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Natarajan R, Maceo Heilman B, Ho A, Singh VM, Ruggeri M, Mohamed A, Reddy JC, Parel JMA, Vadavalli PK, Manns F. Peripheral defocus of monofocal intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2024; 50:637-643. [PMID: 38465836 PMCID: PMC11146172 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the angular dependence of monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) power. SETTING Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India. DESIGN Laboratory study. METHODS Experiments were performed on IOLs from 2 different manufacturers (APPALENS 207, Appasamy Associates and SN60WF, Alcon Laboratories, Inc.). IOL powers ranged from 17 to 25 diopters (D). The IOLs were mounted in a fluid-filled chamber, and the on-axis and off-axis powers were measured using a laser ray tracing system over the central 3 mm zone with delivery angles ranging from -30 to +30 degrees in 5-degree increments. The position of the best focus was calculated for each IOL at each angle. The angular dependence of IOL power was compared with theoretical predictions. RESULTS Peripheral defocus increased significantly with increasing incidence angle and power. The peripheral defocus at ±30 degrees increased from 5.8 to 8.5 D when the power increased from 17.5 to 24.5 D for APPALENS 207 and from 4.9 to 7.4 D when the power increased from 17 to 25 D for SN60WF. The mean difference between the measured and theoretical tangential power at ±30 degrees was 0.50 ± 0.16 D for the APPALENS 207 and -0.40 ± 0.10 D for the SN60WF, independent of IOL power. CONCLUSIONS IOLs introduce a significant amount of peripheral defocus which varies significantly with IOL power and design. Given that peripheral defocus is related to lens power, replacement of the crystalline lens (approximately 24 D) with an IOL will produce a significant difference in peripheral defocus profile after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Natarajan
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Bianca Maceo Heilman
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Arthur Ho
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Vivek M. Singh
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Ashik Mohamed
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Jagadesh C. Reddy
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Jean-Marie A. Parel
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Pravin K. Vadavalli
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
| | - Fabrice Manns
- From the Ophthalmic Biophysics Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Natarajan, Singh, Mohamed, Vadavalli); Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida (Heilman, Ruggeri, Parel, Manns); Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ho); Cataract & Refractive surgery services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Singh, Reddy, Vadavalli); The Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India (Vadavalli)
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Maceo Heilman B, Mohamed A, Ruggeri M, Williams S, Ho A, Parel JM, Manns F. Age-Dependence of the Peripheral Defocus of the Isolated Human Crystalline Lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:15. [PMID: 33688927 PMCID: PMC7960800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the peripheral defocus of isolated human crystalline lenses and its age dependence. Methods Data were acquired on 116 isolated lenses from 99 human eyes (age range, 0.03–61 years; postmortem time, 40.1 ± 21.4 hours). Lenses were placed in a custom-built combined laser ray tracing and optical coherence tomography system that measures the slopes of rays refracted through the lens for on-axis and off-axis incidence angles. Ray slopes were measured by recording spot patterns as a function of axial position with an imaging sensor mounted on a positioning stage below the tissue chamber. Delivery angles ranged from –30° to +30° in 5° increments using a 6 mm × 6 mm raster scan with 0.5-mm spacing. Lens power at each angle was calculated by finding the axial position that minimizes the root-mean-square size of the spot pattern formed by the 49 central rays, corresponding to a 3-mm zone on-axis. The age dependence of the on-axis and off-axis optical power and the relative peripheral defocus (difference between off-axis and on-axis power) of lenses were quantified. Results At all angles, lens power decreased significantly with age. Lens power increased with increasing delivery angle for all lenses, corresponding to a shift toward myopic peripheral defocus. There was a statistically significant decrease in the lens peripheral defocus with age. Conclusions The isolated human lens power increases with increasing field angle. The lens relative peripheral defocus decreases with age, which may contribute to the age-related changes of ocular peripheral defocus during refractive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maceo Heilman
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Ashik Mohamed
- Ophthalmic Biophysics, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Siobhan Williams
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Arthur Ho
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States.,Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jean-Marie Parel
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States.,Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabrice Manns
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
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de Castro A, Birkenfeld J, Heilman BM, Ruggeri M, Arrieta E, Parel JM, Manns F, Marcos S. Off-axis optical coherence tomography imaging of the crystalline lens to reconstruct the gradient refractive index using optical methods. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3622-3634. [PMID: 31360608 PMCID: PMC6640821 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the gradient index of refraction (GRIN) of the crystalline lens can be reconstructed in vitro using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images. However, the methodology cannot be extended in vivo because it requires accurate measurements of the external geometry of the lens. Specifically, the posterior surface is measured by flipping the lens so that the posterior lens surface faces the OCT beam, a method that cannot be implemented in vivo. When the posterior surface is imaged through the lens in its natural position, it appears distorted by the unknown GRIN. In this study, we demonstrate a method to reconstruct both the GRIN and the posterior surface shape without the need to flip the lens by applying optimization routines using both on-axis and off-axis OCT images of cynomolgous monkey crystalline lenses, obtained by rotating the OCT delivery probe from -45 to +45 degrees in 5 degree steps. We found that the GRIN profile parameters can be reconstructed with precisions up to 0.009, 0.004, 1.7 and 1.1 (nucleus and surface refractive indices, and axial and meridional power law, respectively), the radius of curvature within 0.089 mm and the conic constant within 0.3. While the method was applied on isolated crystalline lenses, it paves the way to in vivo lens GRIN and posterior lens surface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto de Castro
- Instituto de Óptica Daza de Valdés, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Birkenfeld
- Instituto de Óptica Daza de Valdés, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bianca Maceo Heilman
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Esdras Arrieta
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Parel
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Miami, FL, USA
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabrice Manns
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Susana Marcos
- Instituto de Óptica Daza de Valdés, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Maceo Heilman B, Manns F, Ruggeri M, Ho A, Gonzalez A, Rowaan C, Bernal A, Arrieta E, Parel JM. Peripheral Defocus of the Monkey Crystalline Lens With Accommodation in a Lens Stretcher. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2177-2186. [PMID: 29801154 PMCID: PMC5916546 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the peripheral defocus of the monkey crystalline lens and its changes with accommodation. Methods Experiments were performed on 15 lenses from 11 cynomolgus monkey eyes (age: 3.8–12.4 years, postmortem time: 33.5 ± 15.3 hours). The tissue was mounted in a motorized lens stretcher to allow for measurements of the lens in the accommodated (unstretched) and unaccommodated (stretched) states. A custom-built combined laser ray tracing and optical coherence tomography system was used to measure the paraxial on-axis and off-axis lens power for delivery angles ranging from −20° to +20° (in air). For each delivery angle, peripheral defocus was quantified as the difference between paraxial off-axis and on-axis power. The peripheral defocus of the lens was compared in the unstretched and stretched states. Results On average, the paraxial on-axis lens power was 52.0 ± 3.4 D in the unstretched state and 32.5 ± 5.1 D in the stretched state. In both states, the lens power increased with increasing delivery angle. From 0° to +20°, the relative peripheral lens power increased by 10.7 ± 1.4 D in the unstretched state and 7.5 ± 1.6 D in the stretched state. The change in field curvature with accommodation was statistically significant (P < 0.001), indicating that the unstretched (accommodated) lens has greater curvature or relative peripheral power. Conclusions The cynomolgus monkey lens has significant accommodation-dependent curvature of field, which suggests that the lens asserts a significant contribution to the peripheral optical performance of the eye that also varies with the state of accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maceo Heilman
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States.,Biomedical Optics and Laser Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Fabrice Manns
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States.,Biomedical Optics and Laser Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Arthur Ho
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States.,Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Cor Rowaan
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Andres Bernal
- Bioniko Consulting LLC, Sunny Isles Beach, Florida, United States
| | - Esdras Arrieta
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jean-Marie Parel
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States.,Biomedical Optics and Laser Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States.,Vision Cooperative Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ruggeri M, Williams S, Heilman BM, Yao Y, Chang YC, Mohamed A, Sravani NG, Durkee H, Rowaan C, Gonzalez A, Ho A, Parel JM, Manns F. System for on- and off-axis volumetric OCT imaging and ray tracing aberrometry of the crystalline lens. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3834-3851. [PMID: 30338159 PMCID: PMC6191619 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a new in vitro instrument for measuring shape and wavefront aberrations of the primate crystalline lens, both on- and off-axis, while simulating accommodation with a motorized lens stretching system. The instrument merges spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging and ray tracing aberrometry using an approach that senses wavefront aberrations of the lens with the OCT probing beam. Accuracy and repeatability of aberration measurements were quantified. Preliminary experiments on two human and four cynomolgus monkey lenses demonstrate the ability of the system to measure the lens shape, spherical aberration and peripheral defocus, and their changes during simulated accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Siobhan Williams
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Bianca Maceo Heilman
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Yue Yao
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Yu-Cherng Chang
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Ashik Mohamed
- Ophthalmic Biophysics, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | | | - Heather Durkee
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Cornelis Rowaan
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Arthur Ho
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-Marie Parel
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabrice Manns
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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