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Grover A, Sankaranarayanan S, Mathur V, Suri P, Qiu H, Andrews-Zwilling Y, Mease K, Taylor LK, Cahir-McFarland E, Keswani S, Yednock T. Pharmacokinetic and Target Engagement Measures of ANX007, an Anti-C1q Antibody Fragment, Following Intravitreal Administration in Nonhuman Primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:3. [PMID: 36729444 PMCID: PMC9907371 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose C1q and the classical complement cascade are key regulators of synaptic pruning, and their aberrant activation has been implicated in neurodegenerative ophthalmic diseases including geographic atrophy and glaucoma. The antigen-binding fragment antibody ANX007 specifically recognizes globular head groups of C1q to block substrate binding and functionally inhibit classical complement cascade activation. ANX007 was assessed in nonclinical studies of biodistribution and C1q target engagement in the eye following intravitreal (IVT) administration in cynomolgus monkeys. Methods Female juvenile cynomolgus monkeys (n = 12) received a single bilateral dose of 1 or 5 mg ANX007/eye, with vitreous and non-perfused tissue samples collected approximately 4 weeks later. In a separate study, male (n = 6/5) and female (n = 6/5) animals received repeat bilateral dosing of 1, 2.5, or 5 mg ANX007/eye on days 1 and 29, with aqueous and vitreous collections on day 44 or day 59. Tissues from the 5 mg/eye repeat-dose group were perfused, and retina, choroid, and optic nerve samples were collected approximately 2 and 4 weeks post-last dose. Results Following a single dose of ANX007, vitreous levels of free drug were measurable through 4 weeks at both the 1 and 5 mg dose levels, with approximately 3-day half-life. With repeat dose of 5 mg/eye, free-ANX007 was measurable 4 weeks post-last dose in perfused retina and choroid and up to approximately 2 weeks post-last dose in optic nerve. There was a strong correlation between C1q target engagement and free drug levels in aqueous and vitreous humors and retinal tissue. Conclusions Following IVT administration, ANX007 distributes to sites within the retina that are relevant to neurodegenerative ophthalmic disease with clear evidence of C1q target engagement. Based on its mechanism of action inhibiting C1q and its downstream activity, ANX007 is predicted to mitigate tissue damage driven by classical complement activation in the retina. These data support further clinical evaluation of ANX007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Grover
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,ACELYRIN, Inc., Agoura Hills, California, United States
| | - Sethu Sankaranarayanan
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,Escape Bio, South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Vidhu Mathur
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,Acelot Inc., Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Poojan Suri
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
| | | | - Kirsten Mease
- ToxStrategies Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Lori K. Taylor
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
| | | | - Sanjay Keswani
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States,Phoenix R&D Solutions Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences Inc., Brisbane, California, United States
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Komáromy AM, Koehl KL, Park SA. Looking into the future: Gene and cell therapies for glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24 Suppl 1:16-33. [PMID: 33411993 PMCID: PMC7979454 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex group of optic neuropathies that affects both humans and animals. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a major risk factor that results in the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Currently, lowering IOP by medical and surgical methods is the only approved treatment for primary glaucoma, but there is no cure, and vision loss often progresses despite therapy. Recent technologic advances provide us with a better understanding of disease mechanisms and risk factors; this will permit earlier diagnosis of glaucoma and initiation of therapy sooner and more effectively. Gene and cell therapies are well suited to target these mechanisms specifically with the potential to achieve a lasting therapeutic effect. Much progress has been made in laboratory settings to develop these novel therapies for the eye. Gene and cell therapies have already been translated into clinical application for some inherited retinal dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Except for the intravitreal application of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) by encapsulated cell technology for RGC neuroprotection, there has been no other clinical translation of gene and cell therapies for glaucoma so far. Possible application of gene and cell therapies consists of long-term IOP control via increased aqueous humor drainage, including inhibition of fibrosis following filtration surgery, RGC neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, modification of ocular biomechanics for improved IOP tolerance, and inhibition of inflammation and neovascularization to prevent the development of some forms of secondary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- András M. Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kristin L. Koehl
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shin Ae Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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3
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Grozdanic SD, Lazic T, Kecova H, Mohan K, Adamus G, Kuehn MH. Presumed cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) mimicking Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome (SARDS) in canines. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24:125-155. [PMID: 33369040 PMCID: PMC8048582 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe functional and structural features of presumed cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) mimicking sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in dogs and describe treatment outcomes. ANIMALS Subjects were 17 dogs from 8 eight US states and Canada diagnosed with SARDS or immune-mediated retinitis (IMR) by 12 ophthalmologists. Nine eyes from seven deceased patients were used for microarray (MA), histology, or immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. PROCEDURES Dogs underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including retinal photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), chromatic pupil light reflex testing (cPLR), and electroretinography (ERG), in addition to complete systemic examination. Histology, microarray, and IHC analysis were performed in CAR retinas to evaluate histological and molecular changes in retinal tissue. RESULTS None of the patients evaluated satisfied previously established criteria for diagnosis of SARDS (flat ERG+ no red - good blue PLR), and all were diagnosed with IMR. All patients were diagnosed with a cancer: meningioma (24%), sarcoma (18%), pituitary tumor (12%), and squamous cell carcinoma (12%), other (34%). Median survival time was 6 months from diagnosis (range 1-36 months). Most frequent systemic abnormalities were as follows: proteinuria (78%); elevated liver enzymes (47%); and metabolic changes (PU/PD, polyphagia - 24%). Immunosuppressive therapy resulted in the reversal of blindness in 44% of treated patients, with 61% of all treated patients recovering and/or maintaining vision. Median time for preservation of vision was 5 months (range 1-35 months). CONCLUSIONS Observed changes are highly suggestive of immune-mediated damage in IMR-CAR eyes. A relatively high percentage of patients with CAR responded positively to immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa D Grozdanic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, IA, USA.,TL VetPath International Consultants, Hiawatha, IA, USA
| | - Tatjana Lazic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, IA, USA.,TL VetPath International Consultants, Hiawatha, IA, USA
| | - Helga Kecova
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, IA, USA
| | - Kabhilan Mohan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Plummer CE, Bras D, Grozdanic S, Komáromy AM, McLellan G, Miller P, Sapienza JS, Teixeira L, Webb T. Prophylactic anti-glaucoma therapy in dogs with primary glaucoma: A practitioner survey of current medical protocols. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:96-108. [PMID: 32920915 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the use of prophylactic anti-glaucoma medications in the normotensive fellow eye in dogs with unilateral overt primary glaucoma by veterinary ophthalmology clinicians. METHODS A survey of veterinary ophthalmology clinicians was distributed over two international list serves servicing veterinary ophthalmologists, trainees, and individuals whose practice consisted primarily of ophthalmic patients. The survey was developed following analysis of historical and currently available medical options for control of intraocular pressure and for neuroprotection. RESULTS Responses from 199 veterinary ophthalmology clinicians were evaluated. While a large variety of topical anti-hypertensive drugs and protocols were used, the most commonly used medications were aqueous humor production suppressors such as dorzolamide 2.0% ophthalmic solution, timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution, and a combination product containing both drugs. Latanoprost 0.005% ophthalmic solution was used infrequently for prophylaxis by comparison. The majority of respondents do not use concurrent anti-inflammatory medications (61.22%), although a sizeable minority used prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, or ketorolac as prophylactic treatment. Systemically administered ocular anti-hypertensive agents were rarely used. Only 40% of respondents used neuroprotectant agents; the most commonly prescribed were the calcium channel blocker amlodipine and the nutraceutical Ocu-Glo™. Recommended intervals between re-examination by the clinician ranged from one month to one year, with most re-evaluations occurring every 3 to 6 months. The majority of respondents recommended more frequent assessments of IOP at intervals between once monthly and once every 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Data analysis of medical therapy for the normotensive fellow eye of dogs previously diagnosed with primary glaucoma suggests that there is a great need for well-designed, prospective, controlled, multi-center studies to determine which protocols have the greatest efficacy in delaying an overt attack in the previously normotensive eye in dogs with a genetic predisposition to glaucoma. Prospective studies utilizing a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as dorzolamide and a prostaglandin analogue such as latanoprost would be reasonable as these two drugs are widely used in the treatment of overt glaucoma and would allow for an exploration of the impact of different mechanisms of action of lowering IOP on the pathophysiology of primary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn E Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dineli Bras
- Centro de Especialistas Veterinarios de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - András M Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gillian McLellan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul Miller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Leandro Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Terah Webb
- MedVet Medical & Cancer Centers for Pets, Worthington, OH, USA
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5
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Pasmanter N, Petersen-Jones SM. A review of electroretinography waveforms and models and their application in the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:418-435. [PMID: 32196872 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography (ERG) is a commonly used technique to study retinal function in both clinical and research ophthalmology. ERG responses can be divided into component waveforms, analysis of which can provide insight into the health and function of different types and populations of retinal cells. In dogs, ERG has been used in the characterization of normal retinal function, as well as the diagnosis of retinal diseases and measuring effects of treatment. While many components of the recorded waveform are similar across species, dogs have several notable features that should be differentiated from the responses in humans and other animals. Additionally, modifications of standard protocols, such as changing flash frequency and stimulus color, and mathematical models of ERG waveforms have been used in studies of human retinal function but have been infrequently applied to visual electrophysiology in dogs. This review provides an overview of the origins and applications of ERG in addition to potential avenues for further characterization of responses in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Sebbag L, Moody LM, Mochel JP. Albumin Levels in Tear Film Modulate the Bioavailability of Medically-Relevant Topical Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1560. [PMID: 32047429 PMCID: PMC6997149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of blood-tear barrier that occurs with ocular pathology allows for large amounts of albumin to leak into the tear fluid. This process likely represents an important restriction to drug absorption in ophthalmology, as only the unbound drug is transported across the ocular tissue barriers to exert its pharmacologic effect. We aimed to investigate the effects of albumin levels in tears on the bioavailability of two commonly used ophthalmic drugs: tropicamide, an antimuscarinic that produces mydriasis and cycloplegia, and latanoprost, a PGF2α analog used for the treatment of glaucoma. Eight female beagle dogs underwent a randomized, vehicle-controlled crossover trial. For each dog, one eye received 30 µl of artificial tears (control) or canine albumin (0.4 or 1.5%) at random, immediately followed by 30 µl of 1% tropicamide (2 days, 24 h washout) or 0.005% latanoprost (2 days, 72 h washout) in both eyes. Pupil diameter (digital caliper) and intraocular pressure (IOP; rebound tonometry) were recorded at various times following drug administration (0 to 480 min) and compared between both groups with a mixed model for repeated measures. Albumin in tears had a significant impact on pupillary diameter for both tropicamide (P ≤ 0.001) and latanoprost (P ≤ 0.047), with no differences noted between 0.4% and 1.5% concentrations. Reduction in the maximal effect (pupil size) and overall drug exposure (area under the effect time-curve of pupil size over time) were significant for tropicamide (6.2–8.5% on average, P ≤ 0.006) but not for latanoprost (P ≥ 0.663). The IOP, only measured in eyes receiving latanoprost, was not significantly impacted by the addition of either 0.4% (P = 0.242) or 1.5% albumin (P = 0.879). Albumin in tear film, previously shown to leak from the conjunctival vasculature in diseased eyes, may bind to topically administered drugs and reduces their intraocular penetration and bioavailability. Further investigations in clinical patients and other commonly used ophthalmic medications are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Leah M Moody
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Komáromy AM, Bras D, Esson DW, Fellman RL, Grozdanic SD, Kagemann L, Miller PE, Moroi SE, Plummer CE, Sapienza JS, Storey ES, Teixeira LB, Toris CB, Webb TR. The future of canine glaucoma therapy. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:726-740. [PMID: 31106969 PMCID: PMC6744300 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Canine glaucoma is a group of disorders that are generally associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in a characteristic optic neuropathy. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in dogs and may be either primary or secondary. Despite the growing spectrum of medical and surgical therapies, there is no cure, and many affected dogs go blind. Often eyes are enucleated because of painfully high, uncontrollable IOP. While progressive vision loss due to primary glaucoma is considered preventable in some humans, this is mostly not true for dogs. There is an urgent need for more effective, affordable treatment options. Because newly developed glaucoma medications are emerging at a very slow rate and may not be effective in dogs, work toward improving surgical options may be the most rewarding approach in the near term. This Viewpoint Article summarizes the discussions and recommended research strategies of both a Think Tank and a Consortium focused on the development of more effective therapies for canine glaucoma; both were organized and funded by the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Vision for Animals Foundation (ACVO-VAF). The recommendations consist of (a) better understanding of disease mechanisms, (b) early glaucoma diagnosis and disease staging, (c) optimization of IOP-lowering medical treatment, (d) new surgical therapies to control IOP, and (e) novel treatment strategies, such as gene and stem cell therapies, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. In order to address these needs, increases in research funding specifically focused on canine glaucoma are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- András M Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Dineli Bras
- Centro de Especialistas Veterinarios de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | - Larry Kagemann
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.,New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul E Miller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sayoko E Moroi
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Eric S Storey
- South Atlanta Veterinary Emergency & Specialty, Fayetteville, Georgia
| | - Leandro B Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Carol B Toris
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Terah R Webb
- MedVet Medical & Cancer Centers for Pets, Worthington, Ohio
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de Linde Henriksen M, Lim C, Sharp JL. Treatment of canine postoperative ocular hypertension with combined latanoprost 0.005% and atropine 1% ophthalmic solutions. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:448-461. [PMID: 30716184 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of topical 0.005% latanoprost (L) vs combined 0.005% latanoprost and 1% atropine (LA) on control of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH), development of posterior synechiae formation, pupil size, and blindness after phacoemulsification surgery in dogs. ANIMAL STUDIED Dogs with postoperative ocular hypertension were included in the study: L-group, latanoprost (eight dogs, 14 eyes) and LA-group, latanoprost and atropine (nine dogs, 15 eyes). PROCEDURES Complete ophthalmic examinations including tonometry were performed at 1, 7, and 21 days following phacoemulsification. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the measured intraocular pressure (IOP) at days 1 and 7 postphacoemulsification surgery in the L-group and the LA-group (P = 0.26 [14.12 ± 1.76 mmHg vs 16.96 ± 1.68 mmHg] and P = 0.71 [15.45 ± 1.43 mmHg vs 16.20 ± 1.36 mmHg], respectively). No significant differences were found between pupil sizes at day 7 for the two groups (P = 0.25 [13.83% vs 24.77%]). No significant differences were found between odds of posterior synechiae formation at day 21 (P = 0.92) with a probability ± SE for L-group vs LA-group at 0.27 ± 0.14 vs 0.25 ± 0.13. No significant differences were found in odds of postoperative blindness between groups (P = 0.58) with a probability ± SE of 0.21 ± 0.11 vs 0.13 ± 0.09, respectively for L and LA. CONCLUSIONS Combined topical latanoprost and atropine in dogs maintains normal postoperative IOPs but does not seem to cause increased mydriasis compared to latanoprost alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Julia L Sharp
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Jugant S, Grillot AE, Lyarzhri F, Régnier A, Douet JY. Changes in pupil size and intraocular pressure after topical application of 0.5% tropicamide to the eyes of dogs sedated with butorphanol. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:95-101. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Grozdanic SD, Lazic T, Kecova H, Mohan K, Kuehn MH. Optical coherence tomography and molecular analysis of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) eyes suggests the immune-mediated nature of retinal damage. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:305-327. [PMID: 30109754 PMCID: PMC6563498 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To perform detailed analysis of retinal changes in dogs with SARDS using optical coherence tomography (OCT), funduscopy, and molecular analysis. Animals Subjects were 29 dogs from 12 US states and Canada diagnosed with SARDS by 8 ophthalmologists. An additional 7 eyes from 5 deceased SARDS dogs were used for molecular and histological analysis. Procedures Dogs were evaluated using chromatic pupil light reflex testing (cPLR), and electroretinography (ERG); subjects underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including funduscopy, retinal photography, and OCT, in addition to complete laboratory analysis, blood pressure evaluation, abdominal and thoracic radiographs, and computerized tomography (CT) imaging to assess possible systemic abnormalities. Histology and immunohistochemistry analysis was performed in 2 SARDS eyes. Microarray analysis was performed in 5 SARDS retinas. Results Thirty‐eight percent of patients had <1‐mm wide retinal detachments (RD) on OCT analysis, which could not be detected by funduscopy or retinal photographs. Systemic hypertension did not seem to be a contributing factor (RD 22.2%; ND 20%, Odds ratio = 1.1). No dogs showed neoplastic changes by thoracic or abdominal radiography, or CT imaging. There was no statistically significant difference in age (RD 7.9 ± 1.9 years (mean ± SD); ND 7.6 ± 1.7 years, p = 0.69) or duration of blindness prior to presentation (RD 18 ± 7 days (mean±SD); ND 21 ± 12 days, p = 0.28). Microarray and histology analysis of SARDS eyes revealed molecular changes suggestive of immune‐mediated damage. Conclusions Observed histological, molecular, and OCT changes are highly suggestive of immune‐mediated damage in SARDS eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa D Grozdanic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, Iowa.,TL VetPath International Consultants, Hiawatha, Iowa
| | - Tatjana Lazic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, Iowa.,TL VetPath International Consultants, Hiawatha, Iowa
| | - Helga Kecova
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, Iowa
| | - Kabhilan Mohan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Montiani-Ferreira F. Investigating the decision-making processes of vets: keratoconjuctivitis sicca and glaucoma. Vet Rec 2018; 182:18-20. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.k5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Almasieh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3S5, Canada
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Leonard A. Levin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3S5, Canada
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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13
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Takada S, Kinoshita J, Iwata N, Imaoka M, Tani Y. Response Characteristics and Retinal Origin of the Photopic Negative Response of the Electroretinogram in Dogs. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1302-1307. [PMID: 28557626 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1304561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the response characteristics and retinal origin of the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the electroretinograms (ERGs) in dogs. METHODS Photopic ERGs were elicited by white flash stimuli of different intensities under a steady white background illumination in four anesthetized dogs. These ERGs were also recorded in the same manner after intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Additionally, retinal localization of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav 1.6 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The amplitude of the a-wave and the PhNR was increased as the stimulus intensity was raised, while the amplitude of the b-wave was peaked at the moderate stimulus intensity of 3.09 cd·s/m2. TTX greatly attenuated the PhNR, while the reduction in the b-waves and a-wave was mild or insignificant. Nav 1.6-expression was specifically detected on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the PhNR primarily derived from the inner retina including RGCs in dogs, suggesting that the PhNR can be used to monitor function of these retinal components in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takada
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Junzo Kinoshita
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Noriaki Iwata
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masako Imaoka
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshiro Tani
- a Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories , Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Edogawa-ku , Tokyo , Japan
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14
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Stowell C, Burgoyne CF, Tamm ER, Ethier CR. Biomechanical aspects of axonal damage in glaucoma: A brief review. Exp Eye Res 2017; 157:13-19. [PMID: 28223180 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanical environment within the optic nerve head (ONH) is complex and is likely directly involved in the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. Unfortunately, our understanding of this process is poor. Here we describe factors that influence ONH biomechanics, including ONH connective tissue microarchitecture and anatomy; intraocular pressure (IOP); and cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp). We note that connective tissue factors can vary significantly from one individual to the next, as well as regionally within an eye, and that the understanding of ONH biomechanics is hindered by anatomical differences between small-animal models of glaucoma (rats and mice) and humans. Other challenges of using animal models of glaucoma to study the role of biomechanics include the complexity of assessing the degree of glaucomatous progression; and inadequate tools for monitoring and consistently elevating IOP in animal models. We conclude with a consideration of important open research questions/challenges in this area, including: (i) Creating a systems biology description of the ONH; (ii) addressing the role of astrocyte connective tissue remodeling and reactivity in glaucoma; (iii) providing a better characterization of ONH astrocytes and non-astrocytic constituent cells; (iv) better understanding the role of ONH astrocyte phagocytosis, proliferation and death; (v) collecting gene expression and phenotype data on a larger, more coordinated scale; and (vi) developing an implantable IOP sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri Stowell
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Claude F Burgoyne
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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15
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Kovalcuka L, Ilgazs A, Bandere D, Williams DL. Changes in intraocular pressure and horizontal pupil diameter during use of topical mydriatics in the canine eye. Open Vet J 2017; 7:16-22. [PMID: 28210543 PMCID: PMC5301057 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of topical 0.5% tropicamide, 1% atropine sulphate and 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride ophthalmic solutions on intraocular pressure (IOP) and horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) in the dog during the first hour after treatment. Forty clinically and ophthalmologically normal canine patients (between the ages of 2 and 6 years) of varying breed and sex were used in this study. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of ten and given one drop of tropicamide, atropine, phenylephrine or saline into one eye. IOP and HPD were measured in both eyes every 5 minutes for 60 minutes. Tropicamide increased IOP by 8.8±4.0 mmHg 35 minutes post-treatment compared to pre-treatment (P<0.01) only in treated eye. IOP in the contralateral eye did not increase. With atropine the maximum increase in IOP was 2.6±2.8 mmHg at 20 minutes post treatment in the treated eye (P<0.01). IOP in the contralateral eye did not increase. Phenylephrine increased IOP by 2.3±2.1 mmHg (P<0.05) 10 minutes after treatment. Also in the untreated eye IOP increased by 2.3±2.1 mmHg, 20 minutes post-treatment. Maximum HPD in eyes treated with tropicamide occurred at 55 minutes and with atropine at 60 minutes. There were no HPD changes in the contralateral, untreated eye. Topical 10% phenylephrine showed maximal pupil dilation 60 minutes after treatment, but the HPD of the – untreated eye slightly decreased at 15 minutes, but this change only reached statistical significance at 40 min post- treatment (P<0.05). Normal saline showed no influence on IOP or HPD. The drugs investigated here show a significant increase in IOP after mydriatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kovalcuka
- Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Institute, K. Helmaņa iela 8, Jelgava, LV-3004, Latvia
| | - Agris Ilgazs
- Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Institute, K. Helmaņa iela 8, Jelgava, LV-3004, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Riga Stradiņš University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dzirciema iela 16, Rīga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - David L Williams
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary medicine, United Kingdom
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16
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Wang Y, Wang W, Liu J, Huang X, Liu R, Xia H, Brecha NC, Pu M, Gao J. Protective Effect of ALA in Crushed Optic Nerve Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells Using a New Marker RBPMS. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160309. [PMID: 27504635 PMCID: PMC4978478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we first sought to determine whether RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) can serve as a specific marker for cat retina ganglion cells (RGCs) using retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry staining. RBPM was then used as an RGC marker to study RGC survival after optic nerve crush (ONC) and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) treatment in cats. ALA treatment yielded a peak density of RBPMS-alpha cells within the peak isodensity zone (>60/mm2) which did not differ from ONC retinas. The area within the zone was significantly enlarged (control: 2.3%, ONC: 0.06%, ONC+ALA: 0.1%). As for the 10-21/mm2 zone, ALA treatment resulted in a significant increase in area (control: 34.5%, ONC: 12.1%, ONC+ALA: 35.9%). ALA can alleviate crush-induced RGC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Visual Impairment and Restoration (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Visual Impairment and Restoration (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jessica Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA College of Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Visual Impairment and Restoration (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixing Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Visual Impairment and Restoration (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huika Xia
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Visual Impairment and Restoration (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas C. Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA College of Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mingliang Pu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Visual Impairment and Restoration (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Visual Impairment and Restoration (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Beamer G, Reilly CM, Pizzirani S. Microscopic Lesions in Canine Eyes with Primary Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 45:1213-33, vi. [PMID: 26456753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the clinical classification of primary glaucoma in dogs is quite simple, the phenotypes of glaucoma in most of the species are indeed multiple. Ophthalmologists can often evaluate the dynamic changes of clinical signs at different times in the course of the disease, whereas pathologists are often presented with globes that have undergone abundant therapies and are at the end stage. Therefore, an open collaboration between clinicians and pathologists can produce the most accurate interpretation in the pathology report and improve patient outcomes. This article focuses on the histomorphologic elements that characterize, and are important to, canine primary glaucomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefano Pizzirani
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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18
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Pizzirani S. Definition, Classification, and Pathophysiology of Canine Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 45:1127-57, v. [PMID: 26456751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common ocular condition in humans and dogs leading to optic nerve degeneration and irreversible blindness. Primary glaucoma is a group of spontaneous heterogeneous diseases. Multiple factors are involved in its pathogenesis and these factors vary across human ethnic groups and canine breeds, so the clinical phenotypes are numerous and their classification can be challenging and remain superficial. Aging and oxidative stress are major triggers for the manifestation of disease. Multiple, intertwined inflammatory and biochemical cascades eventually alter cellular and extracellular physiology in the optic nerve and trabecular meshwork and lead to vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pizzirani
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The diagnosis of glaucoma is highly dependent on a working understanding of the clinical signs and available diagnostic procedures. Clinical signs may be attributable to increased intraocular pressure and/or complex alterations in the physiology or molecular biology of the anterior segment, retinal ganglion cells, and optic nerve. Many diagnostic procedures seek to more fully characterize these alterations and to identify which clinical features increase the risk of overt primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) occurring. Considerable progress has been made in identifying the anatomic features that predispose an eye to PACG, and in elucidating the role of reverse pupillary block.
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20
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Kahane N, Raskansky H, Bdolah-Abram T, Ofri R. The effects of topical parasympatholytic drugs on pupil diameter and intraocular pressure in healthy dogs treated with 0.005% latanoprost. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:464-472. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nili Kahane
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Hilli Raskansky
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Tali Bdolah-Abram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
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21
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22
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Komáromy AM, Petersen-Jones SM. Genetics of Canine Primary Glaucomas. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 45:1159-82, v. [PMID: 26277300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary glaucomas are a leading cause of incurable vision loss in dogs. Based on their specific breed predilection, a genetic cause is suspected to be responsible, and affected dogs should be excluded from breeding. Despite the high prevalence of primary glaucomas in dogs, their genetics have been studied in only a small number of breeds. The identification of canine glaucoma disease genes, and the development of genetic tests, will help to avoid the breeding of affected dogs in the future and will allow for earlier diagnosis and potentially more effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, Room D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, Room D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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23
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Porciatti V. Electrophysiological assessment of retinal ganglion cell function. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:164-70. [PMID: 25998495 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The function of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can be non-invasively assessed in experimental and genetic models of glaucoma by means of variants of the ERG technique that emphasize the activity of inner retina neurons. The best understood technique is the Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) in response to contrast-reversing gratings or checkerboards, which selectively depends on the presence of functional RGCs. In glaucoma models, the PERG can be altered before histological loss of RGCs; PERG alterations may be either reversed with moderate IOP lowering or exacerbated with moderate IOP elevation. Under particular luminance-stimulus conditions, the Flash-ERG displays components that may reflect electrical activity originating in the proximal retina and be altered in some experimental glaucoma models (positive Scotopic Threshold response, pSTR; negative Scotopic Threshold Response, nSTR; Photopic Negative Response, PhNR; Oscillatory Potentials, OPs; multifocal ERG, mfERG). It is not yet known which of these components is most sensitive to glaucomatous damage. Electrophysiological assessment of RGC function appears to be a necessary outcome measure in experimental glaucoma models, which complements structural assessment and may even predict it. Neuroprotective strategies could be tested based on enhancement of baseline electrophysiological function that results in improved RGC survival. The use of electrophysiology in glaucoma models may be facilitated by specifically designed instruments that allow high throughput, robust assessment of electrophysiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, McKnight Vision Research Center, 1638 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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24
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Ahram DF, Grozdanic SD, Kecova H, Henkes A, Collin RWJ, Kuehn MH. Variants in Nebulin (NEB) Are Linked to the Development of Familial Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma in Basset Hounds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126660. [PMID: 25938837 PMCID: PMC4418656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several dog breeds are susceptible to developing primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), which suggests a genetic basis for the disease. We have identified a four-generation Basset Hound pedigree with characteristic autosomal recessive PACG that closely recapitulates PACG in humans. Our aim is to utilize gene mapping and whole exome sequencing approaches to identify PACG-causing sequence variants in the Basset. Extensive clinical phenotyping of all pedigree members was conducted. SNP-chip genotyping was carried out in 9 affected and 15 unaffected pedigree members. Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses of genome-wide SNP data were performed using Superlink-Online SNP-1.1 and a locus was mapped to chromosome 19q with a maximum LOD score of 3.24. The locus contains 12 Ensemble predicted canine genes and is syntenic to a region on chromosome 2 in the human genome. Using exome-sequencing analysis, a possibly damaging, non-synonymous variant in the gene Nebulin (NEB) was found to segregate with PACG which alters a phylogenetically conserved Lysine residue. The association of this variants with PACG was confirmed in a secondary cohort of unrelated Basset Hounds (p = 3.4 × 10-4, OR = 15.3 for homozygosity). Nebulin, a protein that promotes the contractile function of sarcomeres, was found to be prominently expressed in the ciliary muscles of the anterior segment. Our findings may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie PACG. The phenotypic similarities of disease presentation in dogs and humans may enable the translation of findings made in this study to patients with PACG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina F. Ahram
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | | | - Helga Kecova
- Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, North Liberty, IA, United States of America
| | - Arjen Henkes
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus H. Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Sussadee M, Phavaphutanon J, Kornkaewrat K, Thayananuphat A. Normal clinical electroretinography parameters for poodle, Labrador retriever, Thai ridgeback, and Thai Bangkaew. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:67-74. [PMID: 25269713 PMCID: PMC4367151 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to establish normal electroretinogram (ERG) parameters using 56 normal eyes of four dog breeds common in Thailand: poodle, Labrador retriever, Thai ridgeback, and Thai Bangkaew. Standard ERG findings were bilaterally recorded using a handheld multi-species ERG unit with an ERG-jet lens electrode for 28 dogs under preanesthesia with diazepam, anesthesia with propofol, and anesthesia maintenance with isoflurane. There were significant differences in the mean values of ERG amplitudes and implicit times among the four dog breeds (p < 0.05) except for the b-wave implicit time of the photopic 30 Hz flicker response with 3 cd.s/m(2) (p = 0.610). Out of the four breeds, Thai Bangkaew had the longest implicit time (p < 0.001) of scotopic low intensity responses, b-wave of scotopic standard intensity responses (3 cd.s/m(2)), a-wave of the higher intensity response (10 cd.s/m(2)), and a-wave of the photopic single flash response (3 cd.s/m(2)). For the b/a ratio, only the ratio of the Cone response was significantly different among the different breeds. In this summary, normal ERG parameters for four dog breeds were reported. Data from the investigation supported the hypothesis that determination of breed-specific limits of normality for ERG responses is necessary for individual clinics and laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metita Sussadee
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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26
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Identification of genetic loci associated with primary angle-closure glaucoma in the basset hound. Mol Vis 2014; 20:497-510. [PMID: 24791135 PMCID: PMC4000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in dogs is usually caused by the gradual collapse of the iridocorneal angle and cleft, eventually leading to aqueous humor (AH) outflow obstruction. The condition occurs in several breeds of dogs and the prognosis for affected animals is typically poor. We have identified several basset hound (BH) pedigrees, as well as unrelated cases with characteristic PACG that in many aspects recapitulates PACG in human patients. The goal of this study was to utilize the BH PACG model to characterize the genetics of PACG, and potentially discover genetic factors contributing to PACG in humans and animals. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide logistic regression test for association using 37 PACG cases and 41 unaffected controls. Population stratification and cryptic relatedness were assessed using a multidimensional scaling analysis. The expression of two candidate genes within the target tissues of the BH eye was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We report significant associations at two novel loci, specifically BICF2P31912 in COL1A2 on chromosome 14 with a per-allele odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) of 3.35 (1.73-6.51), P(genome)=3.6×10⁻⁴; and BICF2P893476 residing in proximity to RAB22A on chromosome 24 with a per-allele OR (95% CI) of 3.93 (1.78-8.66), P(genome)=4.9×10⁻⁴. COL1A2 and RAB22A demonstrated widespread expression throughout the eye and were prominently noted in the ciliary body (CB), trabecular meshwork (TM), and iris. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of two genetic associations supports the potential segregation of PACG risk-conferring variants in the BH. The genetic associations identified may contribute to mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PACG, which remain to be elucidated.
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27
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Kovalcuka L, Birgele E, Bandere D, Williams DL. Comparison of the effects of topical and systemic atropine sulfate on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in the normal canine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:43-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kovalcuka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Preclinical Institute; Latvia University of Agriculture; K. Helmaņa iela 8 Jelgava LV-3004 Latvia
| | - Edite Birgele
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Preclinical Institute; Latvia University of Agriculture; K. Helmaņa iela 8 Jelgava LV-3004 Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Riga Stradiņš University; Dzirciema iela 16 Rīga LV-1007 Latvia
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
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28
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Pearl R, Gould D, Spiess B. Progression of pectinate ligament dysplasia over time in two populations of Flat-Coated Retrievers. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 18:6-12. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Pearl
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion Hertfordshire UK
| | - David Gould
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion Hertfordshire UK
| | - Bernhard Spiess
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Equine Department; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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29
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Dees DD, Fritz KJ, MacLaren NE, Esson DW, Sheehan Gaerig AM, Atkins RM, Knollinger AM. Efficacy of prophylactic antiglaucoma and anti-inflammatory medications in canine primary angle-closure glaucoma: a multicenter retrospective study (2004-2012). Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:195-200. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Dustin Dees
- Eye Care for Animals; 1021 E. 3300 S. Salt Lake City UT 84106 USA
| | - Kevin J. Fritz
- Eye Care for Animals; 3025 Edinger Avenue Tustin CA 92780 USA
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30
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Kuchtey J, Kunkel J, Esson D, Sapienza JS, Ward DA, Plummer CE, Gelatt KN, Kuchtey RW. Screening ADAMTS10 in dog populations supports Gly661Arg as the glaucoma-causing variant in beagles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1881-6. [PMID: 23422823 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, we mapped the disease locus in the beagle model of autosomal recessive primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) to a 4-Mb interval on chromosome 20, and identified a Gly661Arg variant in ADAMTS10 as the candidate disease-causing variant. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the Gly661Arg variant of ADAMTS10 causes glaucoma by genotyping dogs of various breeds affected and unaffected by primary glaucoma. METHODS Dogs of various breeds, affected or unaffected with primary glaucoma, were genotyped for the Gly661Arg variant of ADAMTS10, as well as 7 other nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in other genes in the beagle POAG locus that segregate with disease. Alternate allele frequencies were calculated with 95% confidence intervals and comparisons made to expected allele frequency relative to disease prevalence or between cases and controls. RESULTS For the nonsynonymous SNPs other than the ADAMTS10 variant, control dogs were identified that were homozygous for the alternative alleles, ruling out those variants as causative. None of the nonsynonymous SNPs were found associated with primary glaucoma in American cocker spaniels. The Gly661Arg variant of ADAMTS10 was the only variant with minor allele frequency consistent with the prevalence of primary glaucoma in the general beagle population. The only dog found homozygous for the Gly661Arg variant of ADAMTS10 was an affected beagle, unrelated to the POAG colony. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the Gly661Arg mutation of ADAMTS10 as the likely cause of POAG in beagles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kuchtey
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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31
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Mohan K, Harper MM, Kecova H, Ye EA, Lazic T, Sakaguchi DS, Kardon RH, Grozdanic SD. Characterization of structure and function of the mouse retina using pattern electroretinography, pupil light reflex, and optical coherence tomography. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 15 Suppl 2:94-104. [PMID: 22642927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform in vivo analysis of retinal functional and structural parameters in healthy mouse eyes. ANIMAL STUDIED Adult C57BL/6 male mice (n = 37). PROCEDURES Retinal function was evaluated using pattern electroretinography (pERG) and the chromatic pupil light reflex (cPLR). Structural properties of the retina and nerve fiber layer (NFL) were evaluated using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). RESULTS The average pERG amplitudes were found to be 11.2 ± 0.7 μV (P50-N95, mean ± SEM), with an implicit time for P50-N95 interval of 90.4 ± 5.4 ms. Total retinal thickness was 229.5 ± 1.7 μm (mean ± SEM) in the area centralis region. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (mean ± SEM) using a circular peripapillary retinal scan centered on the optic nerve was 46.7 ± 0.9 μm (temporal), 46.1 ± 0.9 μm (superior), 45.8 ± 0.9 μm (nasal), and 48.4 ± 1 μm (inferior). The baseline pupil diameter was 2.1 ± 0.05 mm in darkness, and 1.1 ± 0.05 and 0.56 ± 0.03 mm after stimulation with red (630 nm, luminance 200 kcd/m(2)) or blue (480 nm, luminance 200 kcd/m(2)) light illumination, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pattern electroretinography, cPLR and SD-OCT analysis are reproducible techniques, which can provide important information about retinal and optic nerve function and structure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabhilan Mohan
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for Prevention and Treatment of Vision Loss, Iowa City, IA 52246-2209, USA
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Wang Q, Grozdanic SD, Harper MM, Hamouche N, Kecova H, Lazic T, Yu C. Exploring Raman spectroscopy for the evaluation of glaucomatous retinal changes. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:107006. [PMID: 22029368 DOI: 10.1117/1.3642010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and subsequent loss of visual function. Early detection of glaucoma is critical for the prevention of permanent structural damage and irreversible vision loss. Raman spectroscopy is a technique that provides rapid biochemical characterization of tissues in a nondestructive and noninvasive fashion. In this study, we explored the potential of using Raman spectroscopy for detection of glaucomatous changes in vitro. Raman spectroscopic imaging was conducted on retinal tissues of dogs with hereditary glaucoma and healthy control dogs. The Raman spectra were subjected to multivariate discriminant analysis with a support vector machine algorithm, and a classification model was developed to differentiate disease tissues versus healthy tissues. Spectroscopic analysis of 105 retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from glaucomatous dogs and 267 RGCs from healthy dogs revealed spectroscopic markers that differentiated glaucomatous specimens from healthy controls. Furthermore, the multivariate discriminant model differentiated healthy samples and glaucomatous samples with good accuracy [healthy 89.5% and glaucomatous 97.6% for the same breed (Basset Hounds); and healthy 85.0% and glaucomatous 85.5% for different breeds (Beagles versus Basset Hounds)]. Raman spectroscopic screening can be used for in vitro detection of glaucomatous changes in retinal tissue with a high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Iowa State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Abstract
A substantial fraction of glaucoma has a genetic basis. About 5% of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is currently attributed to single-gene or Mendelian forms of glaucoma (ie glaucoma caused by mutations in myocilin or optineurin). Mutations in these genes have a high likelihood of leading to glaucoma and are rarely seen in normal subjects. Other cases of POAG have a more complex genetic basis and are caused by the combined effects of many genetic and environmental risk factors, each of which do not act alone to cause glaucoma. These factors are more frequently detected in patients with POAG, but are also commonly observed in normal subjects. Additional genes that may be important in glaucoma pathogenesis have been investigated using quantitative traits approaches. Such studies have begun to identify genes that control the magnitude of important quantitative features of glaucoma that may also be important risk factors for POAG, such as central corneal thickness. Each of these different approaches to study glaucoma genetics is providing new insights into the pathogenesis of POAG.
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Moeller E, Blocker T, Esson D, Madsen R. Postoperative glaucoma in the Labrador Retriever: incidence, risk factors, and visual outcome following routine phacoemulsification. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:385-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dulaurent T, Goulle F, Dulaurent A, Mentek M, Peiffer RL, Isard PF. Effect of mydriasis induced by topical instillations of 0.5% tropicamide on the anterior segment in normotensive dogs using ultrasound biomicroscopy. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 15 Suppl 1:8-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2011; 22:141-6. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32834483fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jiang B, Harper MM, Kecova H, Adamus G, Kardon RH, Grozdanic SD, Kuehn MH. Neuroinflammation in advanced canine glaucoma. Mol Vis 2010; 16:2092-108. [PMID: 21042562 PMCID: PMC2965571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiological events that occur in advanced glaucoma are not well characterized. The principal purpose of this study is to characterize the gene expression changes that occur in advanced glaucoma. METHODS Retinal RNA was obtained from canine eyes with advanced glaucoma as well as from healthy eyes. Global gene expression patterns were determined using oligonucleotide microarrays and confirmed by real-time PCR. The presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors was evaluated by immunolabeling. Finally, we evaluated the presence of serum autoantibodies directed against retinal epitopes using western blot analyses. RESULTS We identified over 500 genes with statistically significant changes in expression level in the glaucomatous retina. Decreased expression levels were detected for large number of functional groups, including synapse and synaptic transmission, cell adhesion, and calcium metabolism. Many of the molecules with decreased expression levels have been previously shown to be components of retinal ganglion cells. Genes with elevated expression in glaucoma are largely associated with inflammation, such as antigen presentation, protein degradation, and innate immunity. In contrast, expression of many other pro-inflammatory genes, such as interferons or interleukins, was not detected at abnormal levels. CONCLUSIONS This study characterizes the molecular events that occur in the canine retina with advanced glaucoma. Our data suggest that in the dog this stage of the disease is accompanied by pronounced retinal neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Matthew M. Harper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA,Iowa City Veterans Administration Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA
| | - Helga Kecova
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA,Iowa City Veterans Administration Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Randy H. Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Iowa City Veterans Administration Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA
| | - Sinisa D. Grozdanic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA,Iowa City Veterans Administration Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA
| | - Markus H. Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Iowa City Veterans Administration Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA
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