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Shibutani H, Fujii K, Shirakawa M, Uchida K, Yamada K, Kawakami R, Imanaka T, Kawai K, Hashimoto K, Matsumura K, Hao H, Hirota S, Shiojima I, Yoshimura S. Diagnostic Accuracy of Optical Frequency Domain Imaging for Identifying Necrotic Cores with Intraplaque Hemorrhage in Advanced Human Carotid Plaques. Am J Cardiol 2021; 156:123-128. [PMID: 34344514 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) can identify carotid artery vulnerable plaque characteristics, focusing on lipid-rich necrotic core (NC) and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH). Fourteen patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy underwent OFDI scan during preoperative angiography. Atherosclerotic plaque specimens obtained from carotid endarterectomy were cut every 3-4 mm into 4-μm transverse cross-sections and stained with standard methods. Each cross-section was matched with OFDI, and histologically classified into either fibrous, calcific, pathological intimal thickening (PIT), and NC. Of 75 histologic cross-sections, 6 were categorized as fibrous (8%), 18 as calcific (24%), 9 as PIT (12%), and 42 as NC (56%). Tissues categorized as NC had significantly higher OFDI signal attenuation rates than the other tissues (p <0.001), followed by PIT, calcific, and fibrous tissues. The receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that attenuation rates of >0.023 and >0.031 predicted the presence of NC and IPH with high areas under the curve of 0.91 and 0.88, respectively. OFDI provides potential capability for the detection of NCs with IPH of carotid artery plaques by quantitatively analyzing the attenuation rate.
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Kawai K, Fujii K, Shirakawa M, Uchida K, Yamada K, Kawakami R, Imanaka T, Hao H, Hirota S, Ishihara M, Yoshimura S. Comparison of angioscopy and histopathology for the evaluation of carotid plaque characteristics: an ex vivo validation study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 36:231-239. [PMID: 31664681 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-019-01720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular angioscopy is widely used for evaluating plaque characteristics through the plaque color in the coronary artery. This study evaluated whether angioscopy is capable of identifying various plaque morphologies, including necrotic core and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in the carotid artery. Nine patients underwent carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis, and these specimens were imaged ex vivo by angioscopy within 6 h. An angioscopic examination of carotid plaque evaluated its color intensity as follows: white, yellow, or red. The IPH area, necrotic core area, and fibrous cap thickness was measured on histological sections at each site. A total of 7 plaques were graded as white plaques, 10 as yellow, and 8 as red by angioscopy. The IPH area and the percent area occupied by IPH were larger in red and yellow plaques than in white plaques (10.7 ± 9.3 mm2, 9.4 ± 7.8 mm2, and 2.2 ± 1.7 mm2, respectively, P = 0.074; and 25 ± 10%, 19 ± 13%, and 7 ± 5%, respectively, P = 0.008). Furthermore, the thickness of the fibrous cap was significantly thinner in red plaques than in yellow and white plaques (128 ± 34 µm, 328 ± 136 µm, and 285 ± 102 µm, respectively, P = 0.002). The ROC analysis for predicting a presence of red plaques identified that the optimal cutoff value of fibrous cap thickness was 181 µm (area under the curve = 0.987, 100% sensitivity, 90% specificity). The prevalence of red plaques on intravascular angioscopy may represent the existence of plaques containing relatively larger necrotic core and IPH with a thin fibrous cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kawai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Heart Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kenichi Fujii
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho Nishinomiya, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 6638501, Japan.
| | - Manabu Shirakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Uchida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Rika Kawakami
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho Nishinomiya, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 6638501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Imanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Heart Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hao
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho Nishinomiya, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 6638501, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ishihara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Coronary Heart Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Ex vivo comparison of angioscopy and histopathology for the evaluation of coronary plaque characteristics. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 32:863-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-016-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang Y, Cliff WJ, Schoefl GI, Higgins G. Immunohistochemical study of intimal microvessels in coronary atherosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1993; 143:164-72. [PMID: 7686341 PMCID: PMC1886935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred ninety-nine human coronary artery paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were examined for intimal microvessel invasion by probing for factor VIII-associated antigen with indirect immunofluorescence and high resolution confocal microscopy. The results obtained confirm that intimal microvessels originate in the adventitia and show that the richness of intimal microvessels is strongly positively correlated with intimal thickness and negatively correlated with relative lumen size. A number of plasma constituents were examined in serial sections. Comparison of immunofluorescence distribution patterns of these components with intimal microvessel distribution patterns reveals that intimal microvessels leak plasma albumin into artery walls, exude fibrinogen, and are associated with the build-up of plasma cells within atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, intimal microvessels are demonstrated to play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Clinical Science Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
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Boyd GW. Hypothesis: ischaemic plaque necrosis as the initiator of unstable angina/acute myocardial infarction? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1990; 17:215-8. [PMID: 2340644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. Coronary atherosclerotic plaque complications are important in precipitating acute coronary events such as unstable angina and myocardial infarction. 2. The hypothesis is put forward that plaque complications are initiated by increases in local coronary artery tone sufficient to cut off the vasa vasorum blood supply to the plaque and result in its ischaemic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Boyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Bailey JM, Butler J. Anti-inflammatory drugs in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 6. Combination therapy with steroid and non-steroid agents. Atherosclerosis 1985; 54:205-12. [PMID: 3986018 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(85)90179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathological changes which accompany enhanced cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis include inflammatory responses mediated by the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase-leukotriene metabolite of the arachidonic acid cascade. Cortisone suppresses arachidonic acid release, whereas non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit principally the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Groups of New Zealand white rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Diets of selected groups were further supplemented daily with the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs phenylbutazone (100 mg), oxyphenylbutazone (240 mg), flufenamic acid (100 mg), either singly or in combination with cortisone acetate (10 mg or 5 mg), or 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (30 micrograms or 200 micrograms). Serum lipid levels were measured at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, and atherosclerotic plaque intensity in thoracic aorta was measured at 12 weeks using a planimetric technique: serum cholesterol levels in control groups increased from 38 +/- 5 to 1190 +/- 139 mg/100 ml. Neither the rate of increase nor the final lipid values attained were significantly changed by the non-steroid drugs. The non-steroid drugs reduced plaque coverage by about one third (phenylbutazone 34 +/- 10%, flufenamic acid 36 +/- 11%) compared to controls. In combination therapy, addition of cortisone acetate resulted in further plaque suppression. Cortisone 10 mg + phenylbutazone gave 100% suppression; cortisone 5 mg + phenylbutazone gave 82 +/- 18%, and cortisone 5 mg + flufenamic acid gave 84 +/- 3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Buja LM, Kovanen PT, Bilheimer DW. Cellular pathology of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1979; 97:327-57. [PMID: 118674 PMCID: PMC2042464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissues were studied from four subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The specimens consisted of tissues obtained from a 20-week-old fetus at autopsy, samples from a 9-year-old girl during open-heart surgery, and biopsies of cutaneous xanthomas from a 13-year-old girl and a 21-year-old man. The FH fetus, but not the 3 control fetuses, exhibited multifocal lipid deposition particularly involving the stromal cells of the thymus, spleen, and skin and both the stromal and parenchymal cells of the kidney. Only one minute focus of intimal lipid accumulation was found in the aorta and coronary arteries of the FH fetus. A segment of the ascending aorta from the 9-year-old girl showed: 1) foam-cell transformation of many medial smooth-muscle cells, 2) abnormal vascularization of the inner media and intima, and 3) intimal involvement by a typical artherosclerotic plaque with lipid deposits in thin, elongated cells that showed some myocytic features and in foam cells that lacked such features. The mitral and aortic valves of this patient also contained numerous foam cells and showed mild to moderate fibrous thickening. A segment of the saphenous vein, however, contained no lipid deposits. The three xanthomas from two FH homozygotes exhibited marked lipid accumulation in histiocytic foam cells but no lipid deposits in the endothelium of blood vessels in the lesions. The findings in this study, in conjunction with those reported in studies of other FH homozygotes, indicate that homozygous FH is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis and prominent lipid accumulation in macrophages and other stromal cells of the aortic and mitral valves, skin, tendon, and, varibly, in other extravascular sites. Since most of the intracellular lipid was in the form of non-membrane-bound neutral lipid droplets, it appears that the cytoplasm is the major site of lipid storage in this disease.
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Boyd GW. Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. II. The nature of degenerative arterial disease. Med Hypotheses 1978; 4:420-31. [PMID: 381855 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(78)90013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the evidence indicates that the initiation and progress of atherosclerosis might well be explained by repeated bouts of arterial constriction in relation to life stresses, through increased blood flow velocity and turbulence at points of constriction, and consequent endothelial damage, plasma insudation into the wall, and intimal smooth muscle cell - connective tissue proliferation.
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Weigensberg BI, More RH. Uptake of labelled cholesterol by organizing thrombus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 82:552-7. [PMID: 920414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4220-5_122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hudson J, McCaughey WT. Mural thrombosis and atherogenesis in coronary arteries and aorta. An investigation using antifibrin and antiplatelet sera. Atherosclerosis 1974; 19:543-53. [PMID: 4133380 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(74)80018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Prathap K. The natural history of platelet-rich mural thrombi in systemic arteries of hypercholesterolaemic monkeys: light- and electron-microscope observations. J Pathol 1973; 110:203-12. [PMID: 4200657 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Bailey JM, Butler J. Anti-inflammatory drugs in experimental atherosclerosis. I. Relative potencies for inhibiting plaque formation. Atherosclerosis 1973; 17:515-22. [PMID: 4714810 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(73)90041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mustard JF, Packham MA, Rowsell HC, Jorgensen L. The role of thrombogenic factors in atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1968; 149:848-59. [PMID: 4890517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb53840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Sinapius D. [On the morphology and histochemistry of lipids in coronary thrombi]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV FUR PATHOLOGISCHE ANATOMIE UND PHYSIOLOGIE UND FUR KLINISCHE MEDIZIN 1967; 342:144-53. [PMID: 5300724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Byers SO, Friedman M. Lipidization induced by bone and glass fragments within an arterial plaque. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1966; 47:405-10. [PMID: 5917349 PMCID: PMC2094550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Barnard PJ, Thompson DH. Focal lipid lesions in blood vessels due to erythrocytes and platelets. Experimental observations on goats and rabbits. Circulation 1966; 33:744-52. [PMID: 5936692 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.33.5.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Experiments on goats and rabbits living on a normal diet demonstrated that the lipid associated with organizing thrombi became concentrated in fibrosed focal lesions of blood vessels. The lipid that appeared during organization of lysed erythrocytes underwent changes similar to those of lipid in thrombi. From this it was concluded that what red cells there were in the thrombi contributed to the total lipid present.
These observations are pertinent to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, because they help to explain the thrombosis characteristically associated with this disease, and how lipid can be delivered to restricted regions of the arterial intima.
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Friedman M, Byers SO. Immunity of the mature thrombo-atherosclerotic plaque to hypercholesteraemia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1965; 46:539-544. [PMID: 5897552 PMCID: PMC2094617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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FRIEDMAN M, BYERS SO, BROWN AE. INDUCTION OF HEMORRHAGES IN PRE-EXISTING ARTERIAL PLAQUES. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1965; 47:447-55. [PMID: 14334751 PMCID: PMC1920444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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21
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MILCH RA, KINCAID DT, BAKER LD. Aortic distribution and binding of C14-labeled cholesterol and lipomul by native rat aortas and aldehyde-crosslinked bovine aortas. J Surg Res 1965; 5:395-403. [PMID: 14338442 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(65)80035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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FRIEDMAN M, BYERS SO. INDUCTION OF THROMBI UPON PRE-EXISTING ARTERIAL PLAQUES. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1965; 46:567-75. [PMID: 14278664 PMCID: PMC1920371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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FRIEDMAN M, BYERS SO. THE ATHEROGENIC POTENTIAL OF DIETARY DERIVED CHOLESTEROL. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1965; 46:1-5. [PMID: 14295556 PMCID: PMC2093696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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FRIEDMAN M, BYERS S. ARTERIAL HYPERPLASIA IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS FORMS OF CHOLESTEROL. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1964; 45:825-33. [PMID: 14223583 PMCID: PMC1907145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MULLER W, YOSHII T, SMITH LL, GASPAR MR. The influence of trauma on experimental aortic atheromatosis. J Surg Res 1964; 4:513-7. [PMID: 14224015 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(64)80022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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FRIEDMAN M, BYERS SO. OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE EVOLUTION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT AFTER CESSATION OF CHOLESTEROL FEEDING. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1963; 43:349-59. [PMID: 14060033 PMCID: PMC1949791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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RIVKIN LM, FRIEDMAN M, BYERS SO. Thromboatherosclerosis in aortic venous autografts: a comparative study. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1963; 44:16-23. [PMID: 13974147 PMCID: PMC2095178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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29
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FRIEDMAN M, BYERS SO. EXCESS LIPID LEAKAGE: A PROPERTY OF VERY YOUNG VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1962; 43:363-72. [PMID: 13895277 PMCID: PMC2094313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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