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Chen Y, Zhao R, Fan Q, Liu M, Huang Y, Shi G. Enhancing the activation of T cells through anti-CD3/CD28 magnetic beads by adjusting the antibody ratio. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 39046102 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of anti-CD3/CD28 magnetic beads for T cell expansion in vitro has been investigated for adoptive cell transfer therapy. However, the impact of the CD3/CD28 antibody ratio on T cell differentiation and function remains incompletely elucidated. This study seeks to address this knowledge gap. To begin with, CD3 antibodies with a relatively low avidity for Jurkat cells (Kd = 13.55 nM) and CD28 antibodies with a relatively high avidity (Kd = 5.79 nM) were prepared. Afterwards, anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies with different mass ratios were attached to magnetic beads to examine the impacts of different antibody ratios on T cell capture, and proliferation. The research demonstrated that the most significant expansion of T cells was stimulated by the anti-CD3/CD28 magnetic beads with a mass ratio of 2:1 for CD3 antibodies and CD28 antibodies. Moreover, CD25 and PD1 expression of expanded T cells increased and then decreased, with lower CD25 and PD1 expression in the later stages of expansion indicating that T cells were not depleted. These T cells, which are massively expanded in vitro and have excellent expansion potential, can be infused back into the patient to treat tumor patients. This study shows that altering the ratio of anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies can control the strength of T cell stimulation, thereby leading to the improvement of T cell activation. This discovery can be utilized as a guide for the creation of other T cell stimulation approaches, which is beneficial for the further development of tumor immunotherapy technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing Scipromed Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Beijing Scipromed Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Guoqing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Underwood S, Jin J, Shao L, Prochazkova M, Shi R, Song HW, Jin P, Shah NN, Somerville RP, Stroncek DF, Highfill SL. T Cell Activators Exhibit Distinct Downstream Effects on Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Phenotype and Function. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:404-414. [PMID: 38864817 PMCID: PMC11220740 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is an essential step in chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) T (CAR T) cell manufacturing and is accomplished by the addition of activator reagents that trigger the TCR and provide costimulation. We explore several T cell activation reagents and examine their effects on key attributes of CAR T cell cultures, such as activation/exhaustion markers, cell expansion, gene expression, and transduction efficiency. Four distinct activators were examined, all using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, but incorporating different mechanisms of delivery: Dynabeads (magnetic microspheres), TransAct (polymeric nanomatrix), Cloudz (alginate hydrogel), and Microbubbles (lipid membrane containing perfluorocarbon gas). Clinical-grade lentiviral vector was used to transduce cells with a bivalent CD19/CD22 CAR, and cell counts and flow cytometry were used to monitor the cells throughout the culture. We observed differences in CD4/CD8 ratio when stimulating with the Cloudz activator, where there was a significant skewing toward CD8 T cells. The naive T cell subset expressing CD62L+CCR7+CD45RA+ was the highest in all donors when stimulating with Dynabeads, whereas effector/effector memory cells were highest when using the Cloudz. Functional assays demonstrated differences in killing of target cells and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, with the highest killing from the Cloudz-stimulated cells among all donors. This study demonstrates that the means by which these stimulatory Abs are presented to T cells contribute to the activation, resulting in differing effects on CAR T cell function. These studies highlight important differences in the final product that should be considered when manufacturing CAR T cells for patients in the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Underwood
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jianjian Jin
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lipei Shao
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rongye Shi
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hannah W. Song
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ping Jin
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nirali N. Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert P. Somerville
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David F. Stroncek
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven L. Highfill
- Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Yang X, Weng D, Pan Q, Xiang T, Yang C, Wu Z, Li M, Xie S, Tang Y, Xia J, Zhao J. Adjuvant alternative cytokine-induced killer cell combined with natural killer cell immunotherapy improves the prognosis of post-mastectomy breast cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974487. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a significantly worse prognosis due to the lack of endocrine receptors including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). In this study, we investigated adjuvant cellular immunotherapy (CIT) in patients with post-mastectomy breast cancer. We enrolled 214 post-mastectomy breast cancer patients, including 107 patients in the control group (who received chemotherapy/radiotherapy/endocrine therapy) and the other 107 patients in the CIT group (who received chemotherapy/radiotherapy/endocrine therapy and subsequent immune cell infusion). Of these 214 patients, 54 had TNBC, including 26 patients in the control group and 28 patients in the CIT group. Survival analysis showed that the overall survival rate of patients treated with cellular immunotherapy was higher than that of patients who were not treated with CIT. Compared to those who received cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells alone, the patients who received CIK combined with natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy showed the best overall survival rate. In subgroup analyses, adjuvant CIT significantly improved the overall survival of patients in the TNBC subgroup and the patients who were aged over 50 years. Our study indicates that adjuvant CIK cell combined with NK cell treatment is an effective therapeutic strategy to prolong the survival of post-mastectomy patients, particularly for TNBC patients and those who are aged over 50 years.
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Abou-El-Enein M, Elsallab M, Feldman SA, Fesnak AD, Heslop HE, Marks P, Till BG, Bauer G, Savoldo B. Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:408-422. [PMID: 34568831 PMCID: PMC8462122 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As of April 2021, there are five commercially available chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies for hematological malignancies. With the current transition of CAR T cell manufacturing from academia to industry, there is a shift toward Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant closed and automated systems to ensure reproducibility and to meet the increased demand for cancer patients. In this review we describe current CAR T cells clinical manufacturing models and discuss emerging technological advances that embrace scaling and production optimization. We summarize measures being used to shorten CAR T-cell manufacturing times and highlight regulatory challenges to scaling production for clinical use. Statement of Significance ∣ As the demand for CAR T cell cancer therapy increases, several closed and automated production platforms are being deployed, and others are in development.This review provides a critical appraisal of these technologies that can be leveraged to scale and optimize the production of next generation CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-El-Enein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Joint USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, University of Southern California, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Magdi Elsallab
- Joint USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, University of Southern California, and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Andrew D Fesnak
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Marks
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Brian G Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Institute for Regenerative Cures (IRC), University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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