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Han SM, Nahmgoong H, Yim KM, Kim JB. How obesity affects adipocyte turnover. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00185-1. [PMID: 39095230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cellular turnover is fundamental for tissue homeostasis and integrity. Adipocyte turnover, accounting for 4% of the total cellular mass turnover in humans, is essential for adipose tissue homeostasis during metabolic stress. In obesity, an altered adipose tissue microenvironment promotes adipocyte death. To clear dead adipocytes, macrophages are recruited and form a distinctive structure known as crown-like structure; subsequently, new adipocytes are generated from adipose stem and progenitor cells in the adipogenic niche to replace dead adipocytes. Accumulating evidence indicates that adipocyte death, clearance, and adipogenesis are sophisticatedly orchestrated during adipocyte turnover. In this Review, we summarize our current understandings of each step in adipocyte turnover, discussing its key players and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mun Han
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Nahmgoong
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Yim
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Q, Hartig SM, Ballantyne CM, Wu H. The multifaceted life of macrophages in white adipose tissue: Immune shift couples with metabolic switch. Immunol Rev 2024; 324:11-24. [PMID: 38683173 PMCID: PMC11262992 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a vital endocrine organ that regulates energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. In addition to fat cells, WAT harbors macrophages with distinct phenotypes that play crucial roles in immunity and metabolism. Nutrient demands cause macrophages to accumulate in WAT niches, where they remodel the microenvironment and produce beneficial or detrimental effects on systemic metabolism. Given the abundance of macrophages in WAT, this review summarizes the heterogeneity of WAT macrophages in physiological and pathological conditions, including their alterations in quantity, phenotypes, characteristics, and functions during WAT growth and development, as well as healthy or unhealthy expansion. We will discuss the interactions of macrophages with other cell partners in WAT including adipose stem cells, adipocytes, and T cells in the context of various microenvironment niches in lean or obese condition. Finally, we highlight how adipose tissue macrophages merge immunity and metabolic changes to govern energy balance for the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Sean M. Hartig
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | | | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
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Bailin SS, Gabriel CL, Gangula RD, Hannah L, Nair S, Carr JJ, Terry JG, Silver HJ, Simmons JD, Mashayekhi M, Kalams SA, Mallal S, Kropski JA, Wanjalla CN, Koethe JR. Single-cell Analysis of Subcutaneous Fat Reveals Pro-fibrotic Cells that Correlate with Visceral Adiposity in HIV. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae369. [PMID: 38820087 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cardiometabolic diseases are common in persons with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has been attributed to preferential lipid storage in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). However, the relationship of SAT-specific cellular and molecular programs with VAT volume is poorly understood in PWH. OBJECTIVE We characterized SAT cell-type specific composition and transcriptional programs that are associated with greater VAT volume in PWH on contemporary ART. METHODS We enrolled PWH on long-term ART with a spectrum of metabolic health. Ninety-two participants underwent SAT biopsy for bulk RNA sequencing and 43 had single-cell RNA sequencing. Computed tomography quantified VAT volume and insulin resistance was calculated using HOMA2-IR. RESULTS VAT volume was associated with HOMA2-IR (p < 0.001). Higher proportions of SAT intermediate macrophages (IMs), myofibroblasts, and MYOC + fibroblasts were associated with greater VAT volume using partial Spearman's correlation adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (ρ=0.34-0.49, p < 0.05 for all). Whole SAT transcriptomics showed PWH with greater VAT volume have increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)- and inflammation-associated genes, and reduced expression of lipolysis- and fatty acid metabolism-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS In PWH, greater VAT volume is associated with higher proportion of SAT IMs and fibroblasts, and a SAT ECM and inflammatory transcriptome, which is similar to findings in HIV-negative persons with obesity. These data identify SAT cell-type specific changes associated with VAT volume in PWH that could underlie the high rates of cardiometabolic diseases in PWH, though additional longitudinal studies are needed to define directionality and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Bailin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Curtis L Gabriel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rama D Gangula
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - LaToya Hannah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James G Terry
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heidi J Silver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua D Simmons
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Insitute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Deparment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Celestine N Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John R Koethe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Xu R, Vujić N, Bianco V, Reinisch I, Kratky D, Krstic J, Prokesch A. Lipid-associated macrophages between aggravation and alleviation of metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00092-4. [PMID: 38705759 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) are phagocytic cells with lipid-handling capacity identified in various metabolic derangements. During disease development, they locate to atherosclerotic plaques, adipose tissue (AT) of individuals with obesity, liver lesions in steatosis and steatohepatitis, and the intestinal lamina propria. LAMs can also emerge in the metabolically demanding microenvironment of certain tumors. In this review, we discuss major questions regarding LAM recruitment, differentiation, and self-renewal, and, ultimately, their acute and chronic functional impact on the development of metabolic diseases. Further studies need to clarify whether and under which circumstances LAMs drive disease progression or resolution and how their phenotype can be modulated to ameliorate metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Xu
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujić
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Valentina Bianco
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabel Reinisch
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Krstic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Robino JJ, Plekhanov AP, Zhu Q, Jensen MD, Scherer PE, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT) for automated analysis of adipocyte size and extracellular matrix in white adipose tissue. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:723-732. [PMID: 38321231 PMCID: PMC10965369 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathological expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity involves adipocyte hypertrophy accompanied by expansion of the collagen-rich pericellular extracellular matrix (ECM) and development of crown-like structures (CLS). Traditionally, WAT morphology is assessed through immunohistochemical analysis of WAT sections. However, manual analysis of large histological sections is time-consuming, and the available digital tools for analyzing adipocyte size and pericellular ECM are limited. To address this gap, the authors developed the Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT), an ImageJ plugin facilitating analysis of adipocyte size, WAT ECM, and CLS. METHODS AND RESULTS ATAT utilizes local and image-level differentials in pixel intensity to independently threshold image background, distinguishing adipocyte-free tissue without user input. It accurately captures adipocytes in histological sections stained with common dyes and automates the analysis of adipocyte cross-sectional area, total-field, and localized region-of-interest ECM. ATAT allows fully automated batch analysis of histological images using default or user-defined adipocyte detection parameters. CONCLUSIONS ATAT provides several advantages over existing WAT image analysis tools, enabling high-throughput analyses of adipocyte-specific parameters and facilitating the assessment of ECM changes associated with WAT remodeling due to weight changes and other pathophysiological alterations that affect WAT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Robino
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexander P. Plekhanov
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles T. Roberts
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Kado T, Nishimura A, Tobe K. History and future perspectives of adipose tissue macrophage biology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1373182. [PMID: 38562458 PMCID: PMC10982364 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1373182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to adipose tissue homeostasis; however, they are also thought to be responsible for insulin resistance in obesity. Macrophages, which were oversimplified in past methodologies, have become rather difficult to understand comprehensively as recent developments in research methodology have revealed their diversity. This review highlights recent studies on adipose tissue macrophages, identifies controversial issues that need to be resolved and proposes a scenario for further development of adipose tissue macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Jiang Y, Yu W, Hu T, Peng H, Hu F, Yuan Y, Liu X, Lai S, Zhou J, Dong X. Unveiling macrophage diversity in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: identification of a distinct lipid-associated macrophage subset. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335333. [PMID: 38449872 PMCID: PMC10915075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Macrophages play a crucial and dichotomous role cardiac repair following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, as they can both facilitate tissue healing and contribute to injury. This duality is intricately linked to environmental factors, and the identification of macrophage subtypes within the context of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) may offer insights for the development of more precise intervention strategies. Methods Specific marker genes were used to identify macrophage subtypes in GSE227088 (mouse single-cell RNA sequencing dataset). Genome Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was further employed to validate the identified LAM subtypes. Trajectory analysis and single-cell regulatory network inference were executed using the R packages Monocle2 and SCENIC, respectively. The conservation of LAM was verified using human ischemic cardiomyopathy heart failure samples from the GSE145154 (human single-cell RNA sequencing dataset). Fluorescent homologous double-labeling experiments were performed to determine the spatial localization of LAM-tagged gene expression in the MIRI mouse model. Results In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was employed to investigate the cellular landscape in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Macrophage subtypes, including a novel Lipid-Associated Macrophage (LAM) subtype characterized by high expression of Spp1, Trem2, and other genes, were identified. Enrichment and Progeny pathway analyses highlighted the distinctive functional role of the SPP1+ LAM subtype, particularly in lipid metabolism and the regulation of the MAPK pathway. Pseudotime analysis revealed the dynamic differentiation of macrophage subtypes during IRI, with the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in specific clusters. Transcription factor analysis using SCENIC identified key regulators associated with macrophage differentiation. Furthermore, validation in human samples confirmed the presence of SPP1+ LAM. Co-staining experiments provided definitive evidence of LAM marker expression in the infarct zone. These findings shed light on the role of LAM in IRI and its potential as a therapeutic target. Conclusion In conclusion, the study identifies SPP1+ LAM macrophages in ischemia-reperfusion injury and highlights their potential in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenpeng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tie Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hanzhi Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fajia Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Haematology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Songqing Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianliang Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Kim DM, Lee JH, Pan Q, Han HW, Shen Z, Eshghjoo S, Wu CS, Yang W, Noh JY, Threadgill DW, Guo S, Wright G, Alaniz R, Sun Y. Nutrient-sensing growth hormone secretagogue receptor in macrophage programming and meta-inflammation. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101852. [PMID: 38092245 PMCID: PMC10772824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated chronic inflammation, aka meta-inflammation, is a key pathogenic driver for obesity-associated comorbidity. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is known to mediate the effects of nutrient-sensing hormone ghrelin in food intake and fat deposition. We previously reported that global Ghsr ablation protects against diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, but the site(s) of action and mechanism are unknown. Macrophages are key drivers of meta-inflammation. To unravel the role of GHSR in macrophages, we generated myeloid-specific Ghsr knockout mice (LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f). METHODS LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f and control Ghsrf/f mice were subjected to 5 months of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding to induce obesity. In vivo, metabolic profiling of food intake, physical activity, and energy expenditure, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) were performed. At termination, peritoneal macrophages (PMs), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and liver were analyzed by flow cytometry and histology. For ex vivo studies, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were generated from the mice and treated with palmitic acid (PA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For in vitro studies, macrophage RAW264.7 cells with Ghsr overexpression or Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) knockdown were studied. RESULTS We found that Ghsr expression in PMs was increased under HFD feeding. In vivo, HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited significantly attenuated systemic inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting food intake or body weight. Tissue analysis showed that HFD-fed LysM-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice have significantly decreased monocyte/macrophage infiltration, pro-inflammatory activation, and lipid accumulation, showing elevated lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) in eWAT and liver. Ex vivo, Ghsr-deficient macrophages protected against PA- or LPS-induced pro-inflammatory polarization, showing reduced glycolysis, increased fatty acid oxidation, and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. At molecular level, GHSR metabolically programs macrophage polarization through PKA-CREB-IRS2-AKT2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These novel results demonstrate that macrophage GHSR plays a key role in the pathogenesis of meta-inflammation, and macrophage GHSR promotes macrophage infiltration and induces pro-inflammatory polarization. These exciting findings suggest that GHSR may serve as a novel immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and its associated comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jong Han Lee
- Department of Marine Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, South Korea; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Quan Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hye Won Han
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sahar Eshghjoo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Agilent technologies, Aanta Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wanbao Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Noh
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gus Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Tlaloc Therapeutics Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Robino JJ, Plekhanov AP, Zhu Q, Jensen MD, Scherer PE, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT) for Automated Analysis of Adipocyte Size and Extracellular Matrix in White Adipose Tissue. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.571339. [PMID: 38318208 PMCID: PMC10843162 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Objective The pathological expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity involves adipocyte hypertrophy accompanied by expansion of collagen-rich pericellular extracellular matrix (ECM) and the development of crown-like structures (CLS). Traditionally, WAT morphology is assessed through immunohistochemical analysis of WAT sections. However, manual analysis of large histological sections is time-consuming, and available digital tools for analyzing adipocyte size and pericellular ECM are limited. To address this gap, we developed the Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT), an ImageJ plugin facilitating analysis of adipocyte size, WAT ECM and CLS. Methods and Results ATAT utilizes local and image-level differentials in pixel intensity to independently threshold background, distinguishing adipocyte-free tissue without user input. It accurately captures adipocytes in histological sections stained with common dyes and automates the analysis of adipocyte cross-sectional area, total-field, and localized region-of-interest ECM. ATAT allows fully automated batch analysis of histological images using default or user-defined adipocyte detection parameters. Conclusions ATAT provides several advantages over existing WAT image analysis tools, enabling high-throughput analyses of adipocyte-specific parameters and facilitating the assessment of ECM changes associated with WAT remodeling due to weight changes and other pathophysiological alterations that affect WAT function. Study Importance Questions What is already known about this subject?: The manual analysis of large WAT histological sections is very time-consuming, while digital tools for the analysis of WAT are limited.What are the new findings in your manuscript?: - ATAT enables fully automated analysis of batches of histological images using either default or user-defined adipocyte detection parameters- ATAT allows high-throughput analyses of adipocyte-specific parameters and pericellular extracellular matrix- ATAT enables the assessment of fibrotic changes associated with WAT remodeling and crown-like structuresHow might your results change the direction of research or the focus of clinical practice?: - ATAT is designed to work with histological sections and digital images obtained using a slide scanner or a microscope.- This tool will help basic and clinical researchers to conduct automated analyses of adipose tissue histological sections.
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