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Loiseau A, Raîche-Marcoux G, Maranda C, Bertrand N, Boisselier E. Animal Models in Eye Research: Focus on Corneal Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16661. [PMID: 38068983 PMCID: PMC10706114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a complex sensory organ that enables visual perception of the world. The dysfunction of any of these tissues can impair vision. Conduction studies on laboratory animals are essential to ensure the safety of therapeutic products directly applied or injected into the eye to treat ocular diseases before eventually proceeding to clinical trials. Among these tissues, the cornea has unique homeostatic and regenerative mechanisms for maintaining transparency and refraction of external light, which are essential for vision. However, being the outermost tissue of the eye and directly exposed to the external environment, the cornea is particularly susceptible to injury and diseases. This review highlights the evidence for selecting appropriate animals to better understand and treat corneal diseases, which rank as the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide. The development of reliable and human-relevant animal models is, therefore, a valuable research tool for understanding and translating fundamental mechanistic findings, as well as for assessing therapeutic potential in humans. First, this review emphasizes the unique characteristics of animal models used in ocular research. Subsequently, it discusses current animal models associated with human corneal pathologies, their utility in understanding ocular disease mechanisms, and their role as translational models for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Loiseau
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Gabrielle Raîche-Marcoux
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Cloé Maranda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Elodie Boisselier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
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Matsuzawa M, Ando T, Fukase S, Kimura M, Kume Y, Ide T, Izawa K, Kaitani A, Hara M, Nakamura E, Kamei A, Matsuda A, Nakano N, Maeda K, Tada N, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Murakami A, Ebihara N, Kitaura J. The protective role of conjunctival goblet cell mucin sialylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1417. [PMID: 36932081 PMCID: PMC10023771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gel-forming mucins secreted by conjunctival goblet cells have been implicated in the clearance of allergens, pathogens, and debris. However, their roles remain incompletely understood. Here we show that human and mouse conjunctival goblet cell mucins have Alcian blue-detectable sialic acids, but not sulfates in the steady state. Interestingly, Balb/c mouse strain lacks this sialylation due to a point mutation in a sialyltransferase gene, St6galnac1, which is responsible for sialyl-Tn synthesis. Introduction of intact St6galnac1 to Balb/c restores the sialylation of conjunctival goblet cell mucus. Sialylated mucus efficiently captures and encapsulates the allergen particles in an impenetrable layer, leading to the protection of mice from the development of allergic conjunctivitis. Expression of ST6GALNAC1 and sialyl-Tn is upregulated in humans under conditions with chronic stimuli. These results indicate that the sialylated glycans on the ocular mucins play an essential role in maintaining the conjunctival mucosa by protecting from the incoming foreign bodies such as allergen particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Matsuzawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Saaya Fukase
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Meiko Kimura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kume
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takuma Ide
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kumi Izawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ayako Kaitani
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Research, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Anna Kamei
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Science of Allergy and Inflammation, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Science of Allergy and Inflammation, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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Ueda Y, Mogami H, Kawamura Y, Takakura M, Inohaya A, Yasuda E, Matsuzaka Y, Chigusa Y, Ito S, Mandai M, Kondoh E. Cervical MUC5B and MUC5AC are Barriers to Ascending Pathogens During Pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3010-3021. [PMID: 36112402 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cervical excision is a risk factor for preterm birth. This suggests that the cervix plays an essential role in the maintenance of pregnancy. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of the cervix through proteomic analysis of cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) from pregnant women after trachelectomy surgery, the natural model of a lack of cervix. METHODS The proteome compositions of CVF in pregnant women after trachelectomy were compared with those in control pregnant women by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and label-free relative quantification. MUC5B/AC expression in the human and murine cervices was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Regulation of MUC5B/AC expression by sex steroids was assessed in primary human cervical epithelial cells. In a pregnant mouse model of ascending infection, Escherichia coli or phosphate-buffered saline was inoculated into the vagina at 16.5 dpc, and the cervices were collected at 17.5 dpc. RESULTS The expression of MUC5B/5AC in cervicovaginal fluid was decreased in pregnant women after trachelectomy concomitant with the anatomical loss of cervical glands. Post-trachelectomy women delivered at term when MUC5B/AC abundance was greater than the mean normalized abundance of the control. MUC5B levels in the cervix were increased during pregnancy in both humans and mice. MUC5B mRNA was increased by addition of estradiol in human cervical epithelial cells, whereas MUC5AC was not. In a pregnant mouse model of ascending infection, E. coli was trapped in the MUC5B/AC-expressing mucin of the cervix, and neutrophils were colocalized there. CONCLUSION Endocervical MUC5B and MUC5AC may be barriers to ascending pathogens during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ueda
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Haruta Mogami
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawamura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahito Takakura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Asako Inohaya
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eriko Yasuda
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Matsuzaka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Chigusa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Ito
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Mandai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondoh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Protective effects of low-molecular-weight components of adipose stem cell-derived conditioned medium on dry eye syndrome in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21874. [PMID: 34750552 PMCID: PMC8575953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrated the protective effects of low-molecular-weight adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium (LADSC-CM) in a mouse model of dry eye syndrome. Mice subjected to desiccating stress and benzalkonium chloride had decreased tear secretion, impaired corneal epithelial tight junction with microvilli, and decreased conjunctival goblet cells. Topical application of adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) stimulated lacrimal tear secretion, preserved tight junction and microvilli of the corneal epithelium, and increased the density of goblet cells and MUC16 expression in the conjunctiva. The low-molecular-weight fractions (< 10 kDa and < 3 kDa) of ADSC-CM (LADSC-CM) provided better protections than the > 10 kDa or > 3 kDa fractions of ADSC-CM. In the in vitro study, desiccation for 10 min or hyperosmolarity (490 osmols) for 24 h caused decreased viability of human corneal epithelial cells, which were reversed by LADSC-CM. The active ingredients in the LADSC-CM were lipophobic and stable after heating and lyophilization. Our study demonstrated that LADSC-CM had beneficial effects on experimental dry eye. It is worthy of further exploration for the active ingredient(s) and the mechanism.
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Yu BE, Sheidow T, Sambhi RDS, Hooper P, Malvankar-Mehta MS. The effectiveness of ocriplasmin versus surgery for the treatment of macular holes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:2003-2012. [PMID: 32731755 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120946925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review looking at the effects of ocriplasmin compared to pars plana vitrectomy on macular holes to assess the effectiveness of the treatment options. METHODS Literature was searched through MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Clinical Trials.gov, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses until June 12, 2018. Conferences held through Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Canadian Society of Ophthalmology, and American Academy of Ophthalmology were searched until June 18, 2018. A total of 208 records were screened leaving 26. One author independently reviewed them for quality and extracted data. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines were followed. The adverse events, MH closure rate, change in MH size, and the extent to which the patients' visual acuity is restored by each treatment option; ocriplasmin and vitrectomy. RESULTS Twenty-six articles were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis results showed a 34% closure of macular holes after ocriplasmin treatment compared to 92% after vitrectomy. A significant improvement in visual acuity was seen after vitrectomy (SMD = -1.42; CI: [-1.98, -0.86]) as well as the ocriplasmin treatment (SMD = -0.73; CI: [-0.98, -0.48]). CONCLUSIONS Results suggested 92% macular hole closure after vitrectomy compared to 34% after ocriplasmin. A significant improvement in visual acuity of patients was seen after both treatments. More good quality randomized controlled trials are required to make strong conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Edward Yu
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Sheidow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Raman-Deep Singh Sambhi
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Phil Hooper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Monali S Malvankar-Mehta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Pflugfelder SC, Stern ME. Biological functions of tear film. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108115. [PMID: 32561483 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tears have a vital function to protect and lubricate the ocular surface. Tear production, distribution and clearance is tightly regulated by the lacrimal functional unit (LFU) to meet ocular surface demands. The tear film consists of an aqueous-mucin layer, containing fluid and soluble factors produced by the lacrimal glands and mucin secreted by the goblet cells, that is covered by a lipid layer. The array of proteins, glycoproteins and lipids in tears function to maintain a stable, well-lubricated and smooth optical surface. Tear factors also promote wound healing, suppress inflammation, scavenge free radicals, and defend against microbial infection. Disease and dysfunction of the LFU leads to tear instability, increased evaporation, inflammation, and blurred and fluctuating vision. The function of tear components and the consequences of tear deficiency on the ocular surface are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Michael E Stern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; ImmunEyez, Mission Viejo, CA, United States.
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Alam J, de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. Immune - Goblet cell interaction in the conjunctiva. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:326-334. [PMID: 31953222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conjunctiva is a goblet cell rich mucosal tissue. Goblet cells are supported by tear growth factors and IL-13 produced by resident immune cells. Goblet cell secretions are essential for maintaining tear stability and ocular surface homeostasis. In addition to producing tear stabilizing mucins, they also produce cytokines and retinoic acid that condition monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in the conjunctiva. Aqueous tear deficiency from lacrimal gland disease and systemic inflammatory conditions results in goblet cell loss that amplifies dry eye severity. Reduced goblet cell density is correlated with more severe conjunctival disease, increased IFN-γ expression and antigen presenting cell maturation. Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) pointed domain epithelial specific transcription factor (Spdef) gene deficient mice that lack goblet cells have increased infiltration of monocytes and dendritic cells with greater IL-12 expression in the conjunctiva. Similar findings were observed in the conjunctiva of aged mice. Reduced retinoic acid receptor (RXRα) signaling also increases conjunctival monocyte infiltration, IFN-γ expression and goblet cell loss. Evidence suggests that dry eye therapies that suppress IFN-γ expression preserve conjunctival goblet cell number and function and should be considered in aqueous deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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Georgiev GA, Eftimov P, Yokoi N. Contribution of Mucins towards the Physical Properties of the Tear Film: A Modern Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6132. [PMID: 31817367 PMCID: PMC6941008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Instability of the tear film (TF) protecting the ocular surface results in dry eye syndrome (DES), the most prevalent public health ophthalmic disease affecting the quality of life of 10 to 30% of the human population worldwide. Although the impact of the tear film lipid layer (TFLL) and of the aqueous tears (AT) to the TF stability is extensively studied, in contrast the contribution of the secretory mucins (SM) and of the membrane-associated mucins (MAM), i.e., one of the most abundant molecular classes in AT and in the corneal epithelium respectively, remains poorly defined. However, it is well known that in DES both types of mucins are quantitatively or qualitatively deficient. Numerous studies since the 1990s until now have proposed direct involvement of SM and MAM in the material properties (viscoelasticity, hydration, and protection of the ocular surface; synergistic cooperation with the rest of the TF layers; etc.) and stability of TF. These theories will be reviewed here in the context of the classical and modern in vitro and in vivo results that allow their reappraisal and in view of the novel mucin secretion enhancing pharmaceuticals, which have opened innovative routes for the therapy of DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi As Georgiev
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Physics, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Eftimov
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
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Mitani A, Kobayashi T, Hayashi Y, Matsushita N, Matsushita S, Nakao S, Takahira N, Shiraishi A, Ohashi Y. Characterization of doxycycline-dependent inducible Simian Virus 40 large T antigen immortalized human conjunctival epithelial cell line. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222454. [PMID: 31509592 PMCID: PMC6738650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the properties of a newly developed immortalized human conjunctival epithelial cell (iHCjEC) line. METHODS iHCjECs were developed to induce Simian Virus 40 large T-antigen (SV40LT) by incorporating lentivirus in a tetracycline (Tet)-regulated gene-expression system into primary cultures of human conjunctival epithelial cells. The population doubling time and morphology of the iHCjECs were analyzed. The expressions of CK13, CK19, CK12, and MUC1, MUC4, MUC16, and MUC5AC were determined by real time PCR and immunohistochemically under different culture conditions. The organotypic culture model in which iHCjECs were cultured on rabbit conjunctival fibroblast-embedded collagen gel was used to characterize the iHCjECs. RESULTS The iHCjECs cultured with doxycycline (Dox) continued to proliferate for at least 20 passages and had a cobblestone-like appearance. The expressions of CK13 and CK19 but not CK12 were detected in the iHCjECs, and the expression of CK13 increased in culture media lacking Dox (Dox-). The expressions of MUC1, MUC4, MUC16, and MUC5AC were detected in iHCjECs, and a relatively strong immunostaining of MUC5AC was detected with Dox(-) added 5% FBS. Stratified iHCjECs were observed in organotypic culture at 5 days. CONCLUSION The iHCjECs had high proliferation rates and abilities to control the differentiation potency to control the expression of SV40 LT-antigen with Tet-regulated gene-expression system. They are able to express the mucin gene repertoire of their native epithelia. The iHCjECs can be a useful experimental cell line to study conjunctival epithelial cell characteristics and for pathophysiological and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Mitani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Regenerative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Natsuki Matsushita
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Sachi Matsushita
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Saori Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Naoko Takahira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiraishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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10
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Ocular mucins in dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107724. [PMID: 31325452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a common and multifactorial disease with a high prevalence worldwide. Water loss, reduced expression of glycocalyx mucins, and loss of goblet cells secreting gel-forming mucins are hallmarks of dry eye disease. Mucins are large and complex heavily glycosylated proteins. Their organization in the tear film remains unclear, but they play a key role to protect and maintain integrity of the ocular surface. Mice have been extremely valuable mammalian models with which to study ocular physiology and disease, and to evaluate eye therapies. Genetically modified mice and spontaneously occurring mutants with eye defects have proven to be powerful tools for the pharmaceutical industry, clinicians, and basic researchers investigating dry eye disease. However, ocular mucins remain relatively under-studied and inadequately characterized. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about mucin production at the ocular surface in healthy individuals and in dry eye disease, and to compile an overview of mouse models available for the study of mucins in dry eye disease.
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Abstract
Mucins, which play important roles on the ocular surface in wettability, lubrication, and barrier function, are classified into two categories: secreted mucins and membrane-associated mucins. The most important secreted mucin on the ocular surface is MUC5AC, which is secreted by the conjunctival goblet cells. In the human conjunctiva, goblet cells are present in higher concentrations in the fornix, inferior nasal bulbar, and the lid wiper on the lid margin. The number of conjunctival goblet cells and MUC5AC expression/secretion are decreased in a patient with dry eye. In Japan, drugs that stimulate mucin secretion or increase the number of conjunctival goblet cells are commercially available. A P2Y2 receptor, diquafosol, stimulates tear fluid secretion from conjunctival epithelial cells and promotes mucin secretion from conjunctival goblet cells. Rebamipide was marketed originally as an oral therapeutic drug to treat gastritis in Japan. Topical rebamipide increases numbers of goblet cells in the bulbar conjunctiva and the lid wiper area of palpebral conjunctiva. Many researchers have reported decreases in the ocular surface mucin expression including MUC5AC secreted by goblet cells in patients with dry eye. However, it is unknown whether changes in mucin expression on the ocular surface cause or result from dry eye. Further study is needed to determine the true mechanism of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Krishn SR, Ganguly K, Kaur S, Batra SK. Ramifications of secreted mucin MUC5AC in malignant journey: a holistic view. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:633-651. [PMID: 29415129 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavily glycosylated secreted mucin MUC5AC, by the virtue of its cysteine-rich repeats, can form inter- and intramolecular disulfide linkages resulting in complex polymers, which in turn craft the framework of the polymeric mucus gel on epithelial cell surfaces. MUC5AC is a molecule with versatile functional implications including barrier functions to epithelial cells, host-pathogen interaction, immune cell attraction to sites of premalignant or malignant lesions and tumor progression in a context-dependent manner. Differential expression, glycosylation and localization of MUC5AC have been associated with a plethora of benign and malignant pathologies. In this era of robust technologies, overexpression strategies and genetically engineered mouse models, MUC5AC is emerging as a potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic target for various malignancies. Considering the clinical relevance of MUC5AC, this review holistically encompasses its genomic organization, domain structure, glycosylation patterns, regulation, functional and molecular connotation from benign to malignant pathologies. Furthermore, we have here explored the incipient and significant experimental tools that are being developed to study this structurally complex and evolutionary conserved gel-forming mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Ram Krishn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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14
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Lock JY, Carlson TL, Carrier RL. Mucus models to evaluate the diffusion of drugs and particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:34-49. [PMID: 29117512 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex hydrogel that acts as a natural barrier to drug delivery at different mucosal surfaces including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and vaginal tracts. To elucidate the role mucus plays in drug delivery, different in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo mucus models and techniques have been utilized. Drug and drug carrier diffusion can be studied using various techniques in either isolated mucus gels or mucus present on cell cultures and tissues. The species, age, and potential disease state of the animal from which mucus is derived can all impact mucus composition and structure, and therefore impact drug and drug carrier diffusion. This review provides an overview of the techniques used to characterize drug and drug carrier diffusion, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different models available to highlight the information they can afford.
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15
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Bhattacharya D, Yu L, Wang M. Expression patterns of conjunctival mucin 5AC and aquaporin 5 in response to acute dry eye stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187188. [PMID: 29112967 PMCID: PMC5675386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between aquaporin (AQP) 5 and mucin (MUC) 5AC in the conjunctiva was investigated in response to acute dry eye (DE) stress. A mixed-mechanism rabbit DE model, in which the main lacrimal gland, Harderian gland, and nictitating membrane were resected, was further explored in this study. Conjunctival impression cytology specimens were harvested before excision (BE) and up to 3 months after excision (AE) in 8 (16 eyes) male New Zealand White rabbits, and immunoblotting was employed to assess the expression of AQP5 and MUC5AC. It was observed that AQP5 and MUC5AC showed a positive, synchronous expression pattern with progressive upregulation at protein level up to 2 months AE. At 3 months, the expression of both proteins decreased, but was still higher than that of BE. Such a synchronous relationship was further observed in mouse conjunctiva epithelium primary cells under hyperosmotic condition. Moreover, the co-immunoprecipitation of AQP5 and MUC5AC suggested a possible physical interaction between the two molecules. Our data indicates that conjunctival AQP5 and MUC5AC act synchronously in response to acute DE stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Li Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jinan University Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
- Shenzhen Ocular Trauma and Stem Cell Differentiation Service, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
- Shenzhen University College of Optometry, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mingwu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- NeuVision Medical Institute, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Susaimanickam PJ, Maddileti S, Pulimamidi VK, Boyinpally SR, Naik RR, Naik MN, Reddy GB, Sangwan VS, Mariappan I. Generating minicorneal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Development 2017; 144:2338-2351. [PMID: 28559289 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial stem cells residing within the annular limbal crypts regulate adult tissue homeostasis. Autologous limbal grafts and tissue-engineered corneal epithelial cell sheets have been widely used in the treatment of various ocular surface defects. In the case of bilateral limbal defects, pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived corneal epithelial cells are now being explored as an alternative to allogeneic limbal grafts. Here, we report an efficient method to generate complex three-dimensional corneal organoids from human PSCs. The eye field primordial clusters that emerged from differentiating PSCs developed into whole eyeball-like, self-organized, three-dimensional, miniature structures consisting of retinal primordia, corneal primordia, a primitive eyelid-like outer covering and ciliary margin zone-like adnexal tissues in a stepwise maturation process within 15 weeks. These minicorneal organoids recapitulate the early developmental events in vitro and display similar anatomical features and marker expression profiles to adult corneal tissues. They offer an alternative tissue source for regenerating different layers of the cornea and eliminate the need for complicated cell enrichment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Joseph Susaimanickam
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Savitri Maddileti
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Pulimamidi
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | | | - Ramavat Ravinder Naik
- National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Milind N Naik
- Department of Ophthalmic Plastic and Facial Aesthetic Surgery, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | | | - Virender Singh Sangwan
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India.,Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, Centre for Ocular Regeneration, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India
| | - Indumathi Mariappan
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India .,Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, Centre for Ocular Regeneration, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500 034, India
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17
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Portal C, Gouyer V, Gottrand F, Desseyn JL. Preclinical mouse model to monitor live Muc5b-producing conjunctival goblet cell density under pharmacological treatments. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174764. [PMID: 28355261 PMCID: PMC5371386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Modification of mucous cell density and gel-forming mucin production are established hallmarks of mucosal diseases. Our aim was to develop and validate a mouse model to study live goblet cell density in pathological situations and under pharmacological treatments. Methods We created a reporter mouse for the gel-forming mucin gene Muc5b. Muc5b-positive goblet cells were studied in the eye conjunctiva by immunohistochemistry and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) in living mice. Dry eye syndrome (DES) model was induced by topical application of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) and recombinant interleukine (rIL) 13 was administered to reverse the goblet cell loss in the DES model. Results Almost 50% of the total of conjunctival goblet cells are Muc5b+ in unchallenged mice. The decrease density of Muc5b+ conjunctival goblet cell population in the DES model reflects the whole conjunctival goblet cell loss. Ten days of BAK in one eye followed by 4 days without any treatment induced a −18.3% decrease in conjunctival goblet cell density. A four days of rIL13 application in the DES model restored the normal goblet cell density. Conclusion Muc5b is a biological marker of DES mouse models. We bring the proof of concept that our model is unique and allows a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate gel-forming mucin production/secretion and mucous cell differentiation in the conjunctiva of living mice and can be used to test treatment compounds in mucosal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Portal
- LIRIC UMR 995, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Gouyer
- LIRIC UMR 995, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- LIRIC UMR 995, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Gipson IK. Goblet cells of the conjunctiva: A review of recent findings. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:49-63. [PMID: 27091323 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells within the conjunctival epithelium are specialized cells that secrete mucins onto the surface of the eye. Recent research has demonstrated new characteristics of the cells, including factors influencing their differentiation, their gene products and their functions at the ocular surface. The following review summarizes the newly discovered aspects of the role of Spdef, a member of the Ets transcription factor family in conjunctival goblet cell differentiation, the newly discovered goblet cell products including claudin2, the Wnt inhibitor Frzb, and the transmembrane mucin Muc16. The current concepts of conjunctival goblet cell function, including debris removal and immune surveillance are reviewed, as are changes in the goblet cell population in ocular surface diseases. Major remaining questions regarding conjunctival cell biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene K Gipson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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19
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Shirai K, Saika S. Ocular surface mucins and local inflammation--studies in genetically modified mouse lines. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15 Suppl 1:154. [PMID: 26818460 PMCID: PMC4895702 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins locate to the apical surfaces of all wet-surfaced epithelia including ocular surface. The functions of the mucins include anti-adhesive, lubrication, water retention, allergens and pathogen barrier function. Ocular surface pathologies, i.e. dry eye syndrome or allergic conjunctivitis, are reportedly associated with alteration of expression pattern of mucin components. Recent investigations indicated anti-bacterial adhesion or anti-inflammatory effects of members of mucins in non-ocular tissues, i.e., gastrointestinal tracts or airway tissues, by using genetically modified mouse lines that lacks an expression of a mucin member. However, examination of ocular phenotypes of each of mucin gene-ablated mouse lines has not yet fully performed. Muc16-dficient mouse is associated with spontaneous subclinical inflammation in conjunctiva. The article reviews the roles of mucin members in modulation of local inflammation in mucous membrane tissues and phenotype of mouse lines with the loss of a mucin gene. Analysis of ocular surface of mucin-gene related mutant mouse lines are to be further performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Shirai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
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