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Yang Q, Zhang T, Wu Y, Liang Q, Zhao W, Liu R, Jin X. Progress in the Application of Microneedles in Eye Disorders and the Proposal of the Upgraded Microneedle with Spinule. Pharm Res 2024; 41:203-222. [PMID: 38337104 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the local administration methods for treating eye diseases, the application of microneedles has great potential due to the shortcomings of low efficacy and significant side effects of local administration preparations. This article provides ideas for the research on the application of ophthalmic microneedle in the treatment of eye diseases. RESULTS This article analyzes the physiological structures of the eyes, ocular diseases and its existing ocular preparations in sequence. Finally, this article reviews the development and trends of ocular microneedles in recent years, and summarizes and discusses the drugs of ocular microneedles as well as the future directions of development. At the same time, according to the inspiration of previous work, the concept of "microneedle with spinule" is proposed for the first time, and its advantages and limitations are discussed in the article. CONCLUSIONS At present, the application of ocular microneedles still faces multiple challenges. The aspects of auxiliary devices, appearance, the properties of the matrix materials, and preparation technology of ophthalmic microneedle are crucial for their application in the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Tianjin, 301617, Jinghai District, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianyue Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Tianjin, 301617, Jinghai District, China
| | - Wanqi Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Tianjin, 301617, Jinghai District, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyang Lake Road, West Zone of Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Pharmaceuticals for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Military Medicine Section, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 1 Huizhihuan Road, Tianjin, 300309, Dongli District, China.
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Ansari M, Kulkarni YA, Singh K. Advanced Technologies of Drug Delivery to the Posterior Eye Segment Targeting Angiogenesis and Ocular Cancer. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:85-124. [PMID: 37824419 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023045298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood retinal cancer is caused due to RB1 gene mutation which affects the child below 5 years of age. Angiogenesis has been proven its role in RB metastasis due to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RB cells. Therefore, exploring angiogenic pathway by inhibiting VEGF in treating RB would pave the way for future treatment. In preclinical studies, anti-VEGF molecule have shown their efficacy in treating RB. However, treatment requires recurrent intra-vitreal injections causing various side effects along with patient nonadherence. As a result, delivery of anti-VEGF agent to retina requires an ocular delivery system that can transport it in a non-invasive manner to achieve patient compliance. Moreover, development of these type of systems are challenging due to the complicated physiological barriers of eye. Adopting a non-invasive or minimally invasive approach for delivery of anti-VEGF agents would not only address the bioavailability issues but also improve patient adherence to therapy overcoming the side effects associated with invasive approach. The present review focuses on the eye cancer, angiogenesis and various novel ocular drug delivery systems that can facilitate inhibition of VEGF in the posterior eye segment by overcoming the eye barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Ansari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
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Wu KY, Fujioka JK, Gholamian T, Zaharia M, Tran SD. Suprachoroidal Injection: A Novel Approach for Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1241. [PMID: 37765048 PMCID: PMC10535603 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating posterior segment and retinal diseases poses challenges due to the complex structures in the eye that act as robust barriers, limiting medication delivery and bioavailability. This necessitates frequent dosing, typically via eye drops or intravitreal injections, to manage diseases, often leading to side effects with long-term use. Suprachoroidal injection is a novel approach for targeted drug delivery to the posterior segment. The suprachoroidal space is the region between the sclera and the choroid and provides a potential route for minimally invasive medication delivery. Through a more targeted delivery to the posterior segment, this method offers advantages over other routes of administration, such as higher drug concentrations, increased bioavailability, and prolonged duration of action. Additionally, this approach minimizes the risk of corticosteroid-related adverse events such as cataracts and intraocular pressure elevation via compartmentalization. This review focuses on preclinical and clinical studies published between 2019 and 2023, highlighting the potential of suprachoroidal injection in treating a variety of posterior segment diseases. However, to fully harness its potential, more research is needed to address current challenges and limitations, such as the need for technological advancements, refinement of injection techniques, and consideration of cost and accessibility factors. Future studies exploring its use in conjunction with biotech products, gene therapies, and cell-based therapies can lead to personalized treatments that can revolutionize the field of ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Jamie K. Fujioka
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tara Gholamian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marian Zaharia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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Jakobsen TS, Fabian-Jessing BK, Hansen S, Bek T, Askou AL, Corydon TJ. Porcine models of choroidal neovascularization: A systematic review. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109590. [PMID: 37474015 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) are extensively used in translational studies of CNV formation and to evaluate angiostatic treatment strategies. However, the current paucity of large animal models compared with rodent models constitutes a knowledge gap regarding the clinical translation of findings. Ocular anatomical and physiological similarities to humans suggest the pig as a relevant model animal. Thus, a systematic survey of porcine CNV models was performed to identify pertinent model parameters and suggest avenues for model standardization and optimization. A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE on November 28, 2022 for porcine models of CNV. Following inclusion by two investigators, data from the articles were extracted according to a predefined protocol. A total of 14 articles, representing 19 independent porcine CNV models were included. The included models were almost equally divided between laser-induced (53%) and surgically-induced (47%) models. Different specified breeds of domestic pigs (71%) were most commonly used in the studies. All studies used normal animals. Female pigs were reported used in 43% of the studies, while 43% did not report on sex of the animals. Younger pigs were typically used. The surgical models reported consistent CNV induction following mechanical Bruch's membrane rupture. The laser models used variants of the infrared diode laser (40%) or the frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (50%). Both lasers enabled successful CNV induction with reported induction rates ranging from 60 to 100%. Collateral damage to the neuroretina was reported for the infrared diode laser. CNV evaluation varied across studies with fluorescein angiography (50%) as the most used in vivo method and retinal sections (71%) as the most used ex vivo method. In interventional studies, quantification of lesions was in general performed between 7 and 14 days. The field of porcine CNV models is relatively small and heterogeneous and almost equally divided between surgically-induced and laser-induced models. Both methods have allowed successful modeling of CNV formation with induction rates comparable to those of non-human primates. However, the field would benefit from standardization of model parameters and reporting. This includes laser parameters and validation of CNV formation as well as methods of CNV evaluation and statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stax Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 167, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Bjørn K Fabian-Jessing
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 167, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Silja Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 167, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Anne Louise Askou
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 167, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 167, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Olsen TW, Dyer RB, Mano F, Boatright JH, Chrenek MA, Paley D, Wabner K, Schmit J, Chae JB, Sellers JT, Singh RJ, Wiedmann TS. Drug Tissue Distribution of TUDCA From a Biodegradable Suprachoroidal Implant versus Intravitreal or Systemic Delivery in the Pig Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:11. [PMID: 32821508 PMCID: PMC7408862 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine local ocular tissue levels of the bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), in the pig model using oral, intravenous (IV), intravitreal injection (IVitI) and low- and high-dose suprachoroidal, sustained-release implants (SCI-L or SCI-H). Methods Forty-six pigs (92 globes) were included in the study. TUDCA was delivered orally in 5 pigs, IV in 4, IVitI in 6, SCI-L in 17, and SCI-H in 14. Testing timeframes varied from the same day (within minutes) for IV; 1 to 6 days, oral; and 1 to 4 weeks, IVitI and SCI. Enucleated globes were dissected, specimens from specific tissues were separated, and TUDCA was extracted and quantified using mass spectrometry. Results The highest TUDCA tissue levels occurred after IV delivery in the macula (252 ± 238 nM) and peripheral retina (196 ± 171 nM). Macular choroid and peripheral choroid levels were also high (1032 ± 1269 and 1219 ± 1486 nM, respectively). For IVitI delivery, macular levels at day 6 were low (0.5 ± 0.5 nM), whereas peripheral choroid was higher (15.3 ± 16.7 nM). Neither the SCI-L nor SCI-H implants delivered meaningful macular doses (≤1 nM); however, peripheral retina and choroid levels were significantly higher. Bile acid isoforms were found in the serum specimens. Conclusions The highest TUDCA tissue levels in the pig model were obtained using IV delivery. Oral delivery was associated with reasonable tissue levels. Local delivery (IVitI and SCI) was able to achieve measurable local ocular tissue levels. Translational Relevance Diffusional kinetics from the suprachoroidal space follow the choroidal blood flow, away from the macula and toward the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Olsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roy B Dyer
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fukutaro Mano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Micah A Chrenek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Paley
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathy Wabner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jenn Schmit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ju Byung Chae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Jana T Sellers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy S Wiedmann
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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6
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Kobat SG, Celiker FU, Dagli AF, Kasar K. The effect on wound healing of pazopanib and bevacizumab compared with corticosteroid in experimental glaucoma filtration surgery. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1909-1915. [PMID: 30588421 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.12.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the effects of bevacizumab and pazopanib with corticosteroids on wound healing after trabeculectomy. METHODS In the study, 35 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into five groups. Apart from the first group, limbus-based trabeculectomy was performed for the eyes of rabbits. No postoperative treatment was administered for group I. Topically administered saline, prednisolone acetate (1%), bevacizumab 5 mg/mL, pazopanib 5 mg/mL for group II, III, IV and V respectively were applied for groups 6h daily for 28d. On day 28 of the experiment, eyes were enucleated and histologically and immunohistochemically analyzed. RESULTS The fibroblast counts of groups IV and V were determined to be lower than those of groups II and III (P<0.05). In the mononuclear cell (MNC) count evaluation, no statistically significant difference was determined between the treatment groups (P>0.05). The immunohistochemical staining intensity of fibroblast growth factor β (FGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was determined to be lower in groups IV and V than in groups II and III (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between groups IV and V in respect of fibroblast count, MNC count, FGF-β and VEGF staining intensity (P>0.05). The platelet derived growth factor β (PDGF-β) intensity was lower in group V than in groups II, III and IV (P<0.05). While the PDGF-β staining intensity was significantly lower in group IV than in group II, the difference compared with group III was not statistically significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Bevacizumab and pazopanib might be good alternatives of corticosteroid treatment on delaying wound healing in glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Gungor Kobat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Elazig Health Sciences University, Elazig 23000, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ulku Celiker
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Adile Ferda Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Kader Kasar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ordu State Hospital, Ordu 52100, Turkey
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7
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Theunissen JW, Cai AG, Bhatti MM, Cooper AB, Avery AD, Dorfman R, Guelman S, Levashova Z, Migone TS. Treating Tissue Factor-Positive Cancers with Antibody-Drug Conjugates That Do Not Affect Blood Clotting. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2412-2426. [PMID: 30126944 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of tissue factor (TF) resides in the vasculature as a cofactor of blood clotting; however, multiple solid tumors aberrantly express this transmembrane receptor on the cell surface. Here, we developed anti-TF antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) that did not interfere with the coagulation cascade and benchmarked them against previously developed anti-TF ADCs. After screening an affinity-matured antibody panel of diverse paratopes and affinities, we identified one primary paratope family that did not inhibit conversion of Factor X (FX) to activated Factor X (FXa) and did not affect conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The rest of the antibody panel and previously developed anti-TF antibodies were found to perturb coagulation to varying degrees. To compare the anticancer activity of coagulation-inert and -inhibitory antibodies as ADCs, a selection of antibodies was conjugated to the prototypic cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) through a protease-cleavable linker. The coagulation-inert and -inhibitory anti-TF ADCs both killed cancer cells effectively. Importantly, the coagulation-inert ADCs were as efficacious as tisotumab vedotin, a clinical stage ADC that affected blood clotting, including in patient-derived xenografts from three solid tumor indications with a need for new therapeutic treatments-squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), ovarian, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, a subset of the anti-TF antibodies could also be considered for the treatment of other diseases associated with upregulation of membranous TF expression, such as macular degeneration. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(11); 2412-26. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen G Cai
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Dorfman
- Haematologic Technologies, Essex Junction, Vermont
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Xie W, Zhao M, Tsai SH, Burkes WL, Potts LB, Xu W, Payne HR, Hein TW, Kuo L, Rosa RH. Correlation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography with histology and electron microscopy in the porcine retina. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:181-190. [PMID: 30120928 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is used as a non-invasive tool for retinal morphological assessment in vivo. Information on the correlation of SD-OCT with retinal histology in the porcine retina, a model resembling the human retina, is limited. Herein, we correlated the hypo- and hyper-reflective bands on SD-OCT with histology of the lamellar architecture and cellular constituents of the porcine retina. SD-OCT images were acquired with the Heidelberg Spectralis HRA + OCT. Histological analysis was performed using epoxy resin embedded tissue and transmission electron microscopy. Photomicrographs from the histologic sections were linearly scaled to correct for tissue shrinkage and correlated with SD-OCT images. SD-OCT images correlated well with histomorphometric data. A hyper-reflective band in the mid-to-outer inner nuclear layer correlated with the presence of abundant mitochondria in horizontal cell processes and adjacent bipolar cells. A concentration of cone nuclei corresponded to a relative hypo-reflective band in the outer portion of the outer nuclear layer. The presence of 3 hyper-reflective bands in the outer retina corresponded to: 1) the external limiting membrane; 2) the cone and rod ellipsoid zones; and 3) the interdigitation zone of photoreceptor outer segments/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) apical cell processes and the RPE. These correlative and normative SD-OCT data may be employed to characterize and assess the in vivo histologic changes in retinal vascular and degenerative diseases and the responses to novel therapeutic interventions in this large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wankun Xie
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shu-Huai Tsai
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - William L Burkes
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Luke B Potts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - H Ross Payne
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Travis W Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA.
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9
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Identification of endogenous microRNA references in porcine serum for quantitative real-time PCR normalization. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:943-949. [PMID: 30047037 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of genes, and they affect important biological and physiological states. Circulating miRNAs in blood are useful markers of metabolism and economic traits. Expression levels of circulating miRNAs have been estimated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Proper normalization is critical for accurate miRNA expression analysis. However, there is no study which systematically presented endogenous reference genes for evaluating circulating miRNA expression in pigs. In this study, ten porcine miRNAs (let-7a, miR-16, miR-17, miR-23a, miR-26a, miR-93, miR-103, miR-107, miR-127 and miR-191), based on the literature, were chosen as candidate reference miRNAs in serum. We evaluated the expression stability value of these miRNAs in Berkshire, Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire pigs using geNorm and NormFinder. We determined the optimal combination of reference miRNAs for qPCR experiments: miR-127 and miR-17 in Berkshire pigs; miR-127 and miR-93 in Duroc and Landrace pigs; miR-127 and miR-16 in Yorkshire pigs. miR-127 was the best reference gene in pigs, regardless of the breed. Our study is crucial for the discovery of novel biomarkers in pigs. The reference miRNAs presented in this study could be used as appropriate reference genes for the measurement of circulating miRNA levels in studies of physiological blood metabolites.
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10
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Chiang B, Jung JH, Prausnitz MR. The suprachoroidal space as a route of administration to the posterior segment of the eye. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:58-66. [PMID: 29545195 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The suprachoroidal space (SCS) is a potential space between the sclera and choroid that traverses the circumference of the posterior segment of the eye. The SCS is an attractive site for drug delivery because it targets the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium, and retina with high bioavailability, while maintaining low levels elsewhere in the eye. Indeed, phase III clinical trials are investigating the safety and efficacy of SCS drug delivery. Here, we review the anatomy and physiology of the SCS; methods to access the SCS; kinetics of SCS drug delivery; strategies to target within the SCS; current and potential clinical indications; and the safety and efficacy of this approach in preclinical animal studies and clinical trials.
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