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Hu BY, Xin M, Chen M, Yu P, Zeng LZ. Mesenchymal stem cells for repairing glaucomatous optic nerve. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:748-760. [PMID: 38638254 PMCID: PMC10988077 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.04.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common and complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons. Currently, there is no effective method to address the cause of RGCs degeneration. However, studies on neuroprotective strategies for optic neuropathy have increased in recent years. Cell replacement and neuroprotection are major strategies for treating glaucoma and optic neuropathy. Regenerative medicine research into the repair of optic nerve damage using stem cells has received considerable attention. Stem cells possess the potential for multidirectional differentiation abilities and are capable of producing RGC-friendly microenvironments through paracrine effects. This article reviews a thorough researches of recent advances and approaches in stem cell repair of optic nerve injury, raising the controversies and unresolved issues surrounding the future of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yu Hu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Eye School of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liu-Zhi Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610095, Sichuan Province, China
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Luo Z, Chang KC. Cell replacement with stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells from different protocols. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:807-810. [PMID: 37843215 PMCID: PMC10664109 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.381494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, characterized by a degenerative loss of retinal ganglion cells, is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. There is currently no cure for vision loss in glaucoma because retinal ganglion cells do not regenerate and are not replaced after injury. Human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cell transplant is a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal ganglion cell degenerative diseases. In this review, we first discuss a 2D protocol for retinal ganglion cell differentiation from human stem cell culture, including a rapid protocol that can generate retinal ganglion cells in less than two weeks and focus on their transplantation outcomes. Next, we discuss using 3D retinal organoids for retinal ganglion cell transplantation, comparing cell suspensions and clusters. This review provides insight into current knowledge on human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cell differentiation and transplantation, with an impact on the field of regenerative medicine and especially retinal ganglion cell degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Qin Q, Yu N, Gu Y, Ke W, Zhang Q, Liu X, Wang K, Chen M. Inhibiting multiple forms of cell death optimizes ganglion cells survival after retinal ischemia reperfusion injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:507. [PMID: 35637215 PMCID: PMC9151775 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progressive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death that triggered by retinal ischemia reperfusion (IR), leads to irreversible visual impairment and blindness, but our knowledge of post-IR neuronal death and related mechanisms is limited. In this study, we first demonstrated that apart from necroptosis, which occurs before apoptosis, ferroptosis, which is characterized by iron deposition and lipid peroxidation, is involved in the whole course of retinal IR in mice. Correspondingly, all three types of RGCs death were found in retina samples from human glaucoma donors. Further, inhibitors of apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis (z-VAD-FMK, Necrostatin-1, and Ferrostatin-1, respectively) all exhibited marked RGC protection against IR both in mice and primary cultured RGCs, with Ferrostatin-1 conferring the best therapeutic effect, suggesting ferroptosis plays a more prominent role in the process of RGC death. We also found that activated microglia, Müller cells, immune responses, and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation following IR were significantly mitigated after each inhibitor treatment, albeit to varying degrees. Moreover, Ferrostatin-1 in combination with z-VAD-FMK and Necrostatin-1 prevented IR-induced RGC death better than any inhibitor alone. These findings stand to advance our knowledge of the post-IR RGC death cascade and guide future therapy for RGC protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Qin
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Naiji Yu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Weishaer Ke
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Qi Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xin Liu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Min Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XEye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province China
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