SOLUTE EXCRETION IN MAN DURING CHANGING URINE FLOW OCCURRING SPONTANEOUSLY AND INDUCED BY VASOPRESSIN INJECTION

Time course of changes in renal tissue and urinary composition after cessation of constant infusion of lysine vasopressin in the conscious, hydrated rat

1. The changes in urinary and renal tissue composition in conscious rats were determined for up to 2 hr following the cessation of intravenous infusion of lysine vasopressin, LVP (at 60 muu./min. 100 g body wt. for 4(1/2) hr). A constant water load (4% body wt.) was maintained during and after lysine vasopressin infusion, by quantitative replacement of excreted water. In these circumstances, any changes in urinary and renal tissue composition are presumed to represent direct consequences of the rapid plasma and tissue clearance of lysine vasopressin.2. Urinary flow increased and osmolality decreased, rapidly, reaching stable values characteristic of sustained water diuresis after about 60 min.3. The steepness of the corticomedullary solute concentration gradients also decreased rapidly. Papillary Na and urea concentrations fell to values characteristic of sustained water diuresis in about 45 min.4. The changes in medullary composition were compounded of a moderate significant increase in water content, a moderate, significant decrease in Na content, and a profound decrease in urea content.5. In the eventual steady-state water diuresis, urinary outputs of Na and K were significantly lower, and of NH(4) significantly higher, than those observed in control experiments where LVP infusion was continued for the corresponding 2 hr.6. It is concluded that the diuresis following the cessation of LVP infusion is due not merely to reduced nephron permeability to water but also to a rapid reduction in the osmotic force responsible for water reabsorption from the collecting duct.

Effects of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on renal function in the rabbit

1. Intravenous injections of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic-AMP) were given to five conscious, diuretic rabbits, and the effects on urinary flow and composition were compared with those of intravenous injections of vasopressin given to the same animals.2. Cyclic-AMP produced antidiuresis with increases in urinary osmolality and in the urinary concentrations of creatinine, urea and usually of sodium.3. The fractional reabsorption of urea from renal tubular fluid increased during cyclic-AMP induced antidiuresis.4. The effects of cyclic-AMP thus closely resembled those of vasopressin and are consistent with the view that cyclic-AMP mediates the action of this hormone.

The time course of changes in renal tissue composition duruig water diuresis in the rat

1. The time course and extent of changes in the composition of renal tissue slices in water diuresis were determined by sacrificing groups of rats before and during the intravenous infusion of dextrose (2.5 g/100 ml.) in amounts sufficient to administer over 2 hr, and subsequently to maintain for up to 7(1/2) hr, a positive fluid load of 4% body weight.2. The corticomedullary osmolal gradient characteristic of the nondiuretic rats was progressively dissipated until, at 7(1/2) hr, only papillary tip concentrations were higher than those of other segments.3. The changes in individual constituents followed different time courses: (i) an increase in water content in all segments, particularly the papilla, was almost complete by 1 hr, preceding the maximal increases in urine flow; (ii) a marked decrease in papillary and medullary urea content in the first hour was followed by a slower, progressive decrease leading to an almost complete dissipation of the urea gradient by 7(1/2) hr; (iii) small, non-significant decreases in sodium content occurred in all segments in the first hr, followed by a further small, progressive decrease in papillary sodium content; (iv) changes in ammonium and potassium concentrations were mainly related to those in water content, since the contents of these solutes showed only small changes.4. By 2 hr, differences in the rates of decline of osmolal and urea concentrations in urine and papilla led to urinary concentrations significantly lower than papillary values. The steep papilla-urine urea concentration difference became smaller, but remained significant even at 7(1/2) hr.5. The findings are discussed in terms of changes in countercurrent mechanisms, particularly as influenced by anti-diuretic hormone.6. The development of papilla/urine urea concentration ratio greater than unity is also considered in terms of passive transport with changes in membrane permeability.

The time course of changes in renal tissue composition during mannitol diuresis in the rat

1. The time course and extent of changes in the composition of renal tissue slices in osmotic diuresis were determined by sacrificing groups of rats before and during the intravenous infusion of mannitol (15 g/100 ml.) for up to 7(1/2) hr.2. Very rapid changes in tissue water and solute contents occurred within 15 min, preceding the times of maximal diuresis, with little subsequent change even up to 7(1/2) hr.3. The main changes were:(a) an increase in water content in all slices, particularly the papilla; (b) a very profound decrease in papillary and medullary urea content in the first 15 min, with a small, but significant, further decrease, subsequently; (c) a small, but significant, rapid decrease in papillary sodium, and small non-significant increases in the outer medulla and cortex. Subsequent changes in any segment were small and non-significant; (d) apart from small changes in the first 15 min ammonium and potassium contents remained fairly constant.4. The rates of change in papillary and urinary urea concentrations were similar, so that after 30 min, any differences between tip and urinary concentrations were small and non-significant.5. The findings are discussed in terms of factors influencing counter-current mechanisms. It is concluded that altered medullary blood flow is mainly responsible for the rapid changes in medullary composition.6. The relation between papillary and urinary urea concentrations is explicable in terms of passive handling, with equilibration across a freely permeable collecting duct membrane.

Effects of water diuresis and osmotic (mannitol) diuresis on urinary solute excretion by the conscious rat

1. The time course and extent of changes in urinary flow and in the outputs of urea, Na(+), K(+), and NH(4) (+) over a period of 7(1/2) hr in conscious rats during water and osmotic (mannitol) diuresis were determined, and compared with spontaneous changes in non-diuretic animals.2. In non-diuretic rats, a morning rise and subsequent decline in urinary osmolal, sodium, potassium and ammonium outputs occurred, possibly attributable to circadian rhythms.3. Water diuresis was accompanied by (i) a rapid increase in urea excretion during the phase of increasing urine flow, followed by a fall in later periods to values similar to those in non-diuresis, (ii) a slower increase in sodium output, continuing after the establishment of the constant water load, (iii) unchanged potassium excretion, but slightly increased ammonium outputs.4. Mannitol diuresis was accompanied by (i) a rapid increase in urea outputs which subsequently fell but remained significantly higher, (ii) a steep rise in sodium and potassium outputs to values which remained far higher than those in non-diuretic and water diuretic animals.5. The changes in mannitol diuresis are considered to result mainly from decreased tubular reabsorption, due to the lowered intraluminal sodium, potassium and urea concentrations and increased intratubular fluid flow. Some of the acute increase in urea excretion may be due to washout of medullary urea into the tubular fluid.6. In water diuresis, some of the changes in solute excretion may similarly result from altered tubular reabsorption, perhaps influenced by suppression of anti-diuretic hormone (A.D.H.). In addition, the slower changes in sodium output may be related to several consequences of change in body fluid volume.