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Villarroel-Campos D, Sleigh JN. Targeting muscle to treat Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1653-1654. [PMID: 38103226 PMCID: PMC10960289 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Villarroel-Campos
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - James N. Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Fabris F, Megighian A, Rossetto O, Simonato M, Schiavo G, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C. Local tetanus begins with a VAMP cleavage-associated neuromuscular junction paralysis around the site of tetanus neurotoxin release. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00208-6. [PMID: 38885925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Local tetanus develops when limited amounts of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are released by Clostridium tetani generated from spores inside a necrotic wound. Within days, a spastic paralysis restricted to the muscles of the affected anatomical area develops. This paralysis follows the retrograde transport of TeNT inside the axons of spinal cord motoneurons and its uptake by inhibitory interneurons with cleavage of VAMP, a synaptic vesicle protein required for neurotransmitter release. Consequently, incontrollable excitation of motoneurons causes contractures of innervated muscles and to local spastic paralysis. Here, the initial events occurring close to the site of TeNT release were investigated in a mouse model of local tetanus. A peripheral flaccid paralysis was found to occur, before or overlapping, the spastic one. At variance from the confined TeNT proteolytic activity at the periphery, central VAMP cleavage can be detected within inhibitory interneurons controlling motor neuron efferents innervating muscle groups distant from the site of TeNT release. These results indicate that TeNT does have a peripheral activity in tetanus and explains why the spastic paralysis observed in local tetanus, although confined to single limbs, generally affects multiple muscles. The initial TeNT neuroparalytic activity can be detected by measuring the compound muscle action potential providing a very early diagnosis and therapy thus preventing the ensuing life-threatening generalized tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Fabris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; Center of Myology CIR-Myo, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Morena Simonato
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; Center of Myology CIR-Myo, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Van Lent J, Prior R, Pérez Siles G, Cutrupi AN, Kennerson ML, Vangansewinkel T, Wolfs E, Mukherjee-Clavin B, Nevin Z, Judge L, Conklin B, Tyynismaa H, Clark AJ, Bennett DL, Van Den Bosch L, Saporta M, Timmerman V. Advances and challenges in modeling inherited peripheral neuropathies using iPSCs. Exp Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s12276-024-01250-x. [PMID: 38825644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) are a group of diseases associated with mutations in various genes with fundamental roles in the development and function of peripheral nerves. Over the past 10 years, significant advances in identifying molecular disease mechanisms underlying axonal and myelin degeneration, acquired from cellular biology studies and transgenic fly and rodent models, have facilitated the development of promising treatment strategies. However, no clinical treatment has emerged to date. This lack of treatment highlights the urgent need for more biologically and clinically relevant models recapitulating IPNs. For both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a particularly powerful platform for disease modeling and preclinical studies. In this review, we provide an update on different in vitro human cellular IPN models, including traditional two-dimensional monoculture iPSC derivatives, and recent advances in more complex human iPSC-based systems using microfluidic chips, organoids, and assembloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), BIOS+, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Robert Prior
- Universitätsklinikum Bonn (UKB), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Pérez Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony N Cutrupi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, BIOMED, Laboratory for Functional Imaging and Research on Stem Cells (FIERCE Lab), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, BIOMED, Laboratory for Functional Imaging and Research on Stem Cells (FIERCE Lab), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luke Judge
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex J Clark
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Saporta
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Tadenev ALD, Hatton CL, Burgess RW. Lack of effect from genetic deletion of Hdac6 in a humanized mouse model of CMT2D. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2024; 29:213-220. [PMID: 38551018 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of HDAC6 has been proposed as a broadly applicable therapeutic strategy for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). Inhibition of HDAC6 increases the acetylation of proteins important in axonal trafficking, such as α-tubulin and Miro, and has been shown to be efficacious in several preclinical studies using mouse models of CMT. AIMS Here, we sought to expand on previous preclinical studies by testing the effect of genetic deletion of Hdac6 on mice carrying a humanized knockin allele of Gars1, a model of CMT-type 2D. METHODS Gars1ΔETAQ mice were bred to an Hdac6 knockout strain, and the resulting offspring were evaluated for clinically relevant outcomes. RESULTS The genetic deletion of Hdac6 increased α-tubulin acetylation in the sciatic nerves of both wild-type and Gars1ΔETAQ mice. However, when tested at 5 weeks of age, the Gars1ΔETAQ mice lacking Hdac6 showed no changes in body weight, muscle atrophy, grip strength or endurance, sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity, compound muscle action potential amplitude, or peripheral nerve histopathology compared to Gars1ΔETAQ mice with intact Hdac6. INTERPRETATION Our results differ from those of two previous studies that demonstrated the benefit of the HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A in mouse models of CMT2D. While we cannot fully explain the different outcomes, our results offer a counterexample to the benefit of inhibiting HDAC6 in CMT2D, suggesting additional research is necessary.
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Rhymes ER, Simkin RL, Qu J, Villarroel-Campos D, Surana S, Tong Y, Shapiro R, Burgess RW, Yang XL, Schiavo G, Sleigh JN. Boosting BDNF in muscle rescues impaired axonal transport in a mouse model of DI-CMTC peripheral neuropathy. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 195:106501. [PMID: 38583640 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetic peripheral neuropathy caused by mutations in many functionally diverse genes. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) enzymes, which transfer amino acids to partner tRNAs for protein synthesis, represent the largest protein family genetically linked to CMT aetiology, suggesting pathomechanistic commonalities. Dominant intermediate CMT type C (DI-CMTC) is caused by YARS1 mutations driving a toxic gain-of-function in the encoded tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), which is mediated by exposure of consensus neomorphic surfaces through conformational changes of the mutant protein. In this study, we first showed that human DI-CMTC-causing TyrRSE196K mis-interacts with the extracellular domain of the BDNF receptor TrkB, an aberrant association we have previously characterised for several mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetases linked to CMT type 2D (CMT2D). We then performed temporal neuromuscular assessments of YarsE196K mice modelling DI-CMT. We determined that YarsE196K homozygotes display a selective, age-dependent impairment in in vivo axonal transport of neurotrophin-containing signalling endosomes, phenocopying CMT2D mice. This impairment is replicated by injection of recombinant TyrRSE196K, but not TyrRSWT, into muscles of wild-type mice. Augmenting BDNF in DI-CMTC muscles, through injection of recombinant protein or muscle-specific gene therapy, resulted in complete axonal transport correction. Therefore, this work identifies a non-cell autonomous pathomechanism common to ARS-related neuropathies, and highlights the potential of boosting BDNF levels in muscles as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rebecca L Simkin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ji Qu
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Villarroel-Campos
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sunaina Surana
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yao Tong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - James N Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Rhymes ER, Simkin RL, Qu J, Villarroel-Campos D, Surana S, Tong Y, Shapiro R, Burgess RW, Yang XL, Schiavo G, Sleigh JN. Boosting BDNF in muscle rescues impaired axonal transport in a mouse model of DI-CMTC peripheral neuropathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.09.536152. [PMID: 38559020 PMCID: PMC10979848 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetic peripheral neuropathy caused by mutations in many functionally diverse genes. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) enzymes, which transfer amino acids to partner tRNAs for protein synthesis, represent the largest protein family genetically linked to CMT aetiology, suggesting pathomechanistic commonalities. Dominant intermediate CMT type C (DI-CMTC) is caused by YARS1 mutations driving a toxic gain-of-function in the encoded tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), which is mediated by exposure of consensus neomorphic surfaces through conformational changes of the mutant protein. In this study, we first showed that human DI-CMTC-causing TyrRSE196K mis-interacts with the extracellular domain of the BDNF receptor TrkB, an aberrant association we have previously characterised for several mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetases linked to CMT type 2D (CMT2D). We then performed temporal neuromuscular assessments of YarsE196K mice modelling DI-CMT. We determined that YarsE196K homozygotes display a selective, age-dependent impairment in in vivo axonal transport of neurotrophin-containing signalling endosomes, phenocopying CMT2D mice. This impairment is replicated by injection of recombinant TyrRSE196K, but not TyrRSWT, into muscles of wild-type mice. Augmenting BDNF in DI-CMTC muscles, through injection of recombinant protein or muscle-specific gene therapy, resulted in complete axonal transport correction. Therefore, this work identifies a non-cell autonomous pathomechanism common to ARS-related neuropathies, and highlights the potential of boosting BDNF levels in muscles as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rebecca L. Simkin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ji Qu
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Villarroel-Campos
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sunaina Surana
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yao Tong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - James N. Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Pocratsky AM, Sleigh JN. Intraperitoneal Injection of Neonatal Mice. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4826. [PMID: 37753468 PMCID: PMC10518777 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of substances into neonatal mice is required for early treatment with pre-clinical therapeutics, delivery of recombination-inducing substances, and dosing with viruses or toxins, amongst other things. Several injection routes into mouse pups are possible, including intravenous and intracerebroventricular, each with their own advantages and limitations. Here, we describe a simple and rapid protocol for the intraperitoneal injection of neonatal mice for systemic dosing. By detaching a 30-gauge needle from its plastic hub and inserting it into polyethylene tubing attached to a Hamilton syringe, small volumes (1-10 μL) can be accurately injected into the peritoneal cavity of pups aged 1-5 days old. The procedure can be completed within a few minutes, is generally safe and well tolerated by both pups and parents, and can be used in combination with alternative administration routes. Key features • This protocol provides a simple description to rapidly and efficiently inject mouse pups aged 1-5 days for systemic dosing. • Allows treatment of neonatal mice with substances such as viruses and compounds for research across disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Pocratsky
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - James N. Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Tosolini AP, Smith GM. Editorial: Gene therapy for the central and peripheral nervous system, volume II. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1258458. [PMID: 37593465 PMCID: PMC10431961 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1258458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Tosolini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - George M. Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Sha Z, Xu J, Li N, Li O. Regulatory Molecules of Synaptic Plasticity in Anxiety Disorder. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:2877-2886. [PMID: 37435365 PMCID: PMC10332425 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s413176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is the capacity of synaptic transmission between neurons to be strengthened or weakened. There are many signal molecules accumulated in the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes that can lead to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and involvement in numerous of neurological and psychiatric diseases, including anxiety disorder. However, the regulatory mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the development of anxiety disorder have not been well summarized. This review mainly aims to discuss the biological functions and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity-related molecules in anxiety disorder, with a particular focus on the metabotropic glutamate receptors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, and postsynaptic density 95. The summarized functions and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity-related molecules in anxiety will provide insight into novel neuroplasticity modifications for targeted therapy for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Sha
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ou Li
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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