Progression Patterns of Myopic Traction Maculopathy in the Fellow Eye After Pars Plana Vitrectomy of the Primary Eye

Progression Patterns and Risk Factors of Axial Elongation in Young Adults With Nonpathologic High Myopia: Three-Year Large Longitudinal Cohort Follow-Up

PURPOSE

To investigate the progression patterns and risk factors of axial elongation in young adults with nonpathologic high myopia.

DESIGN

Prospective, clinical observational cohort study with 2- to 4-year follow-up.

METHODS

A total of 1043 eyes of 563 participants (3515 medical records) aged 18 to 50 years with nonpathologic high myopia (axial length [AL] ≥ 26 mm; myopic maculopathy < diffuse chorioretinal atrophy; without posterior staphyloma) were included from 1546 participants (6318 medical records). Annual axial elongation was calculated via linear mixed-effect models. The associated risk factors of axial elongation were determined by ordinal logistic regression analysis, with generalized estimate equations for eliminating an interocular correlation bias.

RESULTS

Based on 5359 times of AL measurements, the annual axial elongation of participants (mean [SD] age 31.39 [9.22] years) was 0.03 mm/year (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.04; P < .001) during a 30.23 (6.06) months' follow-up. Severe (>0.1 mm/year), moderate (0.05-0.09 mm/year), mild (0-0.049 mm/year), and nil (≤0 mm/year) elongation was observed in 122 (11.7%), 211 (20.2%), 417 (40.0%), and 293 (28.1%) eyes. The following risk factors were significantly associated with axial elongation: baseline AL ≥ 28 mm (odds ratio [OR], 4.23; 95% CI, 2.95-6.06; P < .001); age < 40 years (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.18-2.28; P = .003); axial asymmetry (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.26-3.29; P = .003), and women (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.13-2.2.05; P = .006). Using antiglaucoma medications was a protective factor (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27-0.79; P = .005), which slowed 75% of axial elongation from 0.04 (0.06) to 0.01 (0.06) mm/y (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Axial elongation continued in young adults with nonpathologic myopia. Risk factors included longer baseline AL and axial asymmetry, younger age, and woman. Topical use of antiglaucoma medications may be useful to reduce ongoing axial elongation.

Vat photopolymerization of multifunctional fresnel lenses for ocular management

In this study, multifunctional Fresnel lenses were explored as a potential solution for correcting vision in patients with color vision deficiency (CVD) and high myopia. Current studies have primarily focused on color vision correction through the 3D printing of glasses and contact lenses. However, the potential of 3D-printed multifunctional devices, such as Fresnel lenses, goes beyond addressing a single vision correction issue. For this study, computer-aided design (CAD) model of Fresnel lens with high diopter based on constant height configuration was developed. The CAD model was successfully fabricated using vat photopolymerization 3D printer, employing laboratory-prepared transparent HEMA resin. The resin was modified with two Atto dyes (565 nm and 488 nm), known for their ability to filter out problematic wavelengths (400-500 nm and 540-580 nm) to address color vision deficiency. The printed lenses were characterized by their chemical, physical, and optical properties using various characterization techniques. The focusing performance was evaluated using focal length measurements, and the results obtained were less than 2 mm deviation from the design value, having the potential to assist in higher myopic vision correction. The resulting optical spectra were compared with commercial glasses, revealing close agreement for CVD correction. These results expand the potential applications of multifunctional Fresnel lenses in ophthalmology, demonstrating their effectiveness as vision-correcting lenses and imaging systems.

Characteristics and Prognostic Factors Associated With the Progression of Myopic Traction Maculopathy in Mexican Patients

Background In this study, the characteristics and prognostic factors associated with the progression of myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) were evaluated in a Mexican population. Methods This is a retrospective observational study that analyzed patients with MTM who underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT). Clinical-ocular information, the MTM classification, and initial and final visual acuity (VA) were recorded. Results In total, 101 eyes of 84 patients (mean age 63.5 ± 10.7 years) were included (88.1% female and 11.9% male). The mean spherical equivalent was -16.8 ± 6.4 D, axial length was 29.6 ± 2.1 mm, and mean initial VA was 0.8 ± 0.5 logMAR. The mean follow-up time was 25.7 ± 27.6 months. The change in final VA from diagnosis to the last follow-up was +0.1 (0.2) (p = 0.001). Overall, 24.8% of patients progressed, 72.3% did not progress, and 3% showed regression. The patient-year progression rate was 0.20 ± 0.44. Factors associated with progression were initial logMAR VA (p= 0.012) and staphyloma (p= 0.001). Conclusions One in four patients with MTM progressed, and the patient-year progression rate was 0.5. The factors associated with disease progression were initial VA and the presence of staphyloma. The characteristics of Mexican patients with MTM are similar to those described in other populations.

Risk factors and patterns for progression of fellow-eye myopic traction maculopathy: a 3-year retrospective cohort study

AIMS

To investigate the effect of preretinal tractional structures (PTS) and posterior scleral structures (PSS) on myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) progression.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included 185 fellow highly myopic eyes of 185 participants who underwent surgery for MTM. PTS included epiretinal membrane, incomplete posterior vitreous detachment and their combination. PSS included posterior staphyloma and dome-shaped macula (DSM). The MTM stage was graded according to the Myopic Traction Maculopathy Staging System. Optical coherence tomography was used to identify MTM progression, defined as an upgrade of MTM. The Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test was used to assess MTM progression over the 3-year follow-up period. Risk factors for progression were identified using Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

MTM progression was observed in 48 (25.9%) eyes. Three-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates for eyes with PTS, staphyloma and DSM were 53.7%, 58.2% and 90.7%, respectively. Eyes with PTS and staphyloma exhibited lower 3-year PFS rates than those without PTS or staphyloma (P log-rank test =0.002 and <0.001), while eyes with DSM had a higher 3-year PFS rate than eyes without DSM (P log-rank test=0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that PTS (HR, 3.23; p<0.001) and staphyloma (HR, 7.91; p<0.001) were associated with MTM progression, whereas DSM (HR, 0.23; p=0.046) was a protective factor.

CONCLUSION

Both PTS and PSS play a critical role in the progression of MTM. Addressing these factors can aid in the management of MTM.

Optic neuropathy in high myopia: Glaucoma or high myopia or both?

Due to the increasing prevalence of high myopia around the world, structural and functional damages to the optic nerve in high myopia has recently attracted much attention. Evidence has shown that high myopia is related to the development of glaucomatous or glaucoma-like optic neuropathy, and that both have many common features. These similarities often pose a diagnostic challenge that will affect the future management of glaucoma suspects in high myopia. In this review, we summarize similarities and differences in optic neuropathy arising from non-pathologic high myopia and glaucoma by considering their respective structural and functional characteristics on fundus photography, optical coherence tomography scanning, and visual field tests. These features may also help to distinguish the underlying mechanisms of the optic neuropathies and to determine management strategies for patients with high myopia and glaucoma.

Visualized analysis of research on myopic traction maculopathy based on CiteSpace

AIM

To analyze the global scientific output concerning myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) and to summarize the research frontiers and hot topics of MTM related researches.

METHODS

Data were collected for bibliometric and visualization analyses from Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection. Exported records were analyzed for titles, publication years, research institutions, journal names, authors, keywords, and abstracts using CiteSpace software version 6.1.

RESULTS

A total of 839 related studies were analyzed, the publication volume increased annually, with Asia the most active region of MTM research. Optical coherence tomography angiography, optical coherence tomography, macular hole, high myopia, macular buckling were identified as the focus of the current research. Progression, association, classification and shape were identified as the major research frontiers.

CONCLUSION

MTM is a major cause of visual loss in pathological myopic eyes. During the preceding 17y, the number of annual publications in MTM research increased gradually. Studies on the progression nature of MTM, genome-wide association study and proper classification of MTM might still be the frontiers of MTM researches.

Adaptive Optics Imaging of Inherited Retinal Disease

The human retina is amenable to direct, noninvasive visualization using a wide array of imaging modalities. In the ∼140 years since the publication of the first image of the living human retina, there has been a continued evolution of retinal imaging technology. Advances in image acquisition and processing speed now allow real-time visualization of retinal structure, which has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of eye disease. Enormous advances have come in image resolution, with adaptive optics (AO)-based systems capable of imaging the retina with single-cell resolution. In addition, newer functional imaging techniques provide the ability to assess function with exquisite spatial and temporal resolution. These imaging advances have had an especially profound impact on the field of inherited retinal disease research. Here we will review some of the advances and applications of AO retinal imaging in patients with inherited retinal disease.

Taurine protects R28 cells from hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced damage via regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism

Oxidative-induced damage and hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R) injury are common causes of irreversible visual impairment. The goals of this study were to explore the effects of taurine on R28 cells under the two damage models and the underlying mechanisms. Low doses of taurine supplementation promoted cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), SOD levels, ATP contents and attenuated cytotoxicity and intracellular ROS generation of the R28 cells under the two kinds of damage. The expression level of GTPBP3, a mitochondrial-tRNA (mt-tRNA) modification enzyme that catalyzes the taurine involved modification, was decreased under the two damage and taurine could reverse the reduction. After knocking down GTPBP3, the R28 cells become vulnerable to damage. The viability, cytotoxicity, MMP and intracellular ROS level of knockdown cells changed more obviously under the H/R injury than those of control cell. We also found that knockdown of GTPBP3 significantly decreased mitochondrial energy metabolism by measuring the oxidative respiration rate by the Seahorse XFe24 extracellular flux analyzer. The protection of low doses of taurine disappeared on knockdown R28 cells, indicating that GTPBP3 is crucial in the protection mechanisms of taurine. However, the impacts of the reduction of GTPBP3 level can be reversed by relatively high doses of taurine, implying the protection effects of taurine were dose-dependent, and there were more complicated mechanisms remain to be explored. This study explored a new mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of taurine, which depend on the GTPBP3-mediated taurine modification of mt-tRNAs and the promotion of mitochondrial energy metabolism.