THE BLOOD LIPIDS IN THE POSTABSORPTIVE STATE AND AFTER THE INGESTION OF FAT IN NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS AND IN A CASE OF DISSEMINATED CUTANEOUS XANTHOMATA

Nano-Drug Delivery Systems: Possible End to the Rising Threats of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the deadliest disease across the globe caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb invades host macrophages and other immune cells, modifies their lysosome trafficking proteins, prevents phagolysosomes formation, and inhibits the TNF receptor-dependent apoptosis in macrophages and monocytes. Tuberculosis (TB) killed 1.4 million people worldwide in the year 2019. Despite the advancements in tuberculosis (TB) treatments, multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a severe threat to human health. The complications are further compounded by the emergence of MDR/XDR strains and the failure of conventional drug regimens to eradicate the resistant bacterial strains. Thus, new therapeutic approaches aim to ensure cure without relapse, to prevent the occurrence of deaths and emergence of drug-resistant strains. In this context, this review article summarises the essential nanotechnology-related research outcomes in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), including drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of Mtb. The novel anti-tuberculosis drug delivery systems are also being detailed. This article highlights recent advances in tuberculosis (TB) treatments, including the use of novel drug delivery technologies such as solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric micelles, nano-suspensions, nano-emulsion, niosomes, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and microparticles for the delivery of anti-TB drugs and hence eradication and control of both drug-susceptible as well as drug-resistant strains of Mtb.

THE INTERRELATION OF BLOOD LIPIDS

The relation of the concentration of neutral fat, phospholipid, free cholesterol and cholesterol esters of blood plasma, the red blood cells and the white blood cells of man to increasing percentages of total lipid in each of these respectively was determined by oxidative micromethods in a series of more than 900 lipid extracts. A parallel increase in all four lipids was noted with increasing amount of total lipid in plasma until the total lipid exceeded the normal range. The earliest manifestation of a lipemia was a precipitous increase in plasma neutral fat and no increase or a decline in plasma cholesterol esters which later rose again as the lipemia developed. Increasing amounts of total lipid in the red blood cells was found due chiefly to phospholipid; although when the total lipid exceeded the normal range appreciable amounts of neutral fat appeared, the increase in cellular lipids bearing no direct relation to increases in plasma lipids. The same relation was established for the white blood cells as for the red blood cells but the leucocytes contained considerably more lipids than either plasma or the red blood cells.