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Kumari R, Verma V, Singaravel M. Simulated Chronic Jet Lag Affects the Structural and Functional Complexity of Hippocampal Neurons in Mice. Neuroscience 2024; 543:1-12. [PMID: 38354900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
There has been a long history that chronic circadian disruption such as jet lag or shift work negatively affects brain and body physiology. Studies have shown that circadian misalignment act as a risk factor for developing anxiety and mood-related depression-like behavior. Till date, most studies focused on simulating jet lag in model animals under laboratory conditions by repeated phase advances or phase delay only, while the real-life conditions may differ. In the present study, adult male mice were subjected to simulated chronic jet lag (CJL) by alternately advancing and delaying the ambient light-dark (LD) cycle by 9 h every 2 days, thereby covering a total of 24 days. The effect of CJL was then examined for a range of stress and depression-related behavioral and physiological responses. The results showed that mice exposed to CJL exhibited depression-like behavior, such as anhedonia. In the open field and elevated plus maze test, CJL-exposed mice showed increased anxiety behavior compared to LD control. In addition, CJL-exposed mice showed an increased level of serum corticosterone and proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α in both serum and hippocampus. Moreover, CJL-exposed mice exhibited a reduction in structural complexity of hippocampal CA1 neurons along with decreased expression of neurotrophic growth factors, BDNF and NGF in the hippocampus compared to LD control. Taken together, our findings suggest that simulated chronic jet lag adversely affects structural and functional complexity in hippocampal neurons along with interrelated endocrine and inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to stress, anxiety, and depression-like behavior in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Kumari
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vivek Verma
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Muniyandi Singaravel
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Ikegami K. Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:14. [PMID: 38431563 PMCID: PMC10908160 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) plays a crucial role in glaucoma development, involving the dynamics of aqueous humor (AH). AH flows in from the ciliary body and exits through the trabecular meshwork (TM). IOP follows a circadian rhythm synchronized with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian pacemaker. The SCN resets peripheral clocks through sympathetic nerves or adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs). IOP's circadian rhythm is governed by circadian time signals, sympathetic noradrenaline (NE), and GCs, rather than the local clock. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in non-pigmented epithelial cells in the ciliary body can influence the nocturnal increase in IOP by enhancing AH inflow. Conversely, NE, not GCs, can regulate the IOP rhythm by suppressing TM macrophage phagocytosis and AH outflow. The activation of the β1-adrenergic receptor (AR)-mediated EPAC-SHIP1 signal through the ablation of phosphatidylinositol triphosphate may govern phagocytic cup formation. These findings could offer insights for better glaucoma management, such as chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikegami
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Ma L, Liu Q, Liu X, Chang H, Jin S, Ma W, Xu F, Liu H. Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus Upregulates Intraocular Pressure Via Glutamatergic Neurons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:43. [PMID: 37773501 PMCID: PMC10547014 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The neuroregulatory center of intraocular pressure (IOP) is located in the hypothalamus. An efferent neural pathway exists between the hypothalamic nuclei and the autonomic nerve endings in the anterior chamber of the eye. This study was designed to investigate whether the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) regulates IOP as the other nuclei do. Methods Optogenetic manipulation of PVH neurons was used in this study. Light stimulation was applied via an optical fiber embedded over the PVH to activate projection neurons after AAV2/9-CaMKIIα-hChR2-mCherry was injected into the right PVH of C57BL/6J mice. The same methods were used to inhibit projection neurons after AAV2/9-CaMKIIα-eNpHR3.0-mCherry was injected into the bilateral PVH of C57BL/6J mice. AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-hChR2-mCherry was injected into the right PVH of Vglut2-Cre mice to elucidate the effect of glutamatergic neuron-specific activation. IOP was measured before and after light manipulation. Associated nuclei activation was clarified by c-Fos immunohistochemical staining. Only mice with accurate viral expression and fiber embedding were included in the statistical analysis. Results Activation of projection neurons in the right PVH induced significant bilateral IOP elevation (n = 11, P < 0.001); the ipsilateral IOP increased more noticeably (n = 11, P < 0.05); Bilateral inhibition of PVH projection neurons did not significantly influence IOP (n = 5, P > 0.05). Specific activation of glutamatergic neurons among PVH projection neurons also induced IOP elevation in both eyes (n = 5, P < 0.001). The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, locus coeruleus and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus responded to light stimulation of PVH in AAV-ChR2 mice. Conclusions The PVH may play a role in IOP upregulation via glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kong X, Luxwolda M, Hut RA, Meerlo P. Adrenalectomy prevents the effects of social defeat stress on PER2 rhythms in some peripheral tissues in male mice. Horm Behav 2023; 150:105326. [PMID: 36764158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
While stress does not affect the phase or period of the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, it can shift clocks in peripheral tissues. Our previous studies showed significant delays of the PER2 rhythms in lung and kidney following social defeat stress. The mechanism underlying these effects is not fully understood, but might involve glucocorticoids (GC) released during the stressor. In the present study, we performed social defeat stress in adrenalectomized (ADX) mice to see if the induction of endogenous GC is necessary for the stress-induced phase shifts of peripheral clocks. We used mice that carry a luciferase reporter gene fused to the circadian clock gene Period2 (PER2::LUC) to examine daily rhythms of PER2 expression in various peripheral tissues. Mice were exposed to 5 consecutive daily social defeat stress in the late dark phase (ZT21-22). Running wheel rotations were recorded during 7 baseline and 5 social defeat days, which showed that social defeat stress suppressed locomotor activity without affecting the phase of the rhythm. This suppression of activity was not prevented by ADX. One hour after the last stressor, tissue samples from the liver, kidney and lung were collected and cultured for ex vivo bioluminescence recordings. In the liver, PER2 rhythms were not affected by social defeat stress or ADX. In the kidney, social defeat stress caused a > 4 h phase delay of the PER2 rhythm, which was prevented by ADX, supporting the hypothesis of a crucial role of GC in this stress effect. In the lung, social defeat stress caused an 8 h phase delay, but, surprisingly, a similar phase delay was seen in ADX animals independent of defeat. The latter indicates complex effects of stress and stress hormones on the lung clock. In conclusion, the findings show that repeated social defeat stress in the dark phase can shift PER2 rhythms in some tissues (lung, kidney) and not others (liver). Moreover, the social defeat stress effect in some tissues appears to be mediated by glucocorticoids (kidney) whereas the mechanism in other tissues is more complex (lung).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpan Kong
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Michelle Luxwolda
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Chen R, Weitzner AS, McKennon LA, Fonken LK. Chronic circadian phase advance in male mice induces depressive-like responses and suppresses neuroimmune activation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 17:100337. [PMID: 34589820 PMCID: PMC8474595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered working and sleeping schedules during the COVID-19 pandemic likely impact our circadian systems. At the molecular level, clock genes form feedback inhibition loops that control 24-hr oscillations throughout the body. Importantly, core clock genes also regulate microglia, the brain resident immune cell, suggesting circadian regulation of neuroimmune function. To assess whether circadian disruption induces neuroimmune and associated behavioral changes, we mimicked chronic jetlag with a chronic phase advance (CPA) model. 32 adult male C57BL/6J mice underwent 6-hr light phase advance shifts every 3 light/dark cycles (CPA) 14 times or were maintained in standard light/dark cycles (control). CPA mice showed higher behavioral despair but not anhedonia in forced swim and sucrose preferences tests, respectively. Changes in behavior were accompanied by altered hippocampal circadian genes in CPA mice. Further, CPA suppressed expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta in the hippocampus. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were elevated by CPA, suggesting that CPA may suppress neuroimmune pathways via glucocorticoids. These results demonstrate that chronic circadian disruption alters mood and neuroimmune function, which may have implications for shift working populations such as frontline health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Aidan S. Weitzner
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lara A. McKennon
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Laura K. Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Tsuchiya S, Higashide T, Hatake S, Sugiyama K. Effect of inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane on circadian rhythm of murine intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108420. [PMID: 33359512 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For research on circadian intraocular pressure (IOP), rebound tonometers are widely used with or without general anesthesia as a non-invasive approach to obtain IOP values. However, whether general anesthesia such as inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane affects the circadian rhythm of IOP and in turn IOP measurements is currently unclear. As such, data reporting IOP values obtained under general anesthesia should be interpreted with caution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how general anesthesia with isoflurane inhalation affects the circadian rhythm of IOP. METHODS C57Bl/6J strain mice maintained using a 12h:12h light/dark cycle (lights on and off at ZT0 and ZT12, respectively) were used. IOPs were measured using a rebound tonometer (Icare TonoLab) before and 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min after initiating anesthesia in both light and dark phases (ZT 2-6 and ZT 14-18, respectively). Awake IOPs and IOPs at 3 and 5 min after anesthesia initiation were also obtained at ZT5, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 to assess IOP diurnal curves under gas anesthesia. RESULTS IOP values gradually decreased after anesthesia initiation in both light and dark phases (P < 0.001) and there was no interaction between light/dark phase and anesthesia time (P = 0.88). There was a slight, but not significant, reduction in IOP 3 min after initiating anesthesia (P = 0.23), and significant decreases in IOP occurred at subsequent timepoints (P ≤ 0.001). Both awake and anesthetized mice showed a robust IOP rhythm that reached a peak and trough in the dark and light phase, respectively. Awake IOP levels did not significantly differ from those for anesthetized mice at 3 min after anesthesia initiation at all time points (P ≥ 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Both awake and anesthetized mice demonstrated a robust circadian rhythm for IOP. Murine IOP showed similar gradual decreases under inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in both the light and dark phases. IOPs measured using a rebound tonometer within 3 min of initiating isoflurane anesthesia were comparable to awake IOPs, and thus may be useful to monitor the circadian rhythm of IOP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Sachiyo Hatake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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7
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Ikegami K, Shigeyoshi Y, Masubuchi S. Circadian Regulation of IOP Rhythm by Dual Pathways of Glucocorticoids and the Sympathetic Nervous System. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:26. [PMID: 32182332 PMCID: PMC7401506 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Elevated IOP can cause the development of glaucoma. The circadian rhythm of IOP depends on the dynamics of the aqueous humor and is synchronized with the circadian rhythm pacemaker, that is, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus resets peripheral clocks via sympathetic nerves or adrenal glucocorticoids. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying IOP rhythmicity remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to verify this regulatory pathway. Methods Adrenalectomy and/or superior cervical ganglionectomy were performed in C57BL/6J mice. Their IOP rhythms were measured under light/dark cycle and constant dark conditions. Ocular administration of corticosterone or norepinephrine was also performed. Localization of adrenergic receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, and clock proteins Bmal1 and Per1 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Period2::luciferase rhythms in the cultured iris/ciliary bodies of adrenalectomized and/or superior cervical ganglionectomized mice were monitored to evaluate the effect of the procedures on the local clock. The IOP rhythm of retina and ciliary epithelium-specific Bmal1 knockout mice were measured to determine the significance of the local clock. Results Adrenalectomy and superior cervical ganglionectomy disrupted IOP rhythms and the circadian clock in the iris/ciliary body cultures. Instillation of corticosterone and norepinephrine restored the IOP rhythm. β2-Adrenergic receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, and clock proteins were strongly expressed within the nonpigmented epithelia of the ciliary body. However, tissue-specific Bmal1 knock-out mice maintained their IOP rhythm. Conclusions These findings suggest direct driving of the IOP rhythm by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, via the dual corticosterone and norepinephrine pathway, but not the ciliary clock, which may be useful for chronotherapy of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikegami
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka,Japan
| | - Satoru Masubuchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Huang Z, Wei H, Wang X, Xiao J, Li Z, Xie Y, Hu Y, Li X, Wang Z, Zhang S. Icariin promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by upregulating BMAL1 expression via BMP signaling. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1590-1596. [PMID: 32016461 PMCID: PMC7002972 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing research has demonstrated that expression of brain and muscle ARNT‑like 1 (BMAL1) and other circadian clock genes can be regulated by drugs and toxicants. We previously demonstrated that icariin, extracted from Herba Epimedii, sromotes osteogenic differentiation. However, the mechanism underlying the association between icariin and BMAL1 in osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remains unclear. The present study was designed with an aim to clarify the association between icariin and BMAL1 in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), RUNX family transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC) and BMAL1 in BMSCs was evaluated by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. ALP and Alizarin red S (ARS) staining were also performed. Icariin promoted BMSC proliferation, and upregulated expression of osteogenic genes and BMAL1. In addition, expression of the osteogenic genes BMP2, RUNX2, ALP and OC were upregulated by BMAL1 overexpression. Furthermore, we confirmed that BMAL1 deficiency suppressed osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs. Finally, ARS staining of BMAL1‑/‑ BMSCs revealed that BMAL1 was an essential intermediary in matrix mineralization during osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that icariin promoted osteogenic differentiation through BMAL1‑BMP2 signaling in BMSCs. The present study thus described a novel target of icariin that has potential applications in the treatment of osteogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengfa Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Zuoqin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanliang Xie
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Shutong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
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Species Differences in the Nutrition of Retinal Ganglion Cells among Mammals Frequently Used as Animal Models. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101254. [PMID: 31615137 PMCID: PMC6829614 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The diffusion rate for proper nutrition of the inner retina depends mainly on four factors which are discussed in this review: 1. The diffusion distance between blood and retinal ganglion cells shows morphological variants in different mammalian species, namely a choroidal nutrition type, a retinal nutrition type, and a mixture of both types. 2. Low oxygen concentration levels in the inner retina force the diffusion of oxygen especially in the choroidal nutrition type. Other nutrients might be supplied by surrounding cells, mainly Müller cells. 3. Diffusion in the eye is influenced by the intraocular pressure, which is vital for the retinal ganglion cells but might also influence their proper function. Again, the nutrition types established might explain the differences in normal intraocular pressure levels among different species. 4. Temperature is a critical feature in the eye which has to be buffered to avoid neuronal damage. The most effective buffer system is the increased blood turnover in the choroid which has to be established in all species.
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Itakura T, Webster A, Chintala SK, Wang Y, Gonzalez JM, Tan JC, Vranka JA, Acott T, Craft CM, Sibug Saber ME, Jeong S, Stamer WD, Martemyanov KA, Fini ME. GPR158 in the Visual System: Homeostatic Role in Regulation of Intraocular Pressure. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:203-215. [PMID: 30855200 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: GPR158 is a newly characterized family C G-protein-coupled receptor, previously identified in functional screens linked with biological stress, including one for susceptibility to ocular hypertension/glaucoma induced by glucocorticoid stress hormones. In this study, we investigated GPR158 function in the visual system. Methods: Gene expression and protein immunolocalization analyses were performed in mouse and human brain and eye to identify tissues where GPR158 might function. Gene expression was perturbed in mice, and in cultures of human trabecular meshwork cells of the aqueous outflow pathway, to investigate function and mechanism. Results: GPR158 is highly expressed in the brain, and in this study, we show prominent expression specifically in the visual center of the cerebral cortex. Expression was also observed in the eye, including photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and trabecular meshwork. Protein was also localized to the outer plexiform layer of the neural retina. Gpr158 deficiency in knockout (KO) mice conferred short-term protection against the intraocular pressure increase that occurred with aging, but this was reversed over time. Most strikingly, the pressure lowering effect of the acute stress hormone, epinephrine, was negated in KO mice. In contrast, no disruption of the electroretinogram was observed. Gene overexpression in cell cultures enhanced cAMP production in response to epinephrine, suggesting a mechanism for intraocular pressure regulation. Overexpression also increased survival of cells subjected to oxidative stress linked to ocular hypertension, associated with TP53 pathway activation. Conclusions: These findings implicate GPR158 as a homeostatic regulator of intraocular pressure and suggest GPR158 could be a pharmacological target for managing ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Itakura
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Webster
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shravan K Chintala
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yuchen Wang
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Jose M Gonzalez
- 3 Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - J C Tan
- 3 Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janice A Vranka
- 4 Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ted Acott
- 4 Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cheryl Mae Craft
- 5 USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,6 Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria E Sibug Saber
- 7 Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- 8 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- 9 Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - M Elizabeth Fini
- 1 USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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