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Shi S, Wang J, Gong H, Huang X, Mu B, Cheng X, Feng B, Jia L, Luo Q, Liu W, Chen Z, Huang C. PGC-1α-Coordinated Hypothalamic Antioxidant Defense Is Linked to SP1-LanCL1 Axis during High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:252. [PMID: 38397850 PMCID: PMC10885970 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
High-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity parallels hypothalamic inflammation and oxidative stress, but the correlations between them are not well-defined. Here, with mouse models targeting the antioxidant gene LanCL1 in the hypothalamus, we demonstrate that impaired hypothalamic antioxidant defense aggravates HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation and obesity progress, and these could be improved in mice with elevated hypothalamic antioxidant defense. We also show that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a critical transcriptional coactivator, is implicated in regulating hypothalamic LanCL1 transcription, in collaboration with SP1 through a direct interaction, in response to HFD-induced palmitic acid (PA) accumulation. According to our results, when exposed to HFD, mice undergo a process of overwhelming hypothalamic antioxidant defense; short-time HFD exposure induces ROS production to activate PGC-1α and elevate LanCL1-mediated antioxidant defense, while long-time exposure promotes ubiquitin-mediated PGC-1α degradation and suppresses LanCL1 expression. Our findings show the critical importance of the hypothalamic PGC-1α-SP1-LanCL1 axis in regulating HFD-induced obesity, and provide new insights describing the correlations of hypothalamic inflammation and oxidative stress during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shi
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jichen Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huan Gong
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.H.); (B.F.)
| | - Bin Mu
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangyu Cheng
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.H.); (B.F.)
| | - Lanlan Jia
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.S.); (J.W.); (H.G.); (B.M.); (X.C.); (L.J.); (Q.L.); (W.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Endothelial NOX5 Expression Modulates Thermogenesis and Lipolysis in Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes through an Interleukin-6 Dependent Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010030. [PMID: 35052534 PMCID: PMC8772862 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health issue associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, which correlates with insulin resistance, altered lipid homeostasis, and other pathologies. One of the mechanisms involved in the development of these pathologies is the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the main producers of ROS is the family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, among which NOX5 is the most recently discovered member. The aim of the present work is to describe the effect of endothelial NOX5 expression on neighboring adipose tissue in obesity conditions by using two systems. An in vivo model based on NOX5 conditional knock-in mice fed with a high-fat diet and an in vitro model developed with 3T3-L1 adipocytes cultured with conditioned media of endothelial NOX5-expressing bEnd.3 cells, previously treated with glucose and palmitic acid. Endothelial NOX5 expression promoted the expression and activation of specific markers of thermogenesis and lipolysis in the mesenteric and epididymal fat of those mice fed with a high-fat diet. Additionally, the activation of these processes was derived from an increase in IL-6 production as a result of NOX5 activity. Accordingly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with conditioned media of endothelial NOX5-expressing cells, presented higher expression of thermogenic and lipolytic genes. Moreover, endothelial NOX5-expressing bEnd.3 cells previously treated with glucose and palmitic acid also showed interleukin (IL-6) production. Finally, it seems that the increase in IL-6 stimulated the activation of markers of thermogenesis and lipolysis through phosphorylation of STAT3 and AMPK, respectively. In conclusion, in response to obesogenic conditions, endothelial NOX5 activity could promote thermogenesis and lipolysis in the adipose tissue by regulating IL-6 production.
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Activation of GCN2/ATF4 signals in amygdalar PKC-δ neurons promotes WAT browning under leucine deprivation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2847. [PMID: 32504036 PMCID: PMC7275074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has got much attention for its potential beneficial effects on metabolic disorders, however, the nutritional factors and neuronal signals involved remain largely unknown. We sought to investigate whether WAT browning is stimulated by leucine deprivation, and whether the amino acid sensor, general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2), in amygdalar protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) neurons contributes to this regulation. Our results show that leucine deficiency can induce WAT browning, which is unlikely to be caused by food intake, but is largely blocked by PKC-δ neuronal inhibition and amygdalar GCN2 deletion. Furthermore, GCN2 knockdown in amygdalar PKC-δ neurons blocks WAT browning, which is reversed by over-expression of amino acid responsive gene activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and is mediated by the activities of amygdalar PKC-δ neurons and the sympathetic nervous system. Our data demonstrate that GCN2/ATF4 can regulate WAT browning in amygdalar PKC-δ neurons under leucine deprivation. The browning of white adipose tissue has potential benefits on metabolic disorders, but the nutritional factors and neuronal signals that mediate browning remain incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that leucine deprivation can induce WAT browning via GCN2/ATF4 signaling in amygdalar PKC-δ neurons.
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González-García I, Milbank E, Martinez-Ordoñez A, Diéguez C, López M, Contreras C. HYPOTHesizing about central comBAT against obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:193-211. [PMID: 31845114 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region in charge of many vital functions. Among them, BAT thermogenesis represents an essential physiological function to maintain body temperature. In the metabolic context, it has now been established that energy expenditure attributed to BAT function can contribute to the energy balance in a substantial extent. Thus, therapeutic interest in this regard has increased in the last years and some studies have shown that BAT function in humans can make a real contribution to improve diabetes and obesity-associated diseases. Nevertheless, how the hypothalamus controls BAT activity is still not fully understood. Despite the fact that much has been known about the mechanisms that regulate BAT activity in recent years, and that the central regulation of thermogenesis offers a very promising target, many questions remain still unsolved. Among them, the possible human application of knowledge obtained from rodent studies, and drug administration strategies able to specifically target the hypothalamus. Here, we review the current knowledge of homeostatic regulation of BAT, including the molecular insights of brown adipocytes, its central control, and its implication in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Edward Milbank
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Martinez-Ordoñez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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A G, Li X, Su B, Lian H, Bao M, Liang Y, Chen Y, Jia Y, Bao L, Su X. Effect of Mongolian warm acupuncture on the gene expression profile of rats with insomnia. Acupunct Med 2019; 37:301-311. [PMID: 31225736 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of Mongolian warm acupuncture (MWA) for the treatment of insomnia has not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of MWA on gene expression profile in the p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced rat model of insomnia. METHODS A rat model of insomnia was established and the animals were divided into five groups: control, PCPA (untreated), PCPA+estazolam, PCPA+MA (manual acupuncture), and PCPA+MWA. The rats were euthanased at 7 days after treatment, and hypothalamic tissue was harvested to extract total RNA for the analysis of gene expression profile. Micro-array and Partek Genomics Suite analysis system were used to analyse differential expression of genes between groups. Furthermore, ingenuity pathways analysis was used to analyse the main regulators. RESULTS After treatment, in rats with improved sleep, micro-array data from the follow-up phase compared with baseline showed that MWA down-regulated 11 genes compared with the control group and 16 genes compared with the PCPA group. Six genes were selected following the micro-array detection to perform quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) verification, and the results showed that the coincidence rate was up to 90%, which verified the reliability of the microarray results. Compared with the PCPA group, transcription levels of Egr 1, Btg2 and BDNF in the PCPA+MWA group were up-regulated (P<0.05). CONCLUSION In combination, the findings of this study suggests that MWA is efficacious at improving sleep in an experimental rat model of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gula A
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xian Li
- Clinical Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Budao Su
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hua Lian
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Manjie Bao
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yabin Liang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Yongfeng Jia
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lidao Bao
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medicine Research Center of Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Jeong JK, Horwath JA, Simonyan H, Blackmore KA, Butler SD, Young CN. Subfornical organ insulin receptors tonically modulate cardiovascular and metabolic function. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:333-341. [PMID: 31172876 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin acts within the central nervous system through the insulin receptor to influence both metabolic and cardiovascular physiology. While a major focus has been placed on hypothalamic regions, participation of extrahypothalamic insulin receptors in cardiometabolic regulation remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that insulin receptors in the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain circumventricular region devoid of a blood-brain barrier, are involved in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. Immunohistochemistry in mice revealed widespread insulin receptor-positive cells throughout the rostral to caudal extent of the SFO. SFO-targeted adenoviral delivery of Cre-recombinase in insulin receptorlox/lox mice resulted in sufficient ablation of insulin receptors in the SFO. Interestingly, when mice were maintained on a normal chow diet, deletion of SFO insulin receptors resulted in greater weight gain and adiposity, relative to controls, independently of changes in food intake. In line with this, ablation of insulin receptors in the SFO was associated with marked hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. Selective removal of SFO insulin receptors also resulted in a lower mean arterial blood pressure, which was primarily due to a reduction in diastolic blood pressure, whereas systolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Cre-mediated targeting of SFO insulin receptors did not influence heart rate. These data demonstrate multidirectional roles for insulin receptor signaling in the SFO, with ablation of SFO insulin receptors resulting in an overall deleterious metabolic state while at the same time maintaining blood pressure at low levels. These novel findings further suggest that alterations in insulin receptor signaling in the SFO could contribute to metabolic syndrome phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Julie A Horwath
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Hayk Simonyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Katherine A Blackmore
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Scott D Butler
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Colin N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Park JH, Yoo Y, Han J, Park YJ. Altered expression of inflammation-associated genes in the hypothalamus of obesity mouse models. Nutr Res 2018; 70:40-49. [PMID: 30032989 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation is a distinct feature of obesity. Increased inflammation in the adipose tissue and the liver has been so far implicated to affect metabolic homeostasis, mainly insulin resistance. In addition to the peripherals, the inflammation in the hypothalamus which governs systemic metabolism by linking neuronal and endocrine signals has been suggested to be linked to the metabolic disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that a high-fat diet (HFD) led to central metabolic inflammation via transcriptional changes in the hypothalamus. To address the hypothesis, we characterized obesity-related hypothalamic, transcriptional alterations, and their effects on functional networks. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with either a control diet (CD) or an HFD for 20 weeks. Microarray and gene ontology analyses of the hypothalamus demonstrated that immune-related pathways, including inflammatory and cytokine signaling, were overrepresented in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice compared to that of CD mice. In addition, through secondary analysis of leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mouse hypothalamus, we found that enriched gene sets for tumor necrosis factor-α signaling pathways and cancer pathways were common in both the obese mouse models. The results suggest that inflammatory pathway is transcriptionally enriched in the hypothalamus in obesity models and is related with hyperadiposity rather than the primary causes of obesity including the dietary fat and the genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeongran Yoo
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihee Han
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Jung Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Chouchani ET, Kazak L, Spiegelman BM. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and adipose tissue thermogenesis: Bridging physiology and mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16810-16816. [PMID: 28842500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.789628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues can catabolize stored energy to generate heat, relying on the principal effector of thermogenesis: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This unique capability could be leveraged as a therapy for metabolic disease. Numerous animal and cellular models have now demonstrated that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal to support adipocyte thermogenic identity and function. Herein, we contextualize these findings within the established principles of redox signaling and mechanistic studies of UCP1 function. We provide a framework for understanding the role of mitochondrial ROS signaling in thermogenesis together with testable hypotheses for understanding mechanisms and developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Chouchani
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Contreras C, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Rahmouni K, López M. Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway. Redox Biol 2017; 12:854-863. [PMID: 28448947 PMCID: PMC5406580 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized tissue critical for non-shivering thermogenesis producing heat through mitochondrial uncoupling; whereas white adipose tissue (WAT) is responsible of energy storage in the form of triglycerides. Another type of fat has been described, the beige adipose tissue; this tissue emerges in existing WAT depots but with thermogenic ability, a phenomenon known as browning. Several peripheral signals relaying information about energy status act in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, to regulate thermogenesis in BAT and browning of WAT. Different hypothalamic areas have the capacity to regulate the thermogenic process in brown and beige adipocytes through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This review discusses important concepts and discoveries about the central control of thermogenesis as a trip that starts in the hypothalamus, and taking the sympathetic roads to reach brown and beige fat to modulate thermogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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