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Friedmann D, Goldacker S, Peter HH, Warnatz K. Preserved Cellular Immunity Upon Influenza Vaccination in Most Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:2332-2340.e5. [PMID: 32330665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against influenza is recommended for patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), although humoral immune responses in these patients are impaired and the evidence of effective T-cell responses in CVID is not well established. OBJECTIVE To determine plasmablast and T-cellular vaccination responses against influenza in patients with CVID. METHODS Patients with CVID and healthy controls were vaccinated with the quadrivalent vaccine Influsplit Tetra 2018/2019. Before and 1 week after vaccination plasmablasts and circulating inducible costimulator-expressing T follicular helper cells were measured to determine positive vaccine responses in these patients. In addition, antigen-specific T cells were determined by their upregulation of CD25 and OX40 after in vitro restimulation with the vaccine. RESULTS Most healthy controls but only 1 patient with CVID mounted a positive humoral immune response, measured by an increase in plasmablasts 1 week after vaccination. In contrast, most patients with CVID showed an increase in inducible costimulator+ T follicular helper cells and/or an increase in antigen-specific CD25+OX40+ T cells 1 week after vaccination, demonstrating a positive T-cellular immune response. CONCLUSIONS Despite the remaining challenge of accurately assessing the complexity of T-cell responses, the recommendation of vaccinating patients with CVID against influenza is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Friedmann
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sigune Goldacker
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Hartmut Peter
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Gardulf A, Abolhassani H, Gustafson R, Eriksson LE, Hammarström L. Predictive markers for humoral influenza vaccine response in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1922-1931.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pedersen G, Halstensen A, Sjursen H, Naess A, Kristoffersen EK, Cox RJ. Pandemic influenza vaccination elicits influenza-specific CD4+ Th1-cell responses in hypogammaglobulinaemic patients: four case reports. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:210-8. [PMID: 21438900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In these case reports, we investigated pandemic influenza 2009 vaccination of primary hypogammaglobulinaemic patients. Three combined variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients and one X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) patient were vaccinated with the pandemic vaccine A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like split virus (X179a) adjuvanted with the oil-in-water emulsion AS03. Subsequently, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were sampled and used to measure the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses. In addition, the IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α producing CD4(+) Th1-cell response was determined as these cytokines are important indicators of cell-mediated immunity. Two of the CVID patients responded to vaccination as determined by a >4-fold rise in HI antibodies. These subjects also had influenza-specific ASC numbers, which, albeit low, were higher than prevaccination levels. In addition, vaccination induced CD4(+) Th1-cell responses in both the XLA patient and the CVID patients, although the frequency of influenza-responsive cells varied amongst the patients. These results suggest that hypogammaglobulinaemia patients can mount a CD4(+) Th1 cell-mediated response to influenza vaccination and, additionally, that influenza vaccination of some hypogammaglobulinaemia patients can produce an influenza-specific humoral immune response. The findings should be confirmed in larger clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pedersen
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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van Assen S, Holvast A, Telgt DSC, Benne CA, de Haan A, Westra J, Kallenberg CGM, Bijl M. Patients with humoral primary immunodeficiency do not develop protective anti-influenza antibody titers after vaccination with trivalent subunit influenza vaccine. Clin Immunol 2010; 136:228-35. [PMID: 20421178 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.03.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Yearly influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with humoral primary immunodeficiency (hPID). However, humoral responses following vaccination can be expected to be reduced in these patients. The efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients with hPID, anti-influenza antibody responses was assessed in 26 patients with hPID and 26 matched healthy controls (HC) using hemagglutination inhibition assay. Following vaccination, geometric mean titers (GMT) significantly increased for all influenza strains in the HC group, but only for A/H1N1 in the patient group. Fold increase in anti-influenza titer and seroprotection rates were lower for patients than for HC for A/H3N2 and A/H1N1, leading to postvaccination titer > or =40 in only 29% and 83% vs. 77% and 100%, respectively. Previous vaccination in patients and treatment with IVIg did not result in a higher rate of postvaccination titer > or =40. In conclusion, patients with hPID show hardly any humoral response following influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander van Assen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Stewart DM, Tian L, Notarangelo LD, Nelson DL. Update on X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia with isolated growth hormone deficiency. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 5:510-2. [PMID: 16264330 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000191235.35879.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on the syndrome X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia with isolated growth hormone deficiency, focusing on the pedigree described originally. RECENT FINDINGS An additional case of X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia with isolated growth hormone deficiency and an unaffected male have been born to a female carrier in the family, allowing improved disease locus mapping. Unpublished research has identified a mutation in the transcription factor myeloid elf-1-like factor that may be the cause of the disease. SUMMARY X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia with isolated growth hormone deficiency is not caused by Bruton's tyrosine kinase mutations in the family described originally, but may be due to a mutation in myeloid elf-1-like factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donn M Stewart
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Brescia, Italy
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Wright JJ, Birx DL, Wagner DK, Waldmann TA, Blaese RM, Fleisher TA. Normalization of antibody responsiveness in a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1516-20. [PMID: 3500412 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198712103172406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Wright
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Yarchoan R, Redfield RR, Broder S. Mechanisms of B cell activation in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related disorders. Contribution of antibody-producing B cells, of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells, and of immunoglobulin production induced by human T cell lymphotropic virus, type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. J Clin Invest 1986; 78:439-47. [PMID: 3016028 PMCID: PMC423575 DOI: 10.1172/jci112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) have hyperimmunoglobulinemia and increased numbers of circulating immunoglobulin-secreting cells. In this paper, we studied the basis for this B cell hyperactivity. Limiting dilution studies of B cells from seven patients with ARC and four with AIDS revealed that some B cells spontaneously produced antibodies to human T cell lymphotropic virus, type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) (39:10(6) and 7:10(6) B cells, respectively), suggesting that chronic antigenic stimulation by HTLV-III/LAV was one contributing factor. The patients also had an increased number of spontaneously outgrowing B cells than did normals (6:10(6) vs. less than 2:10(6) B cells), suggesting that they had an increased number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells. However, fewer B cells from patients were immortalized by exogenously added EBV than were B cells from normals. In additional studies, HTLV-III/LAV induced immunoglobulin secretion (mean 2,860 ng/ml) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normals; this HTLV-III/LAV-induced immunoglobulin secretion required the presence of both B and T cells. Thus, antigenic stimulation by HTLV-III/LAV, increased numbers of EBV-infected B cells, and HTLV-III/LAV-induced T cell-dependent B cell activation all contribute to the B cell hyperactivity in patients with HTLV-III/LAV disease.
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Yarchoan R, Guo HG, Reitz M, Maluish A, Mitsuya H, Broder S. Alterations in cytotoxic and helper T cell function after infection of T cell clones with human T cell leukemia virus, type I. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:1466-73. [PMID: 3009545 PMCID: PMC424547 DOI: 10.1172/jci112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-I is a transforming human retrovirus that is an etiologic agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. To investigate the effects of this virus on T cell functions, two OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8- cytotoxic clones (8.7 and 8.8) specific for allogeneic cells bearing DPw2, a class II histocompatibility antigen, were studied before and after infection with HTLV-I. The clones retained cytotoxic function for up to 70 d after exposure to HTLV-I, even without subsequent antigenic stimulation, but then lost their cytotoxic activity. Prior to infection with HTLV-I, clone 8.8 also lysed OKT3 hybridoma cells; after infection, cytotoxic activity against these OKT3-antibody bearing cells was lost in parallel with the loss of activity against DPw2-bearing target cells. In addition, expression of T3 surface antigen by HTLV-I-infected 8.8 cells was decreased at a time when they lost their cytotoxic activity, possibly contributing to the loss of cytotoxic function. Finally, clone 8.8 could provide help for nonspecific IgG production by autologous B cells when stimulated with irradiated DPw2-bearing non-T cells. After infection with HTLV-I, this helper function became independent of DPw2-stimulation and persisted even when the cytotoxic activity was lost. An OKT4+ T cell clone thus could simultaneously manifest both cytotoxic and helper T cell activities, and these activities were differentially affected after HTLV-I infection.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Clone Cells
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Deltaretrovirus/genetics
- Gene Products, gag
- HLA Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2
- Retroviridae Infections/immunology
- Retroviridae Proteins/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Di Padova F, Dürig M, Harder F, Di Padova C, Zanussi C. Impaired antipneumococcal antibody production in patients without spleens. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1985; 290:14-6. [PMID: 3917317 PMCID: PMC1415385 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.290.6461.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen splenectomised and 15 normal subjects were studied, in absence of any intentional immunisation, for pokeweed mitogen induced synthesis of antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results showed that removal of the spleen had caused a persistent immune deficiency of circulating B cells capable of synthesising IgM antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharide. In vitro synthesis of polyclonal IgM and IgG by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of subjects without spleens was also depressed. These defects were due to an abnormality of the B cell compartment. These data are evidence of the major role of the spleen in the control and production of a consistent part of pokeweed mitogen responsive circulating B cells and add another facet to the complex immune dysfunction of splenectomised subjects. The findings, moreover, may help in understanding the susceptibility of splenectomised people to pneumococcal sepsis and the delayed and impaired antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine.
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