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ROSENBLUM WI. Cerebral Microcirculation: a Review Emphasizing the Interrelationship of Local Blood Flow and Neuronal Function. Angiology 2016; 16:485-507. [PMID: 14335332 DOI: 10.1177/000331976501600809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Literature. Acta Neurol Scand 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1974.tb02337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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GLASS HI, HARPER AM, GLOVER MM. The Measurement of Local Cortical Blood Flow in the Brain by the Analysis of the Clearance Curve of Krypton-85. Phys Med Biol 2002; 6:65-71. [PMID: 13705944 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/6/1/305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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5
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SAPIRSTEIN LA. Measurement of the cephalic and cerebral blood flow fractions of the cardiac output in man. J Clin Invest 1998; 41:1429-35. [PMID: 14497129 PMCID: PMC291054 DOI: 10.1172/jci104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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LASSEN NA, KLEE A. CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW DETERMINED BY SATURATION AND DESATURATION WITH KRYPTON-85: AN EVALUATION OF THE VALIDITY OF THE INERT GAS; METHOD OF KETY AND SCHMIDT. Circ Res 1996; 16:26-32. [PMID: 14252153 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.16.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Since the first description of the movement of blood around the body by William Harvey, the accurate measurement of blood velocity has provided a major challenge for medical science. This review looks at the contribution made by techniques using radioactive tracers. Initially consideration is given to the fundamental problem of how to measure the amount of radiotracer in an organ with sufficient accuracy, using both single-photon and positron-emitting tracers. The various models used to link tracer behaviour with blood flow are then discussed and the article closes with a detailed review of the clinical applications of blood flow measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Sharp
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Bioengineering, University of Aberdeen/Aberdeen Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, Foresterhill, UK
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Williams LR, Leggett RW. Reference values for resting blood flow to organs of man. CLINICAL PHYSICS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE HOSPITAL PHYSICISTS' ASSOCIATION, DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT FUR MEDIZINISCHE PHYSIK AND THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF ORGANISATIONS FOR MEDICAL PHYSICS 1989; 10:187-217. [PMID: 2697487 DOI: 10.1088/0143-0815/10/3/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a reliable quantitative description of blood flow in man has hampered the development of accurate biokinetic models of essential elements, drugs, imaging agents, and carcinogens. In this paper we review and analyse data on blood flow and identify representative percentages of cardiac output and absolute blood flow rates to organs and tissues of man for use as reference values for biokinetic models. To keep the review and analysis to a manageable size we have limited attention to the resting state and have suggested reference values for absolute and relative flow rates only for adult males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Williams
- Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-6383
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Stump DA, Williams R. The noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral circulation. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 1980; 9:35-46. [PMID: 7357382 DOI: 10.1016/0093-934x(80)90070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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10
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Smith DB, Causer DA, Crippin DD. A cerebral blood flow computer for use in the angiogram theatre. Phys Med Biol 1978; 23:782-7. [PMID: 704681 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/23/4/021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Qaim S, Stöcklin G, Weinreich R. Excitation functions for the formation of neutron deficient isotopes of bromine and krypton via high-energy deuteron induced reactions on bromine: Production of 77Br, 76Br and 79Kr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(77)90059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Bagshaw RJ. Assessment of cerebrovascular hydraulic input impedance. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1976; 23:412-6. [PMID: 977008 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.1976.324654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Scheinberg P, Meyer JS, Reivich M, Sundt TM, Waltz AG. XIII. Cerebral circulation and metabolism in stroke. Cerebral circulation and metabolism in stroke study group. Stroke 1976; 7:212-34. [PMID: 772892 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.7.2.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the cerebral circulation is so fundamental to comprehension of the pathogenesis of stroke that cerebral blood flow and metabolism merit review in this series of reports. The authors recognize that the research described here is very technical in nature and may appear to have little practical application to clinical medicine. Nevertheless, these matters are basic to the development of precise methods for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow in man which could be used to monitor the therapy of stroke with greater success than is possible at present.
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Wilson EM, Halsey JH, Vitek JJ. Validation of jugular venous flow as an index of total cerebral blood flow. Stroke 1972; 3:300-21. [PMID: 4556221 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.3.3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Values of total cerebral blood flow in man measured by the indicator dilution method are compared with values of total internal jugular venous flow measured by the thermal dilution method. Except in the case of an extremely labile cerebral hemodynamic state, the results agree within the accuracy of the two methods, suggesting that for the supine patient total internal jugular venous flow provides a good index of total cerebral flow.
The relatively short measurement time associated with nondiffusible indicators (dye or thermal dilution) facilitates detection of transient changes in total CBF or differential jugular flow that would tend to be averaged out with diffusible indicator methods.
A mathematical analysis of the potential errors in the computation of total flow using the average of bilateral jugular venous dilution curves from a unilateral internal carotid injection is presented. This error can be partially corrected if the ratio of flow in one internal jugular to total flow is known.
An analysis of potential computational errors under nonsteady state flow conditions (change in flow during the period between alternate carotid injections) is presented. Such flow changes can effect substantial errors in the computation of individual hemispheric or internal jugular flow and smaller errors in the computation of total flow.
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Abstract
A variety of methods for measuring cerebral blood flow have been developed in the past 25 years since Kety and Schmidt developed their method based on the Fick principle. None of the currently used methods approaches the clinical ideal, since none of the techniques are accurate, reproducible and noninvasive. Most accurate techniques involve catheterization of internal carotid artery and/or jugular vein with those attendant risks. There has been considerable enhancement of our understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral circulation, particularly in the areas of brain injury and disordered systemic metabolism, but the clinical usefulness of the test at the present time is limited.
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Rosendorff C. The measurement of local cerebral blood flow and the effect of amines. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1972; 35:115-56. [PMID: 5009553 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Kety SS. Study of the cerebral circulation by means of inert diffusible tracers. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1972; 35:375-85. [PMID: 5009560 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Rau G. [Measurement of the coronary blood supply with the argon inert gas method. Animal experiments and studies on patients with low and high blood supply]. ARCHIV FUR KREISLAUFFORSCHUNG 1969; 58:322-98. [PMID: 4895649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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De Marées H, Sewing KF. [Ophthamodynamographic studies on the cat]. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFES ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE OPHTHALMOLOGIE. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFE'S ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY 1968; 175:181-7. [PMID: 5302095 DOI: 10.1007/bf02385063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Capon A, Cleempoel H, Lenaers A, Martin P. Methodology of cerebral blood flow measurement. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1968; 30:43-52. [PMID: 4903114 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cooper R, Crow HJ, Walter WG, Winter AL. Regional control of cerebral vascular reactivity and oxygen supply in man. Brain Res 1966; 3:174-91. [PMID: 5971521 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(66)90075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Shapiro W, Wasserman AJ, Patterson JL. Mechanism and pattern of human cerebrovascular regulation after rapid changes in blood CO2 tension. J Clin Invest 1966; 45:913-22. [PMID: 5913299 PMCID: PMC292770 DOI: 10.1172/jci105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Leusen I, Demeester G. Lactate and pyruvate in the brain of rats during hyperventilation. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1966; 74:25-34. [PMID: 4159940 DOI: 10.3109/13813456609059887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
It is possible by external monitoring alone to measure blood flow per unit volume through any vascular bed accessible to external monitoring of the radioactive tracer if the tracer input function or if the quantity of tracer entering the system is known. The methods proposed exploit the fact that the mean transit time through the system is the flow per unit volume of distribution of tracer. The equations are free of assumptions that require solutions as exponentials or any other specified frequency function of transit times.
If the input function is known, measurement of the concentration of tracer in blood leaving the part sensed by the external detector, combined with external detection of radioactivity, can lead to measurement of absolute blood flow.
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Söremark R. Use of short-lived nuclides in medical research. ADVANCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS 1965; 10:91-148. [PMID: 5321888 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-005210-3.50006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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OBRIST WD, SOKOLOFF L, LASSEN NA, LANE MH, BUTLER RN, FEINBERG I. Relation of EEG to cerebral blood flow and metabolism in old age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 15:610-9. [PMID: 14161513 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(63)90033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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STERN WE. A preliminary report of experimental and clinical observations upon cervical carotid artery blood flow. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1962; 25:303-14. [PMID: 13983962 PMCID: PMC495468 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.25.4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Edström R, Lindgren S, Wassén A. A method for estimation of blood-brain transfer and brain water in living human beings. Acta Neurol Scand 1961; 37:22-33. [PMID: 13889257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1961.tb06050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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