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Parrott AC, Coburn PS, Miller FC, LaGrow AL, Mursalin MH, Callegan MC. The Role of CCL Chemokines in Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:12. [PMID: 38842829 PMCID: PMC11160947 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL3 impact retinal function decline and inflammation during Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Methods Experimental endophthalmitis was initiated by intravitreal injection of 5000 colony-forming units of S. aureus into the eyes of C57BL/6J, CCL2-/-, or CCL3-/- mice. At 12 and 24 hours post-infection, retinal function, bacterial load, and myeloperoxidase levels were quantified. Results During S. aureus endophthalmitis, we observed a significant improvement in retinal function in CCL2-/- mice relative to C57BL/6J mice at 12 hours but not at 24 hours. In CCL3-/- mice, retinal function was significantly improved relative to C57BL/6J mice at 12 and 24 hours. The absence of CCL2 did not alter intraocular S. aureus intraocular concentrations. However, CCL3-/- mice had significantly lower intraocular S. aureus at 12 hours but not at 24 hours. No difference in myeloperoxidase levels was observed between C57BL/6J and CCL2-/- mice at 12 hours. CCL3-/- mice had almost no myeloperoxidase at 12 hours. At 24 hours, increased myeloperoxidase was observed in CCL2-/- and CCL3-/- mice relative to C57BL/6J mice. Conclusions Although the absence of CCL2 resulted in improved retinal function retention at 12 hours, CCL3 deficiency resulted in improved retinal function at 12 and 24 hours. CCL3 deficiency, but not CCL2 deficiency, resulted in almost no inflammation at 12 hours. However, at 24 hours, the absence of CCL2 or CCL3 resulted in significantly increased inflammation. These results suggest that, although both CCL2 and CCL3 impact intraocular infection outcomes, CCL3 may have a more significant impact in S. aureus endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Parrott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Phillip S. Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Frederick C. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Austin L. LaGrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Yu J, Xu H, Wei J, Niu L, Zhu H, Jiang C. Bacteria-Targeting Nanoparticles with ROS-Responsive Antibiotic Release to Eradicate Biofilms and Drug-Resistant Bacteria in Endophthalmitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2939-2956. [PMID: 38529364 PMCID: PMC10962272 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s433919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial endophthalmitis is an acute progressive visual threatening disease and one of the most important causes of blindness worldwide. Current treatments are unsatisfactory due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and the formation of biofilm. Purpose The aim of our research was to construct a novel nano-delivery system with better antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects. Methods This study developed a novel antibiotic nanoparticle delivery system (MXF@UiO-UBI-PEGTK), which is composed of (i) moxifloxacin (MXF)-loaded UiO-66 nanoparticle as the core, (ii) bacteria-targeting peptide ubiquicidin (UBI29-41) immobilized on UiO-66, and (iii) ROS-responsive poly (ethylene glycol)-thioketal (PEG-TK) as the surface shell. Then the important properties of the newly developed delivery system, including biocompatibility, toxicity, release percentage, thermal stability, ability of targeting bacteria, and synergistic antibacterial effects on bacterial biofilms and endophthalmitis, were evaluated. Results In vitro, MXF@UiO-UBI-PEGTK exhibited significant antibiotic effects including the excellent antibiofilm property against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at high levels of ROS. Moreover, MXF@UiO-UBI-PEGTK demonstrated outstanding efficacy in treating bacterial endophthalmitis in vivo. Conclusion This novel nanoparticle delivery system with ROS-responsive and bacteria-targeted properties promotes the precise and effective release of drugs and has significant potential for clinical application of treating bacterial endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haohao Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Das T, Joseph J, Simunovic MP, Grzybowski A, Chen KJ, Dave VP, Sharma S, Staropoli P, Flynn H. Consensus and controversies in the science of endophthalmitis management: Basic research and clinical perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101218. [PMID: 37838286 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Infectious endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection caused by bacteria, or less commonly by fungi. It can occur after penetrating eye procedures, trauma, or the spread of infection from contiguous structures or via emboli from distant organs. Because of the time-critical nature of the treatment, endophthalmitis is treated with the clinical diagnosis and modified by the microbiological report of the intraocular contents. The current strategy for managing endophthalmitis relies on pre-clinical literature, case series, and one large multi-center randomized clinical trial on post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis. Culture-susceptibility of the microorganisms from undiluted vitreous guides the definitive treatment in non-responsive cases. Strategies to reduce the incidence of endophthalmitis after penetrating eye procedures have been developed concurrently with refined means of treatment. Despite these advances, outcomes remain poor for many patients. Although consensus articles have been published on managing endophthalmitis, treatment patterns vary, and controversies remain. These include (1) the use of newer methods for early and precise microbiological diagnosis; (2) the choice of intravitreal antibiotics; (3) the need for systemic therapy; (4) early and complete vitrectomy. Here, we review the current consensus and address controversies in diagnosing and managing endophthalmitis. This review is intended to familiarize physicians and ophthalmologists with different aspects of endophthalmitis management to make informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraprasad Das
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Disease, L V, Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Matthew P Simunovic
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie St., Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Vivek Pravin Dave
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Disease, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Patrick Staropoli
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Disease, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Harry Flynn
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
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Mursalin MH, Astley R, Coburn PS, Miller FC, Callegan MC. Roles of CCL2 and CCL3 in intraocular inflammation during Bacillus endophthalmitis. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109213. [PMID: 36063964 PMCID: PMC9826602 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) endophthalmitis is a vision-threatening bacterial infection. Uncontrolled inflammatory responses are the hallmark of this disease which cause irreversible damage to the retina. We recently reported C-X-C chemokines as a vital modulators which impacted the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we investigated the impact of two highly upregulated C-C chemokines, CCL2 and CCL3, on intraocular inflammation this disease. B. cereus was injected into the eyes of C57BL/6J (WT), CCL2-/-, and CCL3-/- mice to induce endophthalmitis. Infected eyes were examined for bacterial growth, retinal function, and inflammation. Bacterial growth in CCL2-/- and CCL3-/- mice were similar, but retained retinal function was greater in CCL2-/- and CCL3-/- eyes compared to that of C57BL/6J eyes. The retinal architecture of infected eyes of CCL2-/- mice were conserved for a longer period of time than in infected CCL3-/- eyes. Infected CCL2-/- and CCL3-/- eyes had less inflammation than did infected C57BL/6J eyes. Based on these results, we assessed the efficacies of intravitreal anti-CCL2 or anti-CCL3 with or without the antibiotic gatifloxacin. Compared to infected untreated eyes, there was significantly less inflammation and greater retention of retinal function in eyes treated with anti-CCL2 or anti-CCL3 with gatifloxacin. This study showed that B. cereus endophthalmitis in CCL2-/- mice had a better clinical outcome than in CCL3-/- mice. Intravitreal administration of anti-CCL2 and anti-CCL3 with gatifloxacin significantly reduced inflammation and provided protection of retinal function. These results suggest that CCL2 and CCL3 are prospective anti-inflammatory targets that should be tested along with other antibiotics for treating Bacillus and perhaps other forms of endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Roger Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Phillip S. Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Frederick C. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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5
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Ding J, Wu J, Wei H, Li S, Huang M, Wang Y, Fang Q. Exploring the Mechanism of Hawthorn Leaves Against Coronary Heart Disease Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:804801. [PMID: 35783840 PMCID: PMC9243333 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.804801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn leaves, which is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used for treating coronary heart disease (CHD) for a long time in China. But the limited understanding of the main active components and molecular mechanisms of this traditional medicine has restricted its application and further research. The active compounds of hawthorn leaves were obtained from TCMSP database and SymMap database. The targets of it were predicted based on TCMSP, PubChem, Swiss Target Prediction, and SymMap database. The putative targets of CHD were gathered from multi-sources databases including the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, the DrugBank database, the GeneCards database and the DisGeNet database. Network topology analysis, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed to select the key targets and pathways. Molecular docking was performed to demonstrate the binding capacity of the key compounds to the predicted targets. Furthermore, RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were treated with three effective compounds of hawthorn leaves to assess reliability of prediction. Quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol were main active compounds in hawthorn leaves. Forty four candidate therapeutic targets were identified to be involved in protection of hawthorn leaves against CHD. Additionally, the effective compounds of it had good binding affinities to PTGS2, EGFR, and MMP2. Enrichment analyses suggested that immune inflammation related biological processes and pathways were possibly the potential mechanism. Besides, we found that three predicted effective compounds of hawthorn leaves decreased protein expression of PTGS2, MMP2, MMP9, IL6, IL1B, TNFα and inhibited activation of macrophage. In summary, the present study demonstrates that quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin are proved to be the main effective compounds of hawthorn leaves in treatment of CHD, possibly by suppressing expression of PTGS2, MMP2, MMP9, inflammatory cytokines and macrophages viability. This study provides a new understanding of the active components and mechanisms of hawthorn leaves treating CHD from the perspective of network pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Mursalin MH, Coburn PS, Miller FC, Livingston ET, Astley R, Callegan MC. C-X-C Chemokines Influence Intraocular Inflammation During Bacillus Endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:14. [PMID: 34784411 PMCID: PMC8606850 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the C-X-C chemokines CXCL2 and CXCL10 as potential anti-inflammatory targets for Bacillus endophthalmitis. Methods Bacillus endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6J, CXCL2−/−, and CXCL10−/− mice. At specific times postinfection, eyes were analyzed for Bacillus, retinal function, and inflammation. The efficacies of intravitreal anti-CXCL2 and anti-CXCL10 with or without gatifloxacin in B. cereus endophthalmitis were also assessed using the same techniques. Results Despite similar Bacillus growth in eyes of C57BL/6J, CXCL2−/−, and CXCL10−/− mice, retinal function retention was greater in eyes of CXCL2−/− and CXCL10−/− mice compared to that of C57BL/6J mice. Neutrophil migration into eyes of CXCL2−/− and CXCL10−/− mice was reduced to a greater degree compared to that of eyes of C57BL/6J mice. Infected CXCL2−/− and CXCL10−/− mouse eyes had significantly less inflammation compared to that of C57BL/6J eyes. Retinal structures in infected eyes of CXCL2−/− mice were preserved for a longer time than in CXCL10−/− eyes. Compared to untreated eyes, there was less inflammation and significant retention of retinal function in eyes treated with anti-CXCL2 and anti-CXCL10 with or without gatifloxacin. Conclusions For Bacillus endophthalmitis, the absence of CXCL2 or CXCL10 in mice resulted in retained retinal function and less inflammation. The absence of CXCL2 led to a better clinical outcome than the absence of CXCL10. The use of anti-CXCL2 and anti-CXCL10 limited inflammation during B. cereus endophthalmitis. These results highlight the utility of CXCL2 and CXCL10 as potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapy that can be tested in conjunction with antibiotics for improving treating Bacillus endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Phillip S Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Frederick C Miller
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Erin T Livingston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Roger Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michelle C Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Naik P, Singh S, Rudraprasad D, Dave VP, Kumar A, Joseph J. Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Triggers Differential Inflammatory Response in Patients With Endophthalmitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:26. [PMID: 34424286 PMCID: PMC8383912 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.9.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Infections with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA) lead to poor clinical outcomes in endophthalmitis patients, and its interactions with the host immune system remain largely unknown. The current study aimed to determine the association of MDR-PA infection with the cytokine expression profile in patients with endophthalmitis. Methods Vitreous of 12 patients with culture-proven MDR-PA along with 12 samples from antibiotic-susceptible P. aeruginosa (S-PA) and 20 non-infectious controls were included in the study. Expression patterns of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, and GM-CSF in the vitreous were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay and correlated with the clinical severity. We also assessed the phosphorylation level of different immune pathway molecules. Results In the MDR-PA group, significantly (P < 0.05) increased expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α was observed in comparison with the S-PA group. The increased inflammatory mediators in MDR-PA correlated with the disease severity. Additionally, the increased expression of inflammatory mediators was positively correlated to the activation levels of Akt, STAT3, JNK, p70 S6 kinase, and NF-кB (P < 0.05) in the MDR-PA group. Conclusions The current study shows the differential host immune response and phosphorylation levels of signaling molecules in MDR-PA endophthalmitis, thereby linking antibiotic resistance with distinct immune regulation. Translational Relevance This study provides evidence for the use of inflammatory mediator levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α as potential diagnostic biomarkers of MDR endophthalmitis warranting prompt administration of immune modulators to avoid irreversible damage to the retina and vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Naik
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dhanwini Rudraprasad
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vivek Pravin Dave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Coburn PS, Miller FC, Enty MA, Land C, LaGrow AL, Mursalin MH, Callegan MC. The Bacillus virulome in endophthalmitis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34032564 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is recognized as a causative agent of gastrointestinal syndromes, but can also cause a devastating form of intraocular infection known as endophthalmitis. We have previously reported that the PlcR/PapR master virulence factor regulator system regulates intraocular virulence, and that the S-layer protein (SlpA) contributes to the severity of B. cereus endophthalmitis. To better understand the role of other B. cereus virulence genes in endophthalmitis, expression of a subset of factors was measured at the midpoint of disease progression in a murine model of endophthalmitis by RNA-Seq. Several cytolytic toxins were expressed at significantly higher levels in vivo than in BHI. The virulence regulators codY, gntR, and nprR were also expressed in vivo. However, at this timepoint, plcR/papR was not detectable, although we previously reported that a B. cereus mutant deficient in PlcR was attenuated in the eye. The motility-related genes fla, fliF, and motB, and the chemotaxis-related gene cheA were detected during infection. We have shown previously that motility and chemotaxis phenotypes are important in B. cereus endophthalmitis. The sodA2 variant of manganese superoxide dismutase was the most highly expressed gene in vivo. Expression of the surface layer protein gene, slpA, an activator of Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and -4, was also detected during infection, albeit at low levels. Genes expressed in a mouse model of Bacillus endophthalmitis might play crucial roles in the unique virulence of B. cereus endophthalmitis, and serve as candidates for novel therapies designed to attenuate the severity of this often blinding infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Frederick C Miller
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Morgan A Enty
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Craig Land
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Austin L LaGrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michelle C Callegan
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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