TAp63, a methotrexate target in CD4+ T cells, suppresses Foxp3 expression and exacerbates autoimmune arthritis

Stage-specific GATA3 induction promotes ILC2 development after lineage commitment

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a subset of innate lymphocytes that produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. GATA3 is a critical transcription factor for ILC2 development at multiple stages. However, when and how GATA3 is induced to the levels required for ILC2 development remains unclear. Herein, we identify ILC2-specific GATA3-related tandem super-enhancers (G3SE) that induce high GATA3 in ILC2-committed precursors. G3SE-deficient mice exhibit ILC2 deficiency in the bone marrow, lung, liver, and small intestine with minimal impact on other ILC lineages or Th2 cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and subsequent flow cytometry analysis show that GATA3 induction mechanism, which is required for entering the ILC2 stage, is lost in IL-17RB+PD-1- late ILC2-committed precursor stage in G3SE-deficient mice. Cnot6l, part of the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex, is a possible GATA3 target during ILC2 development. Our findings implicate a stage-specific regulatory mechanism for GATA3 expression during ILC2 development.

Futuristic Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation and joint destruction, leading to significant morbidity and reduced quality of life. Although significant progress has been made in the management of RA over the past few decades, many patients still fail to respond adequately to currently available therapies. This article aims to review the current landscape of RA treatment and explore potential novel therapeutic approaches that hold promise for the future. Advances in our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of the disease have led to the identification of new targets and the development of innovative treatment strategies. This review focuses on emerging therapies including small molecule inhibitors, targeted biologics, cell-based therapies, and gene editing technologies that have shown potential in preclinical and early clinical trials. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the use of these new approaches in the treatment of RA. By elucidating the future of novel therapeutic approaches, this article provides insights that can guide clinicians and researchers in their efforts to improve outcomes for patients with RA.