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Bloise FF, Oliveira FLD, Nobrega AF, Vasconcellos R, Cordeiro A, Paiva LSD, Taub DD, Borojevic R, Pazos-Moura CC, Mello-Coelho VD. High levels of circulating triiodothyronine induce plasma cell differentiation. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:305-17. [PMID: 24363450 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hyperthyroidism on B-cell physiology are still poorly known. In this study, we evaluated the influence of high-circulating levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on bone marrow, blood, and spleen B-cell subsets, more specifically on B-cell differentiation into plasma cells, in C57BL/6 mice receiving daily injections of T3 for 14 days. As analyzed by flow cytometry, T3-treated mice exhibited increased frequencies of pre-B and immature B-cells and decreased percentages of mature B-cells in the bone marrow, accompanied by an increased frequency of blood B-cells, splenic newly formed B-cells, and total CD19(+)B-cells. T3 administration also promoted an increase in the size and cellularity of the spleen as well as in the white pulp areas of the organ, as evidenced by histological analyses. In addition, a decreased frequency of splenic B220(+) cells correlating with an increased percentage of CD138(+) plasma cells was observed in the spleen and bone marrow of T3-treated mice. Using enzyme-linked immunospot assay, an increased number of splenic immunoglobulin-secreting B-cells from T3-treated mice was detected ex vivo. Similar results were observed in mice immunized with hen egg lysozyme and aluminum adjuvant alone or together with treatment with T3. In conclusion, we provide evidence that high-circulating levels of T3 stimulate plasma cytogenesis favoring an increase in plasma cells in the bone marrow, a long-lived plasma cell survival niche. These findings indicate that a stimulatory effect on plasma cell differentiation could occur in untreated patients with Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fonseca Bloise
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ, Health Sciences Building, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-150, Brazil National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Estrada JM, Soldin D, Buckey TM, Burman KD, Soldin OP. Thyrotropin isoforms: implications for thyrotropin analysis and clinical practice. Thyroid 2014; 24:411-23. [PMID: 24073798 PMCID: PMC3949435 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Serum thyrotropin (TSH) is considered the single most sensitive and specific measure of thyroid function in the general population owing to its negative logarithmic association with free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine concentrations. It is therefore often the test of choice for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of primary hypothyroidism. Serum TSH concentrations can be analyzed quantitatively using third-generation immunoassays, whereas its bioactivity can be measured by TSH activity assays in cell culture. Theoretically, if serum TSH concentrations are directly related to TSH activity, the two tests should yield comparable results. However, on occasion, the results are discordant, with serum concentrations being higher than TSH biological activity. This review focuses on the dissociation between the clinical state and serum TSH concentrations and addresses clinically important aspects of TSH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Estrada
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Danielle Soldin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Timothy M. Buckey
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kenneth D. Burman
- Endocrine Section, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Offie P. Soldin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Oliveira JHA, Barbosa ER, Kasamatsu T, Abucham J. Evidence for thyroid hormone as a positive regulator of serum thyrotropin bioactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3108-13. [PMID: 17504893 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The regulation of TSH bioactivity in humans is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the role of serum thyroid hormones in regulating the bioactivity of TSH. DESIGN We determined in vitro TSH bioactivity and glycosylation in nine patients (six females and three males, age 41.3 yr) with primary hypothyroidism before and after L-T(4) replacement, in 11 age- and sex-comparable controls (seven females and four males, age 37.6 yr), and in two thyroidectomized patients with TSH-secreting adenomas during and after L-T(4) withdrawal. METHODS In vitro TSH bioactivity was measured by a sensitive and specific bioassay based on cAMP generation by Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human TSH receptor. TSH glycosylation was assessed by concanavalin A lectin and ricin column affinity chromatography. RESULTS In vitro TSH bioactivity in hypothyroid patients was low as compared with controls (0.48 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2; P = 0.004) and increased during L-T(4) (0.48 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.1; P = 0.01). A strong significant correlation (r = +0.80; P = 0.004, Spearman) was observed between the absolute increments of serum TSH bioactivity and T(3) during L-T(4) replacement. The degree of sialylation was elevated in hypothyroid patients before treatment (47 +/- 2.4% vs. 29 +/- 4.3%; P = 0.002) and decreased significantly after L-T(4) (47 +/- 2.4% vs. 33 +/- 4.3%; P = 0.02). The mannose content of serum TSH in hypothyroid patients was similar to controls and did not change during L-T(4). In vitro TSH bioactivity also decreased in patients with TSH-secreting adenomas during L-T(4) withdrawal. CONCLUSION These data indicate that serum thyroid hormone level is a positive regulator of TSH bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana H A Oliveira
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 910 São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil
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Emerson CH, Torres MST. Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone: pharmacology, clinical applications and potential uses. BioDrugs 2003; 17:19-38. [PMID: 12534318 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200317010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The major functions of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are to maintain the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4) and L-3,5,3'triidothyronine (T3). The TSH core contains two apoproteins, the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of pituitary follitropin, pituitary lutropin and placental chorionic gonadotropin, whereas the beta subunit is unique. TSH is a glycoprotein; the glycoprotein components of the alpha and beta subunits account for more than 10% of their mass and are essential for normal thyrotropic action and intravascular kinetics. The hypothalamic tripeptide, TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) is required for optimum TSH biosynthesis, particularly as far as addition of the glycoprotein components is concerned. TRH deficiency is associated with secretion of TSH molecules that are appropriately measured in most assays but have reduced bioactivity. In previous years the TSH used in clinical practice was obtained and purified from bovine pituitaries. Bovine TSH was used to test thyroid function and to augment the uptake of radioiodine in patients with thyroid cancer. Bovine TSH has been largely abandoned as a clinical agent because of adverse immune reactions. A recombinant human TSH (rhTSH; Thyrogen), has been approved by the US FDA for diagnostic use in patients with thyroid cancer. The alpha and beta subunits of Thyrogen are identical to those of human pituitary TSH. Thyrogen has a specific activity of approximately 4 IU/mg and is a potent stimulator of T4, T3 and thyroglobulin (Tg) secretion in healthy volunteers. It also increases thyroid iodide uptake in patients with thyroid cancer or multinodular goitre and in volunteers, even those exposed to large amounts of stable iodide. Thyroid cancer patients who have been treated by thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation but are at risk of harbouring residual thyroid cancer are candidates for Thyrogen administration to prepare them for whole body iodide scans and serum Tg measurements. In thyroidectomised thyroid cancer patients who are unable to secrete pituitary TSH upon thyroid hormone withdrawal, Thyrogen is the only acceptable method to prepare them for these procedures. Thyrogen has been used on a compassionate basis to prepare patients for radioiodine ablation. rhTSH, in addition to being useful in the management of patients with thyroid cancer, is potentially useful to test thyroid reserve and to aid in thyroid-related nuclear medicine procedures. In the future, TSH analogues that have superagonist or antagonist properties may become available as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Emerson
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Iwasawa A, Watanabe Y, Kobayashi H, Sho K, Kondo Y, Wakabayashi K, Kamiyoshi M. Evaluation of a sensitive, in vitro bioassay for chicken thyroid stimulating hormone using FRTL-5 cells, a rat thyroid cell line. Poult Sci 1998; 77:156-62. [PMID: 9469767 DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.1.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro bioassay for mammalian thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) based on TSH-induced cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production in FRTL-5 cells, a rat thyroid cell line, was used to measure chicken TSH. The addition of chicken pituitary homogenate equivalent to > or = 25% of a chicken pituitary gland to cultured FRTL-5 cells increased cAMP within these cells in a dose-dependent manner. The glycoprotein fraction derived from the pituitary homogenate was further fractionated by isoelectric focusing within a pH range of 5 to 11. Analysis of the focused fractions by the bioassay detected three major components with isoelectric points of 9.30, 7.12, and 3.82, in addition to several minor ones distributed over a wide range of pH, from alkaline to acidic. The isoelectric focusing profile obtained by the bioassay was clearly different from those obtained by radioimmunoassay for chicken LH and radioreceptor assay for chicken FSH, indicating that fractions contained chicken TSH. The homogenate of the cephalic portion of the chicken anterior pituitary gland was 4.46 times more active than that of the caudal portion in the bioassay, which is consistent with previous findings on localization of TSH in the chicken pituitary. We conclude that the bioassay using FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells is a sensitive, specific, and time-saving method of measuring chicken TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iwasawa
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan.
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Persani L, Tonacchera M, Beck-Peccoz P, Vitti P, Mammoli C, Chiovato L, Elisei R, Faglia G, Ludgate M, Vassart G. Measurement of cAMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the recombinant human TSH receptor (CHO-R): a new bioassay for human thyrotropin. J Endocrinol Invest 1993; 16:511-9. [PMID: 8227980 DOI: 10.1007/bf03348894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Circulating TSH bioactivity may vary in several clinical and experimental conditions. Since the reliability of the current methods for the measurement of TSH bioactivity is limited, a new bioassay based on cAMP accumulation in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells transfected with recombinant human TSH receptor (CHO-R) was set up. The sensitivity was 0.3 +/- 0.1, 0.4 +/- 0.1 and 0.01 +/- 0.01 micrograms/L for TSH IRP 80/558, recombinant human TSH and bovine TSH, respectively. Standard curves were parallel, and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 13 +/- 1.1% and 22 +/- 1.9%, respectively. LH, FSH, CG and TSH subunits did not stimulate cAMP accumulation up to high concentrations. Circulating TSH was partially purified by immunoaffinity separation and concentrated before being bioassayed. However, plain sera with high TSH levels, such as those from primary hypothyroid patients (PH), could be directly tested in CHO-R bioassay, provided that sera were added at concentrations lower than 10%. TSH from 6 normal subjects had biological to immunological ratio (B/I) ranging from 0.6 to 2.1 (mean +/- SD = 1.4 +/- 0.5). TSH from 6 patients with PH showed bioactivity significantly lower than in normals (B/I = 0.6 +/- 0.3; p < 0.001; range = 0.3-1.1). TSH from 5 patients with central hypothyroidism of hypothalamic origin (CH) had undetectable basal bioactivity (B/I < 0.2), which normalized in only one patient after acute TRH and in all patients after chronic TRH administration. In conclusion, CHO-R cells provide an excellent tool for evaluating TSH bioactivity, owing to high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and feasibility of the assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Persani
- Istituto di Scienze Endocrine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Sergi I, Medri G, Papandreou MJ, Gunz G, Jaquet P, Ronin C. Polymorphism of thyrotropin and alpha subunit in human pituitary adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 1993; 16:45-55. [PMID: 8445156 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To understand better why patients with TSH-secreting pituitary tumors exhibit variable degree of hyperthyroidism, we analyzed the various isoforms of TSH and alpha-subunit secreted by 4 TSH-secreting adenomas in primary culture. All patients had macrodenomas clinically associated with hyperthyroidism with normal to elevated TSH plasma levels. The in vivo molar alpha/TSH ratio ranged from 18.4 to 3.8. The hormone material secreted over 4 to 48 h in culture was separated by gel isoelectrofocusing, eluted and estimated by immunoassays. The release of free alpha-subunit was noticeably different among adenomas. Three tumors were found to release an homogeneous and acidic (pI = 5.4-4.5) species totally unrelated to the alpha-subunit dissociated from intrapituitary TSH (5 isoforms, pI = 8.8-5.8) while another was more heterogeneous (pI = 8.8, 8.4, 7.6, 6.8, 5.8, 5.4-4.5). Tumoral TSH exhibited at least six detectable isoforms (pI = 8.6, 8.3-8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0) very similar to those present in a purified intrapituitary hormone preparation. While intrapituitary TSH was composed of 70% of alkaline (pI = 8.6-7.5), 25% of neutral (pI = 7.0-6.0) and 5% (pI = 5.8-4.5) of acidic forms, these species were found to be more evenly distributed in adenomatous secretion (43%/42%/15%). The TSH-secreting tumors thus appeared to relase preferentially neutral and acidic forms of TSH than alkaline components but for one tumor, this ratio could be modified by chronic incubation with TRH. When assayed for their capacity to stimulate 3H-thymidine incorporation in FRTL-5 cells, neutral TSH appeared definitely less potent than the alkaline and acidic isohormones. Altogether, these data show that pituitary adenomas synthesize normal forms of TSH but release them in variable amount in the medium. When circulating in the blood, the ratio between active and inactive isoforms of TSH may thus be responsible for the variable stimulation of the thyroid gland observed in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sergi
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie des Hormones Glycoprotéiques, Marseille, France
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Stannard BS, Gesundheit N, Thotakura NR, Gyves PW, Ronin C, Weintraub BD. Differential effect of inhibitors of oligosaccharide processing on the secretion of thyrotropin from dispersed rodent pituitary cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 165:788-94. [PMID: 2532008 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of various inhibitors of oligosaccharide processing on the content and secretion of newly synthesized thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from dispersed hypothyroid rodent pituitary cells. 1-deoxynojirimycin and N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin, both inhibitors of glucosidases I and II, decreased intracellular TSH (to 60-76% of control) and secreted TSH (to 60-63% of control) after a 1-hour incubation (pulse) with [35S]methionine and an 8-hour incubation (chase) in isotope-free media. In contrast, deoxymannojirimycin and swainsonine, inhibitors of mannosidase I and II, respectively, increased both intracellular TSH (to 267-309% of control) and secreted TSH (to 192% of control) at 8 hours. TSH oligosaccharides synthesized in the presence of these glucosidase and mannosidase inhibitors were largely sensitive to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo H), confirming inhibition of processing. Despite differences in oligosaccharide structure, the in vitro bioactivities of these secreted TSH isoforms were nearly identical. These data confirm and extend previous work performed with 1-deoxynojirimycin suggesting that glucosylated high mannose forms of TSH are more susceptible to intracellular degradation. The novel finding that deoxymannojirimycin and swainsonine increase secreted and total TSH above control levels suggests that non-glucosylated high mannose forms as well as hybrid-type oligosaccharides may facilitate secretion and direct TSH away from a natural degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Stannard
- Molecular, Cellular and Nutritional Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
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DeCherney GS, Gesundheit N, Gyves PW, Showalter CR, Weintraub BD. Alterations in the sialylation and sulfation of secreted mouse thyrotropin in primary hypothyroidism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159:755-62. [PMID: 2930540 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)90059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of in vivo hypothyroidism on the sialylation and sulfation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by mouse pituitary explants. Oligosaccharides from secreted thyroid-stimulating hormone from hypothyroid animals contained greater sialic acid relative to sulfate in both alpha and beta subunits. Aging per se had little effect on thyroid-stimulating hormone sialylation or sulfation. Variable sialylation and sulfation demonstrates a mechanism for charge microheterogeneity of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and the increasing sialylation observed with hypothyroidism may functionally mediate the prolonged metabolic clearance that has been noted previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S DeCherney
- Molecular, Cellular, and Nutritional Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Thyrotropin Secretion in Health and Disease. Clin Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0753-2_78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Magner JA. Thyroid-stimulating hormone: structure and function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 261:27-103. [PMID: 2699971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2058-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Magner
- Michael Reese Hospital, University of Chicago, IL 60616
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