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Papa V, Li Pomi F, Borgia F, Vaccaro M, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Alarmins in cutaneous malignant melanoma: An updated overview of emerging evidence on their pathogenetic, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic role. J Dermatol 2024; 51:927-938. [PMID: 38775220 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Malignant cutaneous melanoma is the leading cause of death for skin cancer to date, with globally increasing incidence rates. In this epidemiological scenario, international scientific research is exerting efforts to identify new clinical strategies aimed at the prognostic amelioration of the disease. Very promising and groundbreaking in this context is the scientific interest related to alarmins and their pioneering utility in the setting of the pathogenetic understanding, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for malignant cutaneous melanoma. However, the scientific investigations on this matter should not overlook their still well-presented dual and contradictory role. The aim of our critical analysis is to provide an up-to-date overview of the emerging evidence concerning the dichotomous role of alarmins in the aforementioned clinical settings. Our literature revision was based on the extensive body of both preclinical and clinical findings published on the PubMed database over the past 5 years. In addition to this, we offer a special focus on potentially revolutionary new therapeutic frontiers, which, on the strength of their earliest successes in other clinical areas, could inaugurate a new era of personalized and precision medicine in the field of dermato-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Papa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Li Pomi
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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2
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Song L, Yang Y, Tian X. Current knowledge about immunotherapy resistance for melanoma and potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:17. [PMID: 38835341 PMCID: PMC11149101 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma still reaches thousands of new diagnoses per year, and its aggressiveness makes recovery challenging, especially for those with stage III/IV unresectable melanoma. Immunotherapy, emerging as a beacon of hope, stands at the forefront of treatments for advanced melanoma. This review delves into the various immunotherapeutic strategies, prominently featuring cytokine immunotherapy, adoptive cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and vaccinations. Among these, immune checkpoint inhibitors, notably anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, emerge as the leading strategy. However, a significant subset of melanoma patients remains unresponsive to these inhibitors, underscoring the need for potent biomarkers. Efficient biomarkers have the potential to revolutionize the therapeutic landscape by facilitating the design of personalized treatments for patients with melanoma. This comprehensive review highlights the latest advancements in melanoma immunotherapy and potential biomarkers at the epicenter of recent research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanni Song
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Bio-pharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
- College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Bio-pharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
- College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
- Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory for Applied Biomedical and Bio-pharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
- College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Noujarède J, Carrié L, Garcia V, Grimont M, Eberhardt A, Mucher E, Genais M, Schreuder A, Carpentier S, Ségui B, Nieto L, Levade T, Puig S, Torres T, Malvehy J, Harou O, Lopez J, Dalle S, Caramel J, Gibot L, Riond J, Andrieu-Abadie N. Sphingolipid paracrine signaling impairs keratinocyte adhesion to promote melanoma invasion. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113586. [PMID: 38113139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer due to its propensity to metastasize. It arises from melanocytes, which are attached to keratinocytes within the basal epidermis. Here, we hypothesize that, in addition to melanocyte-intrinsic modifications, dysregulation of keratinocyte functions could initiate early-stage melanoma cell invasion. We identified the lysolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) as a tumor paracrine signal from melanoma cells that modifies the keratinocyte transcriptome and reduces their adhesive properties, leading to tumor invasion. Mechanistically, tumor cell-derived S1P reduced E-cadherin expression in keratinocytes via S1P receptor dependent Snail and Slug activation. All of these effects were blocked by S1P2/3 antagonists. Importantly, we showed that epidermal E-cadherin expression was inversely correlated with the expression of the S1P-producing enzyme in neighboring tumors and the Breslow thickness in patients with early-stage melanoma. These findings support the notion that E-cadherin loss in the epidermis initiates the metastatic cascade in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Noujarède
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorry Carrié
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Garcia
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxime Grimont
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anaïs Eberhardt
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Elodie Mucher
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Matthieu Genais
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Schreuder
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Carpentier
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Nieto
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Levade
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain & CIBER of Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Torres
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain & CIBER of Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain & CIBER of Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Harou
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Jonathan Lopez
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service de Dermatologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Julie Caramel
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Gibot
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, CNRS UMR5623, Toulouse, France
| | - Joëlle Riond
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Lin S, Shen R, Huang J, Liu Y, Li H, Xu Q. Identification of genomic-wide genetic links between cutaneous melanoma and obesity-related physical traits via cFDR. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1549-1562. [PMID: 37768517 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested the comorbidity between cutaneous melanoma (CM) and obesity-related physical traits. However, it remains unclear about their shared genetic architecture. OBJECTIVE To determine the shared genetic architecture between CM and obesity-related physical traits through conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) analysis. METHOD Quantile-quantile plots were firstly built to assess the pleiotropic enrichment of shared single nucleotide polymorphisms between CM and each trait. Then, cFDR and conjunctional cFDR (ccFDR) were used to identify the shared risk loci between CM and each trait. Moreover, the functional evaluation of shared risk genes was carried out through analyses of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and gene ontology, respectively. Finally, single-cell sequence analysis was performed to locate the expression of eQTL-mapped genes in tissues. RESULTS Successive pleiotropic enrichment was found between CM and 5 obesity-related traits or height. 24 shared risk loci were identified between CM and 13 traits except appendicular lean mass using ccFDR analysis, with 17 novel and 4 validated loci. The functions of ccFDR-identified and eQTL-mapped genes were revealed to be mainly involved in cellular senescence, proliferation, meiotic nuclear division, cell cycle, and the metabolism of lipid, cholesterol and glucose. Single-cell sequence analysis showed that keratinocytes contribute to the occurrence and aggressiveness of CM through secreting paracrine cytokines. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the significant genetic correlation between CM and obesity-related physical traits, which may provide a novel genetical basis for the pathogenesis and treatment of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lin
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runnan Shen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingqian Huang
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhan Liu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfang Xu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Marcella S, Petraroli A, Canè L, Ferrara AL, Poto R, Parente R, Palestra F, Cristinziano L, Modestino L, Galdiero MR, Monti M, Marone G, Triggiani M, Varricchi G, Loffredo S. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a substrate for tryptase in patients with mastocytosis. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 117:111-118. [PMID: 37500310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease associated to uncontrolled proliferation and increased density of mast cells in different organs. This clonal disorder is related to gain-of-function pathogenic variants of the c-kit gene that encodes for KIT (CD117) expressed on mast cell membrane. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine, which plays a key role in allergic disorders and several cancers. TSLP is a survival and activating factor for human mast cells through the engagement of the TSLP receptor. Activated human mast cells release several preformed mediators, including tryptase. Increased mast cell-derived tryptase is a diagnostic biomarker of mastocytosis. In this study, we found that in these patients serum concentrations of TSLP were lower than healthy donors. There was an inverse correlation between TSLP and tryptase concentrations in mastocytosis. Incubation of human recombinant TSLP with sera from patients with mastocytosis, containing increasing concentrations of tryptase, concentration-dependently decreased TSLP immunoreactivity. Similarly, recombinant β-tryptase reduced the immunoreactivity of recombinant TSLP, inducing the formation of a cleavage product of approximately 10 kDa. Collectively, these results indicate that TSLP is a substrate for human mast cell tryptase and highlight a novel loop involving these mediators in mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Petraroli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luisa Canè
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Roberta Parente
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Francesco Palestra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Leonardo Cristinziano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples 80131, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Erbs V, Lorentz R, Eisenman B, Schaeffer L, Luppi L, Lindner L, Hérault Y, Pavlovic G, Wattenhofer-Donzé M, Birling MC. Increased On-Target Rate and Risk of Concatemerization after CRISPR-Enhanced Targeting in ES Cells. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020401. [PMID: 36833328 PMCID: PMC9957269 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The French mouse clinic (Institut Clinique de la Souris; ICS) has produced more than 2000 targeting vectors for 'à la carte' mutagenesis in C57BL/6N mice. Although most of the vectors were used successfully for homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs), a few have failed to target a specific locus after several attempts. We show here that co-electroporation of a CRISPR plasmid with the same targeting construct as the one that failed previously allows the systematic achievement of positive clones. A careful validation of these clones is, however, necessary as a significant number of clones (but not all) show a concatemerization of the targeting plasmid at the locus. A detailed Southern blot analysis permitted characterization of the nature of these events as standard long-range 5' and 3' PCRs were not able to distinguish between correct and incorrect alleles. We show that a simple and inexpensive PCR performed prior to ESC amplification allows detection and elimination of those clones with concatemers. Finally, although we only tested murine ESCs, our results highlight the risk of mis-validation of any genetically modified cell line (such as established lines, induced pluripotent stem cells or those used for ex vivo gene therapy) that combines the use of CRISPR/Cas9 and a circular double-stranded donor. We strongly advise the CRISPR community to perform a Southern blot with internal probes when using CRISPR to enhance homologous recombination in any cell type, including fertilized oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Erbs
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Romain Lorentz
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Benjamin Eisenman
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Laurence Schaeffer
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Laurence Luppi
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Loic Lindner
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Yann Hérault
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marie Wattenhofer-Donzé
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- Correspondence:
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