shi
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Sheng Bi
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oglesby EN, Tezel G, Cone-Kimball E, Steinhart MR, Jefferys J, Pease ME, Quigley HA. Scleral fibroblast response to experimental glaucoma in mice. Mol Vis 2016; 22:82-99. [PMID: 26900327 PMCID: PMC4734151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the detailed cellular and molecular changes in the mouse sclera subjected to experimental glaucoma. METHODS Three strains of mice underwent experimental bead-injection glaucoma and were euthanized at 3 days and 1, 3, and 6 weeks. Scleral protein expression was analyzed with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using (16)O/(18)O labeling for quantification in 1- and 6-week tissues. Sclera protein samples were also analyzed with immunoblotting with specific antibodies to selected proteins. The proportion of proliferating scleral fibroblasts was quantified with Ki67 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) labeling, and selected proteins were studied with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Proteomic analysis showed increases in molecules involved in integrin-linked kinase signaling and actin cytoskeleton signaling pathways at 1 and 6 weeks after experimental glaucoma. The peripapillary scleral region had more fibroblasts than equatorial sclera (p=0.001, n=217, multivariable regression models). There was a sixfold increase in proliferating fibroblasts in the experimental glaucoma sclera at 1 week and a threefold rise at 3 and 6 weeks (p=0.0005, univariate regression). Immunoblots confirmed increases for myosin, spectrin, and actinin at 1 week after glaucoma. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), HINT1, vimentin, actinin, and α-smooth muscle actin were increased according to immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Scleral fibroblasts in experimental mouse glaucoma show increases in actin cytoskeleton and integrin-related signaling, increases in cell division, and features compatible with myofibroblast transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ericka N. Oglesby
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth Cone-Kimball
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew R. Steinhart
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joan Jefferys
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mary E. Pease
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Harry A. Quigley
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quigley HA. The contribution of the sclera and lamina cribrosa to the pathogenesis of glaucoma: Diagnostic and treatment implications. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:59-86. [PMID: 26497785 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second most common cause of world blindness, results from loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). RGC die as a consequence of injury to their axons, as they pass through the transition between the environment within the eye and that of the retrobulbar optic nerve, as they course to central visual centers. At the optic nerve head (ONH), axonal transport becomes abnormal, at least in part due to the effect of strain induced by intraocular pressure (IOP) on the sclera and ONH. Animal glaucoma models provide the ability to study how alterations in ocular connective tissues affect this pathological process. New therapeutic interventions are being investigated to mitigate glaucoma blindness by modifying the remodeling of ocular tissues in glaucoma. Some genetically altered mice are resistant to glaucoma damage, while treatment of the sclera with cross-linking agents makes experimental mouse glaucoma damage worse. Inhibition of transforming growth factor β activity is strikingly protective. Treatments that alter the response of ocular connective tissues to IOP may be effective in protecting those with glaucoma from vision loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Quigley
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The dynamic sclera: extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:100-11. [PMID: 25819458 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is a common ocular condition, characterized by excessive elongation of the ocular globe. The prevalence of myopia continues to increase, particularly among highly educated groups, now exceeding 80% in some groups. In parallel with the increased prevalence of myopia, are increases in associated blinding ocular conditions including glaucoma, retinal detachment and macular degeneration, making myopia a significant global health concern. The elongation of the eye is closely related to the biomechanical properties of the sclera, which in turn are largely dependent on the composition of the scleral extracellular matrix. Therefore an understanding of the cellular and extracellular events involved in the regulation of scleral growth and remodeling during childhood and young adulthood will provide future avenues for the treatment of myopia and its associated ocular complications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rudra-Ganguly N, Lowe C, Mattie M, Chang MS, Satpayev D, Verlinsky A, An Z, Hu L, Yang P, Challita-Eid P, Stover DR, Pereira DS. Discoidin domain receptor 1 contributes to tumorigenesis through modulation of TGFBI expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111515. [PMID: 25369402 PMCID: PMC4219757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. The receptor is activated upon binding to its ligand, collagen, and plays a crucial role in many fundamental processes such as cell differentiation, adhesion, migration and invasion. Although DDR1 is expressed in many normal tissues, upregulated expression of DDR1 in a variety of human cancers such as lung, colon and brain cancers is known to be associated with poor prognosis. Using shRNA silencing, we assessed the oncogenic potential of DDR1. DDR1 knockdown impaired tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Microarray analysis of tumor cells demonstrated upregulation of TGFBI expression upon DDR1 knockdown, which was subsequently confirmed at the protein level. TGFBI is a TGFβ-induced extracellular matrix protein secreted by the tumor cells and is known to act either as a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor, depending on the tumor environment. Here, we show that exogenous addition of recombinant TGFBI to BXPC3 tumor cells inhibited clonogenic growth and migration, thus recapitulating the phenotypic effect observed from DDR1 silencing. BXPC3 tumor xenografts demonstrated reduced growth with DDR1 knockdown, and the same xenograft tumors exhibited an increase in TGFBI expression level. Together, these data suggest that DDR1 expression level influences tumor growth in part via modulation of TGFBI expression. The reciprocal expression of DDR1 and TGFBI may help to elucidate the contribution of DDR1 in tumorigenesis and TGFBI may also be used as a biomarker for the therapeutic development of DDR1 specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Rudra-Ganguly
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Lowe
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Mattie
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Mi Sook Chang
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Alla Verlinsky
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Zili An
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Liping Hu
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Peng Yang
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Pia Challita-Eid
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - David R. Stover
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Pereira
- Agensys Inc., an affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu H, Wang J, Cui J, Fan X. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on human fetal scleral fibroblasts. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1042-51. [PMID: 25147305 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714545837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on human fetal scleral fibroblasts (HFSFs). HFSFs were subjected to 50 Hz artificial ELF-EMFs generated by Helmholtz coils with 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mT field intensities for 6 to 48 h. The viability and factors involved in scleral structuring of HFSFs were determined. The growth rate of HFSFs significantly decreased after only 24 h of exposure to ELF-EMFs (0.2 mT). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of collagen type I (COL1A1) decreased and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) increased significantly. There was a decrease in tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 mRNA levels between treated and control cells only at the 1.0 mT intensity level. Transforming growth factor beta-2 mRNA increased in exposed cells, and, simultaneously, fibroblast growth factor-2 mRNA levels decreased. The protein expressions of COL1A1 and MMP-2 were also significantly altered subsequent to exposure (p < 0.05). This study shows that ELF-EMFs had biological effects on HFSFs and could cause abnormality in scleral collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiefeng Cui
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Klamer SE, Kuijk CGM, Hordijk PL, van der Schoot CE, von Lindern M, van Hennik PB, Voermans C. BIGH3 modulates adhesion and migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:434-49. [PMID: 24152593 DOI: 10.4161/cam.26596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration are important determinants of homing and development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in bone marrow (BM) niches. The extracellular matrix protein transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inducible gene H3 (BIGH3) is involved in adhesion and migration, although the effect of BIGH3 is highly cell type-dependent. BIGH3 is abundantly expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells, while its expression in HSPCs is relatively low unless induced by certain BM stressors. Here, we set out to determine how BIGH3 modulates HSPC adhesion and migration. We show that primary HSPCs adhere to BIGH3-coated substrates, which is, in part, integrin-dependent. Overexpression of BIGH3 in HSPCs and HL60 cells reduced the adhesion to the substrate fibronectin in adhesion assays, which was even more profound in electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) assays. Accordingly, the CXCL12 induced migration over fibronectin-coated surface was reduced in BIGH3-expressing HSPCs. The integrin expression profile of HSPCs was not altered upon BIGH3 expression. Although expression of BIGH3 did not alter actin polymerization in response to CXCL12, it inhibited the PMA-induced activation of the small GTPase RAC1 as well as the phosphorylation and activation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs). Reduced activation of ERK and RAC1 may be responsible for the inhibition of cell adhesion and migration by BIGH3 in HSPCs. Induced BIGH3 expression upon BM stress may contribute to the regulation of BM homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofieke E Klamer
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn G M Kuijk
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paula B van Hennik
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- Department of Hematopoiesis; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu H, Cai X, Fan X. Effect of puerarin on matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human fetal scleral fibroblasts treated with low frequency electromagnetic fields. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 33:664-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Altered TGF-β2 and bFGF expression in scleral desmocytes from an experimentally-induced myopia guinea pig model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251:1133-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
20
|
Chen YH, Chou HC, Lin ST, Chen YW, Lo YW, Chan HL. Effect of high glucose on secreted proteome in cultured retinal pigmented epithelium cells: Its possible relevance to clinical diabetic retinopathy. J Proteomics 2012; 77:111-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
21
|
Nummela P, Lammi J, Soikkeli J, Saksela O, Laakkonen P, Hölttä E. Transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI) is an anti-adhesive protein regulating the invasive growth of melanoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1663-74. [PMID: 22326753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignancy characterized by high invasive/metastatic potential, with no efficient therapy after metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the invasive/metastatic tendency is therefore important. Our genome-wide gene expression analyses revealed that human melanoma cell lines WM793 and especially WM239 (vertical growth phase and metastatic cells, respectively) overexpress the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein transforming growth factor β induced (TGFBI). In adhesion assays, recombinant TGFBI was strongly anti-adhesive for both melanoma cells and skin fibroblasts. TGFBI further impaired the adhesion of melanoma cells to the adhesive ECM proteins fibronectin, collagen-I, and laminin, known to interact with it. Unexpectedly, WM239 cells migrated/invaded more effectively in three-dimensional collagen-I and Matrigel cultures after knockdown of TGFBI by shRNA expression. However, in the physiological subcutaneous microenvironment in nude mice, after TGFBI knockdown, these cells showed markedly impaired tumor growth and invasive capability; the initially formed small tumors later underwent myxoid degeneration and completely regressed. By contrast, the expanding control tumors showed intense TGFBI staining at the tumor edges, co-localizing with the fibrillar fibronectin/tenascin-C/periostin structures that characteristically surround melanoma cells at invasion fronts. Furthermore, TGFBI was found in similar fibrillar structures in clinical human melanoma metastases as well, co-localizing with fibronectin. These data imply an important role for TGFBI in the ECM deposition and invasive growth of melanoma cells, rendering TGFBI a potential target for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Nummela
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chernov AV, Strongin AY. Epigenetic regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their collagen substrates in cancer. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:135-147. [PMID: 21779312 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our review covers the recent epigenetic data that are focused on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of MMPs; TIMPs) and collagen substrates. Twenty-four MMPs, four TIMPs and at least 28 collagen types are known in humans. The MMP activity regulates the functionality of multiple extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, growth factors and cell signaling and adhesion receptors. Aberrantly enhanced MMP proteolysis affects multiple cell functions, including proliferation, migration and invasion. This aberrant MMP proteolysis is frequently recorded in cancer. Recent evidence, however, indicates that several MMPs function as tumor suppressors in cancer. Their inhibition could have pro-tumorigenic effects (making them anti-targets), counterbalancing the benefits of target inhibition and leading to adverse effects in cancer patients. The current epigenetic data suggest that there are distinct multi-layered epigenetic mechanisms that regulate MMPs, TIMPs and collagens. We show that in certain cancer types, epigenetic signatures of selected MMPs exhibit stem cell-like characteristics. Epigenetic mechanisms appear to play an especially important role in glioblastoma multiforme. Glioblastomas/gliomas synthesize de novo and then deposit collagens into the brain parenchyma. The collagen deposition, combined with an enhanced MMP activity in glioblastomas/gliomas, facilitates rapid invasion of tumor cells through the brain. It is tempting to hypothesize that the epigenetic mechanisms which control MMPs, TIMPs and collagens and, consequently, tumor cell invasion, represent promising drug targets and that in the near future these targets will be challenged pharmacologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Chernov
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hu S, Cui D, Yang X, Hu J, Wan W, Zeng J. The crucial role of collagen-binding integrins in maintaining the mechanical properties of human scleral fibroblasts-seeded collagen matrix. Mol Vis 2011; 17:1334-42. [PMID: 21647271 PMCID: PMC3107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify the presence of collagen-binding integrin subunits in human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) and investigate their actual functions in maintaining the mechanical creep properties of the HSFs-seeded collagen matrix. METHODS Primary HSFs were cultured in vitro. Reverse- transcription PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of integrin α1, α2, and β1 subunits in HSFs. In addition, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence were used to detect their protein in HSFs. Monoclonal antibodies were applied directly against the extracellular domains of integrin subunits in HSFs cultured in the three-dimensional collagen gels to block the interaction between HSFs and the extracellular collagen matrix. The effects of anti-integrin antibodies on HSFs morphology in collagen gel were observed. The effects of the added antibodies on fibroblast-mediated collagen gels' contraction were evaluated. Furthermore, the changes in mechanical creep properties of collagen gel were measured by a biomechanics test instrument. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expressions of collagen-binding integrin α1, α2, and β1 subunits were present in HSFs. The elongated bipolar cells converted to spherical shapes after 6 h after the addition of integrin α1β1 and α2β1 antibody. The blocking of integrin α1β1 and α2β1 subunits noticeably decreased the contraction in the collagen gels. In addition, all samples were subjected to a constantly applied load of 0.03 N for 600 s. The blocking of integrin α1β1 and α2β1 subunits also induced increases in the values of final extension, creep extension, and creep rate, compared to those of the controls (p<0.01). Furthermore, the creep elements were significantly increased with the augmentation of the integrin antibody dose (p<0.01). The final extension of the integrin α2β1 antibody (1 μg/ml or 4 μg/ml) group was significantly higher compared to that of the integrin α1β1 antibody (1 μg/ml or 4 μg/ml) group (p<0.01). However, the creep extension and creep rate of the integrin α2β1 antibody (1 μg/ml or 4 μg/ml) group were not significantly different from those in the integrin α1β1 antibody (1 μg/ml or 4 μg/ml) group (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that HSF integrin α1β1 and α2β1 participated in maintaining the mechanical creep properties of the HSFs-seeded collagen matrix. Furthermore, integrin α2β1 might play a more crucial role in maintaining the mechanical creep properties of the collagen matrix than does integrin α1β1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoulong Hu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China,National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junwen Zeng
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao H, Frost MR, Siegwart JT, Norton TT. Patterns of mRNA and protein expression during minus-lens compensation and recovery in tree shrew sclera. Mol Vis 2011; 17:903-19. [PMID: 21541268 PMCID: PMC3084222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To increase our understanding of the mechanisms that remodel the sclera during the development of lens-induced myopia, when the sclera responds to putative "go" signals of retinal origin, and during recovery from lens-induced myopia, when the sclera responds to retinally-derived "stop" signals. METHODS Seven groups of tree shrews were used to examine mRNA levels during minus lens compensation and recovery. Starting 24 days after eye opening (days of visual experience [VE]) lens compensation animals wore a monocular -5D lens for 1, 4, or 11 days. Recovery animals wore the -5D lens for 11 days, which was then removed for 1 or 4 days. Normal animals were examined at 24 and 38 days of VE. All groups contained 8 animals. Scleral mRNA levels were examined in the treated and contralateral control eyes with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for 27 genes divided into four categories: 1) signaling molecules, 2) matricellular proteins, 3) metalloproteinases (MPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and 4) cell adhesion and other proteins. Four groups (n=5 per group) were used to examine protein levels. One group wore a -5D lens for 4 days. A second group recovered for 4 days after 11 days of -5D lens treatment. Two groups were used to examine age-matched normal protein levels at 28 and 39 days of VE. The levels of six scleral proteins that showed differential mRNA expression were examined with quantitative western blots. RESULTS Nineteen of the genes showed differential (treated eye versus control eye) expression of mRNA levels in at least one group of animals. Which genes showed differential expression differed after 1 and 4 days of compensation and after 1 or 4 days of recovery. The mRNA level for one gene, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1 (ADAMTS1), was upregulated in the treated eyes after 1 day of compensation. After 4 days, transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3), transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 (TGFBI), and matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) mRNA levels were upregulated. Downregulated were mRNA levels for transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1), transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGFB2), thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), tenascin (TNC), osteonectin (SPARC), osteopontin (SPP1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3), and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5). After 11 days of lens wear, there was no differential expression. During recovery, after 1 day, treated-eye mRNA downregulation was found for TGFB2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, SPARC, ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, syndecan 4 (SDC4), and collagen type VI, alpha 1 (COL6A1). After 4 days, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, THBS2, and TIMP3 mRNA levels were upregulated in the recovering eye. Significant downregulation, relative to normal eyes, was found in both the control and treated eyes for most genes after 1 day of compensation; a similar decrease was found, compared to lens-compensated eyes, after one day of recovery. Protein levels for THBS1 showed positive correlation with the differential mRNA levels and TGFBR3 showed a negative correlation. No differential protein expression was found for TGFB2, TGFBI, MMP14, and TIMP3. CONCLUSIONS The different patterns of differential mRNA expression during minus lens compensation (hyperopia) and recovery (myopia) show that scleral fibroblasts distinguish between "go" and "stop" conditions. There is evidence of binocular global downregulation of genes at the start of both lens wear and recovery. As additional information accumulates about changes in gene expression that occur during compensation and recovery the "signature" of differential changes may help us to understand in more detail how the sclera responds in "go" and "stop" conditions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chernov AV, Baranovskaya S, Golubkov VS, Wakeman DR, Snyder EY, Williams R, Strongin AY. Microarray-based transcriptional and epigenetic profiling of matrix metalloproteinases, collagens, and related genes in cancer. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19647-59. [PMID: 20404328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.088153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic parameters (DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs) play a significant role in cancer. To identify the common epigenetic signatures of both the individual matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the additional genes, the function of which is also linked to proteolysis, migration, and tumorigenesis, we performed epigenetic profiling of 486 selected genes in unrelated non-migratory MCF-7 breast carcinoma and highly migratory U251 glioma cells. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and microRNA analyses were used to support the results of our epigenetic studies. Transcriptional silencing in both glioma and breast carcinoma cells predominantly involved the repressive histone H3 Lys-27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) mark. In turn, epigenetic stimulation was primarily performed through a gain in the histone H3 Lys-4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) and H3 hyperacetylation and by a global reduction of H3K27me3. Inactive pro-invasive genes in MCF-7 cells but not in U251 cells frequently exhibited a stem cell-like bivalent mark (enrichment in both H3K27me3 and H3K4me2), a characteristic of developmental genes. In contrast with other MMPs, MMP-8 was epigenetically silenced in both cell types, thus providing evidence for the strict epigenetic control of this anti-tumorigenic proteinase in cancer. Epigenetic stimulation of multiple collagen genes observed in cultured glioma cells was then directly confirmed using orthotopic xenografts and tumor specimens. We suggest that the epigenetic mechanisms allow gliomas to deposit an invasion-promoting collagen-enriched matrix and then to use this matrix to accomplish their rapid migration through the brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Chernov
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|