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Andac S, Stolle FH, Bernard M, Al-Nosairy KO, Wolbers T, Hoffmann MB. Navigation performance in glaucoma: virtual-reality-based assessment of path integration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21320. [PMID: 39266690 PMCID: PMC11393326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Navigation is essential for moving between locations in our daily lives. We investigated the relationship between visual impairment in glaucoma and path-integration-based navigation. Fourteen glaucoma and 15 controls underwent ophthalmological examination (including visual acuity (logMAR), visual field sensitivity (MD: mean deviation from matched reference cohort), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL)). Both groups navigated physically in virtual reality (VR) environments during daylight and dawn conditions. Briefly, the participants traversed a path marked by three targets, subsequently pointing back to the path's origin. Outcome measures included (i) travel-time, (ii) pointing-time, and (iii) Euclidian-distance error between indicated and starting position. Robust linear regression was conducted between visual function outcomes of the better eye and VR outcome measures. Glaucoma patients showed increase in travel-time (by 8.2 ± 1.7 s; p = 0.002) and in pointing-time (by 5.3 ± 1.6 s; p = 0.016). Predictors were MD for all outcome measures (p < 0.01) and pRNFL for travel-time (p < 0.01). The results suggest that the effect of glaucoma on the elapsed time depends on disease progression, i.e. people with stronger visual impairment need more time. This uncertainty during everyday navigation tasks may adversely affect their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Andac
- Ophthalmic Department, Section for Clinical and Experimental Sensory Physiology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Francie H Stolle
- Ophthalmic Department, Section for Clinical and Experimental Sensory Physiology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthieu Bernard
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Khaldoon O Al-Nosairy
- Ophthalmic Department, Section for Clinical and Experimental Sensory Physiology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolbers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Hoffmann
- Ophthalmic Department, Section for Clinical and Experimental Sensory Physiology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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2
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Zaman N, Ong J, Waisberg E, Masalkhi M, Lee AG, Tavakkoli A, Zuckerbrod S. Advanced Visualization Engineering for Vision Disorders: A Clinically Focused Guide to Current Technology and Future Applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:178-207. [PMID: 37861913 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Head-mounted visualization technology, often in the form of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VAMR), has revolutionized how visual disorders may be approached clinically. In this manuscript, we review the available literature on VAMR for visual disorders and provide a clinically oriented guide to how VAMR technology has been deployed for visual impairments. The chief areas of clinical investigation with VAMR are divided include (1) vision assessment, (2) vision simulation, and (3) vision rehabilitation. We discuss in-depth the current literature of these areas in VAMR and upcoming/future applications to combat the detrimental impact of visual impairment worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasif Zaman
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Joshua Ong
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ethan Waisberg
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Mouayad Masalkhi
- University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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3
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Yeon JS, Jung HN, Kim JY, Jung KI, Park HYL, Park CK, Kim HW, Kim MS, Kim YC. Deviated Saccadic Trajectory as a Biometric Signature of Glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:15. [PMID: 37440248 PMCID: PMC10353744 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.7.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether the trajectories of saccadic eye movements (SEMs) significantly differ between glaucoma patients and controls. Methods SEMs were recorded by video-based infrared oculography in 53 patients with glaucoma and 41 age-matched controls. Participants were asked to bilaterally view 24°-horizontal, 14°-vertical, and 20°-diagonal eccentric Goldmann III-sized stimuli. SEMs were evaluated with respect to the saccadic reaction time (SRT), the mean velocity, amplitude, and two novel measures: departure angle (DA) and arrival angle (AA). These parameters were compared between the groups and the associations of SEM parameters with glaucoma parameters and integrated visual field defects were investigated. Results Glaucoma patients exhibited increased mean SRT, DA, and AA values compared with controls for 14°-vertical visual targets (P = 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). The SRT, DA, and AA were significantly associated with the mean and pattern standard deviations of perimetry and with the mean RNFL thickness by OCT (all P < 0.001). Glaucoma was associated with the AA (P = 0.05) and both the SRT (P = 0.01) and DA (P = 0.04) were associated with integrated visual field defects. Conclusions The saccadic trajectories of glaucoma patients depart in an erroneous path and compensate the disparity by deviating the trajectory at arrival. Translational Relevance The initial deviation that we observed (despite continuous exposure to the stimulus) suggests the disoriented spatial perception of glaucoma patients which may be relevant to difficulties encountered daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Yeon
- Gangnam St. Mary's One Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Jung
- Gangnam St. Mary's One Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Gangnam St. Mary's One Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong In Jung
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Lopilly Park
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kee Park
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kim
- Gangnam St. Mary's One Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Soo Kim
- Gangnam St. Mary's One Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Okrent Smolar AL, Gagrani M, Ghate D. Peripheral visual field loss and activities of daily living. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:19-25. [PMID: 36409221 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Peripheral visual field (VF) loss affects 13% of the population over 65. Its effect on activities of daily living and higher order visual processing is as important as it is inadequately understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize available literature on the impact of peripheral vision loss on driving, reading, face recognition, scene recognition and scene navigation. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, glaucoma and retrochiasmal cortical damage are utilized as examples of peripheral field loss which typically spare central vision and have patterns respecting the horizontal and vertical meridians, respectively. In both glaucoma and retrochiasmal damage, peripheral field loss causes driving difficulty - especially with lane maintenance - leading to driving cessation, loss of independence, and depression. Likewise, peripheral field loss can lead to slower reading speeds and decreased enjoyment from reading, and anxiety. In glaucoma and retrochiasmal field loss, face processing is impaired which impacts social functioning. Finally, scene recognition and navigation are also adversely affected, impacting wayfinding and hazard detection leading to decreased independence as well as more frequent injury. SUMMARY Peripheral VF loss is an under-recognized cause of patient distress and disability. All peripheral field loss is not the same, differential patterns of loss affect parameters of activities of daily living (ADL) and visual processing in particular ways. Future research should aim to further characterize patterns of deranged ADL and visual processing, their correlation with types of field loss, and associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghal Gagrani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepta Ghate
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Tseng RMWW, Tham YC, Rim TH, Cheng CY. Emergence of non-artificial intelligence digital health innovations in ophthalmology: A systematic review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 49:741-756. [PMID: 34235833 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prominent rise of digital health in ophthalmology is evident in the current age of Industry 4.0. Despite the many facets of digital health, there has been a greater slant in interest and focus on artificial intelligence recently. Other major elements of digital health like wearables could also substantially impact patient-focused outcomes but have been relatively less explored and discussed. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate the use of non-artificial intelligence digital health tools in ophthalmology. 53 papers were included in this systematic review - 25 papers discuss virtual or augmented reality, 14 discuss mobile applications and 14 discuss wearables. Most papers focused on the use of technologies to detect or rehabilitate visual impairment, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Overall, the findings on patient-focused outcomes with the adoption of these technologies are encouraging. Further validation, large-scale studies and earlier consideration of real-world barriers are warranted to enable better real-world implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yih-Chung Tham
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tyler Hyungtaek Rim
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
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Iskander M, Ogunsola T, Ramachandran R, McGowan R, Al-Aswad LA. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Ophthalmology: A Contemporary Prospective. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2021; 10:244-252. [PMID: 34383716 PMCID: PMC9167643 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Most published systematic reviews have focused on the use of virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) technology in ophthalmology as it relates to surgical training. To date, this is the first review that investigates the current state of VR/AR technology applied more broadly to the entire field of ophthalmology. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched systematically from January 2014 through December 1, 2020. Studies that discussed VR and/or AR as it relates to the field of ophthalmology and provided information on the technology used were considered. Abstracts, non-peer-reviewed literature, review articles, studies that reported only qualitative data, and studies without English translations were excluded. RESULTS A total of 77 studies were included in this review. Of these, 28 evaluated the use of VR/AR in ophthalmic surgical training/assessment and guidance, 7 in clinical training, 23 in diagnosis/screening, and 19 in treatment/therapy. 15 studies used AR, 61 used VR, and 1 used both. Most studies focused on the validity and usability of novel technologies. CONCLUSIONS Ophthalmology is a field of medicine that is well suited for the use of VR/AR. However, further longitudinal studies examining the practical feasibility, efficacy, and safety of such novel technologies, the cost-effectiveness, and medical/legal considerations are still needed. We believe that time will indeed foster further technological advances and lead to widespread use of VR/AR in routine ophthalmic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Iskander
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Titilola Ogunsola
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Rithambara Ramachandran
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Richard McGowan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, New York, US
| | - Lama A. Al-Aswad
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
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7
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Law SK. Virtual Reality Simulation to Identify Vision-Associated Disability in Patients With Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020; 138:499-500. [PMID: 32191272 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Law
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
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8
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Gopalakrishnan S, Jacob CES, Kumar M, Karunakaran V, Raman R. Comparison of Visual Parameters Between Normal Individuals and People with Low Vision in a Virtual Environment. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:171-178. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Gopalakrishnan
- Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) University, Thanjavur, India
- Low Vision Care Clinic, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Meenakshi Kumar
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Rajiv Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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9
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Daga FB, Ogata NG, Medeiros FA, Moran R, Morris J, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Nolan JM. Macular Pigment and Visual Function in Patients With Glaucoma: The San Diego Macular Pigment Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4471-4476. [PMID: 30193322 PMCID: PMC6133244 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although recent studies have shown that macular pigment (MP) is significantly lower in glaucoma patients, this relationship merits further investigation. Methods This cross-sectional study included 85 glaucoma patients and 22 controls. All subjects had standard automated perimetry (SAP) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements. Intake of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) was estimated using a novel dietary screener. The Heidelberg Spectralis dual-wavelength autofluorescence (AF) technology was employed to study the relationship between MP and glaucoma. The association between MP volume and glaucoma was investigated using linear regression models accounting for potential confounding factors. Results Glaucoma patients had significantly worse SAP mean deviation (MD) and lower RNFL thickness in the study eye compared to control subjects (P < 0.001 for both). MP (volume) was comparable between groups (P = 0.436). In the univariable model, diagnosis of glaucoma was not associated with MP volume (R2 = 1.22%; P = 0.257). Dietary intake of L and Z was positively and significantly related to MP in the univariable (P = 0.022) and multivariable (P = 0.020) models. Conclusions These results challenge previous studies that reported that glaucoma is associated with low MP. Dietary habits were found to be the main predictor of MP in this sample. Further research is merited to better understand the relationship between glaucoma, MP, and visual performance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio B Daga
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nara G Ogata
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Felipe A Medeiros
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Rachel Moran
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey Morris
- Morris Eye Group, Encinitas, Vista, California, United States
| | - Linda M Zangwill
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Robert N Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - John M Nolan
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland
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10
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Development of a quantitative evaluation system for visuo-motor control in three-dimensional virtual reality space. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13439. [PMID: 30194427 PMCID: PMC6128926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of learning a human's movement and motor control mechanisms by watching and mimicking human motions was based on visuo-motor control in three dimensional space. However, previous studies regarding the visuo-motor control in three dimensional space have focused on analyzing the tracking tasks along one-dimensional lines or two-dimensional planes using single or multi-joint movements. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new system to quantitatively evaluate visuo-motor control in three-dimensional space based on virtual reality (VR) environment. Our proposed system is designed to analyze circular tracking movements on frontal and sagittal planes in VR space with millimeter level accuracy. In particular, we compared the circular tracking movements under monocular and binocular vision conditions. The results showed that the accuracy of circular tracking movements drops approximately 4.5 times in monocular vision than that in binocular vision on both frontal and sagittal planes. We also found that significant difference can be observed between frontal and sagittal planes for only the accuracy of X-axis in both monocular and binocular visions.
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11
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Randall D, Griffiths H, Arblaster G, Bjerre A, Fenner J. Simulation of Oscillopsia in Virtual Reality. Br Ir Orthopt J 2018; 14:45-49. [PMID: 32999964 PMCID: PMC7510383 DOI: 10.22599/bioj.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Nystagmus is characterised by involuntary eye movement. A proportion of those with nystagmus experience the world constantly in motion as their eyes move: a symptom known as oscillopsia. Individuals with oscillopsia can be incapacitated and often feel neglected due to limited treatment options. Effective communication of the condition is challenging and no tools to aid communication exist. This paper describes a virtual reality (VR) application that recreates the effects of oscillopsia, enabling others to appreciate the condition. Methods: Eye tracking data was incorporated into a VR oscillopsia simulator and released as a smartphone app – “Nystagmus Oscillopsia Sim VR”. When a smartphone is used in conjunction with a Google Cardboard headset, it presents an erratic image consistent with oscillopsia. The oscillopsia simulation was appraised by six participants for its representativeness. These individuals have nystagmus and had previously experienced oscillopsia but were not currently symptomatic; they were therefore uniquely placed to judge the app. The participants filled in a questionnaire to record impressions and the usefulness of the app. Results: The published app has been downloaded ~3700 times (28/02/2018) and received positive feedback from the nystagmus community. The validation study questionnaire scored the accuracy of the simulation an average of 7.8/10 while its ability to aid communication received 9.2/10. Conclusion: The evidence indicates that the simulation can effectively recreate the sensation of oscillopsia and facilitate effective communication of the symptoms associated with the condition. This has implications for communication of other visual conditions.
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