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Sinclair SH, Schwartz S. Diabetic retinopathy: New concepts of screening, monitoring, and interventions. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00077-8. [PMID: 38964559 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The science of diabetes care has progressed to provide a better understanding of the oxidative and inflammatory lesions and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit within the retina (and brain) that occur early in diabetes, even prediabetes. Screening for retinal structural abnormalities, has traditionally been performed by fundus examination or color fundus photography; however, these imaging techniques detect the disease only when there are sufficient lesions, predominantly hemorrhagic, that are recognized to occur late in the disease process after significant neuronal apoptosis and atrophy, as well as microvascular occlusion with alterations in vision. Thus, interventions have been primarily oriented toward the later-detected stages, and clinical trials, while demonstrating a slowing of the disease progression, demonstrate minimal visual improvement and modest reduction in the continued loss over prolonged periods. Similarly, vision measurement utilizing charts detects only problems of visual function late, as the process begins most often parafoveally with increasing number and progressive expansion, including into the fovea. While visual acuity has long been used to define endpoints of visual function for such trials, current methods reviewed herein are found to be imprecise. We review improved methods of testing visual function and newer imaging techniques with the recommendation that these must be utilized to discover and evaluate the injury earlier in the disease process, even in the prediabetic state. This would allow earlier therapy with ocular as well as systemic pharmacologic treatments that lower the and neuro-inflammatory processes within eye and brain. This also may include newer, micropulsed laser therapy that, if applied during the earlier cascade, should result in improved and often normalized retinal function without the adverse treatment effects of standard photocoagulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stan Schwartz
- University of Pennsylvania Affiliate, Main Line Health System, USA
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2
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Dirvelyte E, Bujanauskiene D, Jankaityte E, Daugelaviciene N, Kisieliute U, Nagula I, Budvytyte R, Neniskyte U. Genetically encoded phosphatidylserine biosensor for in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo labelling. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:59. [PMID: 37501184 PMCID: PMC10373266 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamics of phosphatidylserine in the plasma membrane is a tightly regulated feature of eukaryotic cells. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is found preferentially in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Disruption of this asymmetry leads to the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface and is associated with cell death, synaptic pruning, blood clotting and other cellular processes. Due to the role of phosphatidylserine in widespread cellular functions, an efficient phosphatidylserine probe is needed to study them. Currently, a few different phosphatidylserine labelling tools are available; however, these labels have unfavourable signal-to-noise ratios and are difficult to use in tissues due to limited permeability. Their application in living tissue requires injection procedures that damage the tissue and release damage-associated molecular patterns, which in turn stimulates phosphatidylserine exposure. METHODS For this reason, we developed a novel genetically encoded phosphatidylserine probe based on the C2 domain of the lactadherin (MFG-E8) protein, suitable for labelling exposed phosphatidylserine in various research models. We tested the C2 probe specificity to phosphatidylserine on hybrid bilayer lipid membranes by observing surface plasmon resonance angle shift. Then, we analysed purified fused C2 proteins on different cell culture lines or engineered AAVs encoding C2 probes on tissue cultures after apoptosis induction. For in vivo experiments, neurotropic AAVs were intravenously injected into perinatal mice, and after 2 weeks, brain slices were collected to observe C2-SNAP expression. RESULTS The biophysical analysis revealed the high specificity of the C2 probe for phosphatidylserine. The fused recombinant C2 proteins were suitable for labelling phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells in various cell lines. We engineered AAVs and validated them in organotypic brain tissue cultures for non-invasive delivery of the genetically encoded C2 probe and showed that these probes were expressed in the brain in vivo after intravenous AAV delivery to mice. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that the developed genetically encoded PS biosensor can be utilised in a variety of assays as a two-component system of C2 and C2m2 fusion proteins. This system allows for precise quantification and PS visualisation at directly specified threshold levels, enabling the evaluation of PS exposure in both physiological and cell death processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimina Dirvelyte
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daina Bujanauskiene
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Bioscience, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evelina Jankaityte
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Daugelaviciene
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ugne Kisieliute
- Institute of Bioscience, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Igor Nagula
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rima Budvytyte
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Neniskyte
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Institute of Bioscience, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Tessaro PS, do Nascimento Tomaz M, Farias G, de Paula CP, Rocha MC, Malavazi I, Cunha A, Pimenta BF, Terenzi HF, Mendes SR, Gariani RA, Xavier FR. Enhancing the biological properties of zinc complexes with bis(indolyl)methane groups: Synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction, and biocide activity. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111973. [PMID: 36027843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented mononucleated ligand (6,6-di(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)hexan-1-amine (LC5) with an N3-donor set and its complexes [Zn(LC5)Cl2] • 2CH3OH (1) and [Zn(LC5)2](ClO4)2 (2), were successfully prepared. All compounds were fully characterized by a suite of physicochemical methods. Fluid 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as DFT and TD-DFT calculations, were carried out to propose a viable structural arrangement for both complexes. The interaction between these compounds and DNA was monitored in the UV region where binding constants (Kb) were estimated (2 > 1 > LC5). These data were corroborated by DNA cleavage assays using groove binders, circular dichroism, and docking studies. Both complexes confirmed their biocide activity against selected microorganisms: Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria, the filamentous fungi A. fumigatus and S. cerevisiae. Finally, the cytotoxic activities of 1 and 2 were tested against the erythroleukemia K562 cell line. For all biological studies, it was probed that the presence of the indole moieties and the zinc atoms in the chemical composition of the complexes studied could increase the magnitude of the activity following the order: 2 > 1 > LC5, where a linear relationship between the biological activity upon K562 cells (IC50) and DNA binding studies (Kb) was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S Tessaro
- Laboratório Síntese e Catálise - SINCA, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville CEP 89219-710, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Michele do Nascimento Tomaz
- Laboratório Síntese e Catálise - SINCA, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville CEP 89219-710, SC, Brazil; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giliandro Farias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Cristalografia - LABINC, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis CEP 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla P de Paula
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina C Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil; Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Cunha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz F Pimenta
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Estrutural, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis CEP 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Hernan F Terenzi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Estrutural, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis CEP 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel R Mendes
- Laboratório Síntese e Catálise - SINCA, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville CEP 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Rogério A Gariani
- Laboratório Síntese e Catálise - SINCA, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville CEP 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Xavier
- Laboratório Síntese e Catálise - SINCA, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville CEP 89219-710, SC, Brazil.
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Sinclair SH, Miller E, Talekar KS, Schwartz SS. Diabetes mellitus associated neurovascular lesions in the retina and brain: A review. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:1012804. [PMID: 38983558 PMCID: PMC11182219 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.1012804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is now recognized as a system-wide, autoimmune, inflammatory, microvascular disorder, which, in the retina and brain results in severe multifocal injury now recognized as a leading cause, world-wide, of progressive vision loss and dementia. To address this problem, resulting primarily from variations in glycemia in the prediabetic and overt diabetic states, it must be realized that, although some of the injury processes associated with diabetes may be system wide, there are varying responses, effector, and repair mechanisms that differ from organ to organ or within varying cell structures. Specifically, within the retina, and similarly within the brain cortex, lesions occur of the "neurovascular unit", comprised of focal microvascular occlusions, inflammatory endothelial and pericyte injury, with small vessel leakage resulting in injury to astrocytes, Müller cells, and microglia, all of which occur with progressive neuronal apoptosis. Such lesions are now recognized to occur before the first microaneurysms are visible to imaging by fundus cameras or before they result in detectable symptoms or signs recognizable to the patient or clinician. Treatments, therefore, which currently are not initiated within the retina until edema develops or there is progression of vascular lesions that define the current staging of retinopathy, and in the brain only after severe signs of cognitive failure. Treatments, therefore are applied relatively late with some reduction in progressive cellular injury but with resultant minimal vision or cognitive improvement. This review article will summarize the multiple inflammatory and remediation processes currently understood to occur in patients with diabetes as well as pre-diabetes and summarize as well the current limitations of methods for assessing the structural and functional alterations within the retina and brain. The goal is to attempt to define future screening, monitoring, and treatment directions that hopefully will prevent progressive injury as well as enable improved repair and attendant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Sinclair
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elan Miller
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC) Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kiran S Talekar
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology and ENT Radiology, Clinical Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and The Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center (JIMRIC) Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stanley S Schwartz
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Main Line Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Liao C, Xu J, Chen Y, Ip NY. Retinal Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and Implications for Biomarkers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081215. [PMID: 34439882 PMCID: PMC8394950 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as cognitive deficits and memory decline, especially in old age. Several biomarkers have been developed to monitor AD progression. Given that the retina and brain share some similarities including features related to anatomical composition and neurological functions, the retina is closely associated with the progression of AD. Herein, we review the evidence of retinal dysfunction in AD, particularly at the early stage, together with the underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we compared the retinal pathologies of AD and other ophthalmological diseases and summarized potential retinal biomarkers measurable by existing technologies for detecting AD, providing insights for the future development of diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science—Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (J.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jinying Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science—Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (J.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science—Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (J.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (N.Y.I.); Tel.: +86-755-2692-5498 (Y.C.); +852-2358-6161 (N.Y.I.)
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (N.Y.I.); Tel.: +86-755-2692-5498 (Y.C.); +852-2358-6161 (N.Y.I.)
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6
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Liu J, Li H, Li H, Fang S, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhong R, Liu S, Lin S. Rational Design of Dipicolylamine-Containing Carbazole Amphiphiles Combined with Zn 2+ as Potent Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents with a Membrane-Disruptive Mechanism. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10429-10444. [PMID: 34235929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most urgently important problems facing healthcare providers. A novel series of dipicolylamine-containing carbazole amphiphiles with strong Zn2+ chelating ability were synthesized, biomimicking cationic antimicrobial peptides. Effective broad-spectrum 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ was identified as the most promising antimicrobial candidate. 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 0.78-3.125 μg/mL), weak hemolytic activity, and low cytotoxicity. Time-kill kinetics and mechanism studies revealed 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ had rapid bacterial killing properties, as evidenced by disruption of the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, effectively preventing bacterial resistance development. Importantly, 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ showed excellent in vivo efficacy in a murine keratitis model caused by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027. Therefore, 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ could be a promising candidate for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Haizhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shanfang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jinguo Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Rongcui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shouping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shuimu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
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Gupta VB, Chitranshi N, den Haan J, Mirzaei M, You Y, Lim JK, Basavarajappa D, Godinez A, Di Angelantonio S, Sachdev P, Salekdeh GH, Bouwman F, Graham S, Gupta V. Retinal changes in Alzheimer's disease- integrated prospects of imaging, functional and molecular advances. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100899. [PMID: 32890742 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, clinically characterised by cognitive deficits that gradually worsen over time. There is, at present, no established cure, or disease-modifying treatments for AD. As life expectancy increases globally, the number of individuals suffering from the disease is projected to increase substantially. Cumulative evidence indicates that AD neuropathological process is initiated several years, if not decades, before clinical signs are evident in patients, and diagnosis made. While several imaging, cognitive, CSF and blood-based biomarkers have been proposed for the early detection of AD; their sensitivity and specificity in the symptomatic stages is highly variable and it is difficult to justify their use in even earlier, pre-clinical stages of the disease. Research has identified potentially measurable functional, structural, metabolic and vascular changes in the retina during early stages of AD. Retina offers a distinctively accessible insight into brain pathology and current and developing ophthalmic technologies have provided us with the possibility of detecting and characterising subtle, disease-related changes. Recent human and animal model studies have further provided mechanistic insights into the biochemical pathways that are altered in the retina in disease, including amyloid and tau deposition. This information coupled with advances in molecular imaging has allowed attempts to monitor biochemical changes and protein aggregation pathology in the retina in AD. This review summarises the existing knowledge that informs our understanding of the impact of AD on the retina and highlights some of the gaps that need to be addressed. Future research will integrate molecular imaging innovation with functional and structural changes to enhance our knowledge of the AD pathophysiological mechanisms and establish the utility of monitoring retinal changes as a potential biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer B Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jurre den Haan
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jeremiah Kh Lim
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Angela Godinez
- Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain and Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ghasem H Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Femke Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart Graham
- Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Liu W, Chen L, Chen M, Wang W, Li X, Yang H, Yang S, Zhou Z. Self-Amplified Apoptosis Targeting Nanoplatform for Synergistic Magnetic-Thermal/Chemo Therapy In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000202. [PMID: 32761734 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The low efficiency homing of nanomaterials in tumors remains a major challenge in nanomedicine. Inspired by the apoptosis targeting properties of phosphatidylserine (PS), a self-amplified apoptosis targeting nanoplatform (MNPs-ZnDPA/β-Lap) is fabricated combining Zn0.4 Co0.6 Fe2 O4 @Zn0.4 Mn0.6 Fe2 O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) with an excellent magnetic hyperthermia effect, a chemotherapeutic drug of β-lapachone (β-Lap) with the promotion of cell apoptosis, and the good apoptosis targeting moiety of Zn(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) (bis-ZnDPA) for PS. In an apoptotic 4T1 xenograft model, MNPs-ZnDPA/β-Lap can first accumulate in tumors by the EPR effect. The released β-Lap triggers the apoptosis of cancer cells in the tumor and increases the apoptotic target, which results in amplifying their apoptosis targeting properties. This self-amplified apoptosis targeting efficiency of MNPs-ZnDPA/β-Lap almost inhibits the growth of tumors with the synergistic magnetic-thermal/chemo therapy, which can offer a significant promise for targeting cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Ming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Hong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Shiping Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China
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9
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Sia PI, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Casson R. Creatine is Neuroprotective to Retinal Neurons In Vitro But Not In Vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4360-4377. [PMID: 31634394 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the neuroprotective properties of creatine in the retina using in vitro and in vivo models of injury. Methods Two different rat retinal culture systems (one containing retinal ganglion cells [RGC] and one not) were subjected to either metabolic stress, via treatments with the mitochondrial complex IV inhibitor sodium azide, or excitotoxic stress, via treatment with N-methyl-D-aspartate for 24 hours, in the presence or absence of creatine (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mM). Neuronal survival was assessed by immunolabeling for cell-specific antigens. Putative mechanisms of creatine action were investigated in vitro. Expression of creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes in the rat retina was examined using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of oral creatine supplementation (2%, wt/wt) on retinal and blood creatine levels was determined as well as RGC survival in rats treated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 10 nmol) or high IOP-induced ischemia reperfusion. Results Creatine significantly prevented neuronal death induced by sodium azide and NMDA in both culture systems. Creatine administration did not alter cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Inhibition of CK blocked the protective effect of creatine. Retinal neurons, including RGCs, expressed predominantly mitochondrial CK isoforms, while glial cells expressed exclusively cytoplasmic CKs. In vivo, NMDA and ischemia reperfusion caused substantial loss of RGCs. Creatine supplementation led to elevated blood and retinal levels of this compound but did not significantly augment RGC survival in either model. Conclusions Creatine increased neuronal survival in retinal cultures; however, no significant protection of RGCs was evident in vivo, despite elevated levels of this compound being present in the retina after oral supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ikgan Sia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John P M Wood
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert Casson
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Li J, Gray BD, Pak KY, Ng CK. Targeting phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine for imaging apoptosis in cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 78-79:23-30. [PMID: 31678784 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) can be externalized to the outer cell membrane in apoptosis. Thus the objective was to determine whether PE-targeting 18F-duramycin and PS-targeting 18F-Zn-DPA could be used for imaging apoptosis. METHODS Duramycin and Zn-DPA were labeled with either 18F-Al or 18F-SFB. U937 cells were incubated with four different concentrations of camptothecin (CPT). For assessing the effect of incubation time on uptake, 37 MBq of radiotracer was added to cells incubated for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min at 37 °C. For blocking experiments, 150 μg duramycin and 40 μg Zn-DPA were added to cells for 15 min prior to the addition of either duramycin or Zn-DPA labeled with 18F. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using an annexin-V/PI kit. Cells were co-stained with Hoechst, Cy5-duramycin, and PSVue480 (FITC-Zn-DPA) to localize fluorescent dye uptake in cells. RESULTS Apoptosis in cells increased proportionally with CTP as confirmed by both flow cytometry and fluorescent staining. Both FITC-Zn-DPA and FITC-duramycin localized mainly on the cell membrane during early apoptosis and then translocated to the inside during late apoptosis. Uptake of FITC-duramycin, however, was higher than that of FITC-Zn-DPA. Cellular uptake of four different radiotracers was also proportional to the degree of apoptosis, increasing slightly over time and reaching a plateau at about 1 h. The blocking experiments demonstrated that uptake in all the control groups was predominantly non-specific, whereas the specific uptake in all the treated groups was at least 50% for both 18F labeled duramycin and Zn-DPA. CONCLUSION Both PE-targeting 18F-duramycin and PS-targeting 18F-Zn-DPA could be considered as potential radiotracers for imaging cellular apoptosis. Advances in knowledge and implications for patient care: Cellular data support the further development of radiotracers targeting either PE or PS for imaging apoptosis, which can associate with clinical outcome for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Li
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Brian D Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, PA, United States of America
| | - Koon Y Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, PA, United States of America
| | - Chin K Ng
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.
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11
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Mazzoni F, Müller C, DeAssis J, Lew D, Leevy WM, Finnemann SC. Non-invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging of apoptotic retinal photoreceptors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1590. [PMID: 30733587 PMCID: PMC6367443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine externalization is an early molecular signature for apoptosis. In many retinal degenerative diseases, photoreceptor neurons die by apoptosis. Here, we report utility of the phosphatidylserine-binding conjugate of Bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (Zn-DPA) with Texas-red (PSVue-550) in transiently labeling apoptotic photoreceptors in living pigmented or albino rats and mice with retinal degeneration. Applying PSVue-550 as eyedrop is non-toxic and eliminates need for intraocular injection. PSVue-550 fluorescence specifically and transiently labeling dying retinal photoreceptors is detectable in anesthetized animals using standard retinal or whole small animal imaging systems. Importantly, prior PSVue-550 eyedrop administration and imaging does not affect repeat testing. Altogether, our results establish PSVue-550 imaging as a completely non-invasive method that provides the opportunity to longitudinally monitor retinal photoreceptor cell death in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mazzoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Claudia Müller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Jonathan DeAssis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Deborah Lew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - W Matthew Leevy
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Silvia C Finnemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
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12
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Aoki M, Odani A, Ogawa K. Development of radiolabeled bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) complexes for cell death imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:317-325. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Tajik-Ahmadabad B, Chollet L, White J, Separovic F, Polyzos A. Metallo-Cubosomes: Zinc-Functionalized Cubic Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Nucleotide Delivery. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:978-986. [PMID: 30648870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of an effective and potent RNA delivery system remains a challenge for the clinical application of RNA therapeutics. Herein, we describe the development of an RNA delivery platform derived from self-assembled bicontinuous cubic lyotropic liquid crystalline phases, functionalized with zinc coordinated lipids. These metallo-cubosomes were prepared from a series of novel lipidic zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) (Zn2BDPA)) complexes admixed with glycerol monooleate (GMO). The zinc metallo-cubosomes showed the high affinity to siRNA through interaction between Zn2BDPA and the phosphate groups of RNA molecules. Using a combination of dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we demonstrated that a variety of Zn2BDPA lipid derivatives can be loaded into GMO cubosomes and the introduction of Zn2BDPA lipids effected an internal cubic phase transition of the resulting metallo-cubosomes. The findings of this study lay the foundations for the development of a new class of noncationic lipid-based encapsulation systems, metallo-cubosomes for RNA therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoosh Tajik-Ahmadabad
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing , Bayview Avenue , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Lucas Chollet
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Bayview Avenue , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Jacinta White
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing , Bayview Avenue , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
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14
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Miao T, Floreani RA, Liu G, Chen X. Nanotheranostics-Based Imaging for Cancer Treatment Monitoring. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01775-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Heng S, Zhang X, Pei J, Adwal A, Reineck P, Gibson BC, Hutchinson MR, Abell AD. Spiropyran-Based Nanocarrier: A New Zn 2+ -Responsive Delivery System with Real-Time Intracellular Sensing Capabilities. Chemistry 2018; 25:854-862. [PMID: 30414294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new spiropyran-based stimuli-responsive delivery system is fabricated. It encapsulates and then releases an extraneous compound in response to elevated levels of Zn2+ , a critical factor in cell apoptosis. A C12 -alkyl substituent on the spiropyran promotes self-assembly into a micelle-like nanocarrier in aqueous media, with nanoprecipitation and encapsulation of added payload. Zn2+ binding occurs to an appended bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine group at biologically relevant micromolar concentration. This leads to switching of the spiropyran (SP) isomer to the strongly fluorescent ring opened merocyanine-Zn2+ (MC-Zn2+ ) complex, with associated expansion of the nanocarriers to release the encapsulated payload. Payload release is demonstrated in solution and in HEK293 cells by encapsulation of a blue fluorophore, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and monitoring its release using fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Furthermore, the use of the nanocarriers to deliver a caspase inhibitor, Azure B, into apoptotic cells in response to an elevated Zn2+ concentration is demonstrated. This then inhibits intracellular caspase activity, as evidenced by confocal microscopy and in real-time by time-lapsed microscopy. Finally, the nanocarriers are shown to release an encapsulated proteasome inhibitor (5) in Zn2+ -treated breast carcinoma cell line models. This then inhibits intracellular proteasome and induces cytotoxicity to the carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Heng
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jinxin Pei
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alaknanda Adwal
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,CNBP, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,CNBP, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D Abell
- ARC Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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16
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Gu X, Kwok RT, Lam JW, Tang BZ. AIEgens for biological process monitoring and disease theranostics. Biomaterials 2017; 146:115-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Leung ACS, Zhao E, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Leung CWT, Deng H, Tang BZ. An AIE-based bioprobe for differentiating the early and late stages of apoptosis mediated by H 2O 2. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5510-5514. [PMID: 32263348 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01734g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A bioprobe, TPE-Zn2BDPA, with aggregation-induced emission characteristics was designed and synthesized to differentiate the early and late stages of apoptosis mediated by H2O2. TPE-Zn2BDPA does not respond to healthy cells, but it selectively lights up the membrane of apopotic cells in both stages with brighter fluorescence in the late apoptotic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anakin C S Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Rice DR, Clear KJ, Smith BD. Imaging and therapeutic applications of zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine molecular probes for anionic biomembranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8787-801. [PMID: 27302091 PMCID: PMC4949593 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03669d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This feature article describes the development of synthetic zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) receptors as selective targeting agents for anionic membranes in cell culture and living subjects. There is a strong connection between anionic cell surface charge and disease, and ZnDPA probes have been employed extensively for molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics. Fluorescence and nuclear imaging applications include detection of diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, arthritis, and microbial infection, and also quantification of cell death caused by therapy. Therapeutic applications include selective targeting of cytotoxic agents and drug delivery systems, photodynamic inactivation, and modulation of the immune system. The article concludes with a summary of expected future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Kasey J Clear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
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19
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Hu Q, Gao M, Feng G, Chen X, Liu B. A cell apoptosis probe based on fluorogen with aggregation induced emission characteristics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4875-4882. [PMID: 25671791 DOI: 10.1021/am508838z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A fluorogen-based aggregation-induced emission zinc-dipicolylamine (AIE-ZnDPA) probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics has been designed and synthesized to detect cell apoptosis. AIE-ZnDPA does not respond to healthy cells but selectively stains and lights up fluorescence in the membranes of early stage apoptotic cells as well as the nuclei of late stage apoptotic cells. Without zinc coordination, the precursor lipophilic AIE dipicolylamine (AIE-DPA) probe stains healthy cells and shows high affinity for lipid droplets (LDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576, Singapore
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