1
|
Wang D, Min S, Lin X, Jiang G. Clinical analysis of 20 cases of cutaneous extranodal NK/T-Cell lymphoma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2023; 89:718-724. [PMID: 37067109 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_300_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background To investigate the clinical features, pathological features and prognostic factors of cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (CENKTL). Methods A total of 20 cases with CENKTL from February 2013 to November 2021 were analysed retrospectively. Results The patients included 15 men and five women, and their ages ranged from 19 to 92 (median age of 61) years. The most common lesions were on the extremities, followed by the trunk. Histopathological examination showed atypical lymphocyte infiltrate in dermis and subcutaneous fat. The tumour tissue showed vascular proliferation, vascular occlusion, and coagulation necrosis. In situ hybridisation revealed that 20 patients were positive for Epstein-Barr virus-coding ribonucleic acid. Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumour cells were positive for CD3 (18/20 and 90%), CD56 (19/20 and 95%), T-cell intracellular antigen (TIA-1) (13/14 and 92.9%) and CD20 (5/20, 25%). About 20 patients were positive for Ki-67 with values of 30-90%. A total of 11 of the 20 patients died, and two patients were lost to follow-up. The 2-year overall survival was 24%, and the median overall survival was 17 months. Univariate analysis revealed that involvement of lymph nodes (P = 0.042) correlated with worse survival. Limitation This is a retrospective study design and has a limited number of patients. Conclusion CENKTL is rare and has a poor prognosis. Diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific clinical symptoms and histopathology results. A comprehensive judgement should be made based on related clinical manifestations and histopathological and molecular examination. Lymph node involvement is an independent prognostic factor for CENKTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuhui Min
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zerdan MB, Nasr L, Kassab J, Saba L, Ghossein M, Yaghi M, Dominguez B, Chaulagain CP. Adhesion molecules in multiple myeloma oncogenesis and targeted therapy. Int J Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:IJH39. [PMID: 35663420 PMCID: PMC9136637 DOI: 10.2217/ijh-2021-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day we march closer to finding the cure for multiple myeloma. The myeloma cells inflict their damage through specialized cellular meshwork and cytokines system. Implicit in these interactions are cellular adhesion molecules and their regulators which include but are not limited to integrins and syndecan-1/CD138, immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, such as CD44, cadherins such as N-cadherin, and selectins, such as E-selectin. Several adhesion molecules are respectively involved in myelomagenesis such as in the transition from the precursor disorder monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to indolent asymptomatic multiple myeloma (smoldering myeloma) then to active multiple myeloma or primary plasma cell leukemia, and in the pathological manifestations of multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Myeloma & Amyloidosis Program, Maroone Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, USA
| | - Lewis Nasr
- Saint-Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Kassab
- Saint-Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ludovic Saba
- Saint-Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Myriam Ghossein
- Department of Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Balamand, Lebanon
| | - Marita Yaghi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Myeloma & Amyloidosis Program, Maroone Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, USA
| | - Barbara Dominguez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Myeloma & Amyloidosis Program, Maroone Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, USA
| | - Chakra P Chaulagain
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Myeloma & Amyloidosis Program, Maroone Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Celant E, Marconato L, Stefanello D, Moretti P, Aresu L, Comazzi S, Martini V. Clinical and Clinical Pathological Presentation of 310 Dogs Affected by Lymphoma with Aberrant Antigen Expression Identified via Flow Cytometry. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040184. [PMID: 35448684 PMCID: PMC9032799 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic aberrancies have been reported occasionally in canine lymphomas. Here, we retrospectively collected 310 canine lymphomas with an aberrant phenotype detected via flow cytometry and describe their clinical and clinical pathological features at diagnosis. There were 152 T-cell lymphomas not otherwise specified (T-NOS), 101 T-zone lymphomas (TZL), 54 B-cell lymphomas, and 3 cases with two suspected concurrent neoplastic populations. The most represented aberrancies were: CD5-, CD4-CD8-, and CD3- in T-NOS lymphomas, CD21+, CD4-CD8-, and CD3- in TZLs, and CD34+, CD44-, and CD5+ in B-cell lymphomas. Among T-cell lymphomas, the aberrant expression of CD21 was significantly more frequent in TZL and the loss of CD5 and CD44 in T-NOS. More than 75% of dogs were purebred; males outnumbered females; the mean age at diagnosis was 8–10 years, depending on lymphoma subtype. A few dogs were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, and 30% had peripheral blood abnormalities, in line with what is already reported for the general population of dogs with lymphoma. Further studies are needed to assess the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying each specific antigen aberrancy, as well as the diagnostic and prognostic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Celant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Pierangelo Moretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy;
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250334585
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rehman MU, Khan A, Imtiyaz Z, Ali S, Makeen HA, Rashid S, Arafah A. Current Nano-therapeutic Approaches Ameliorating Inflammation in Cancer Progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:886-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Dong X, Chu D, Wang Z. Leukocyte-mediated Delivery of Nanotherapeutics in Inflammatory and Tumor Sites. Theranostics 2017; 7:751-763. [PMID: 28255364 PMCID: PMC5327647 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become a powerful tool to potentially translate nanomedicine from bench to bedside. Nanotherapeutics are nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with drugs and possess the property of tissue targeting after surfaces of NPs are bio-functionalized. Designing smaller size of nanotherapeutics is presumed to increase tumor targeting based on the EPR (enhanced permeability and retention) effect. Since the immune systems possess a defence mechanism to fight diseases, there is an emerging concept that NPs selectively target immune cells to mediate the active delivery of drugs into sites of disease. In this review, we will focus on a key question of how nanotherapeutics specifically target immune cells and hijack them as a delivery vehicle to transport nanotherapeutics into disease tissues, thus possibly improving current therapies in inflammation, immune disorders and cancers. We will also discuss the challenges and opportunities for this new strategy of leukocyte-mediated delivery of nanotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA 99202
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evaluation of soluble CD44 protein marker to distinguish the premalignant and malignant carcinoma cases in cervical cancer patients. Med Oncol 2014; 31:139. [PMID: 25064733 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to estimate the levels of soluble CD44 in cervical cancer patients by determining whether it consistently discriminates the carcinoma of the cervix from early or premalignant stage of the cervical cancer. Serum concentrations of sCD44s in cervical cancer patients were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from serum of 50 cases of cervical cancer patients and 50 cases of suspected patients with premalignant disease of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The sensitivity and specificity of the test for differentiating carcinoma of the cervix from premalignant stage were evaluated by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Significant increase in the levels of soluble CD44 was observed in cervical cancer patients (664.80 ± 26.58 ng/ml), when compared to healthy (P < 0.001) and suspected (P < 0.05) or premalignant cases (275.19 ± 24.39 and 514.33 ± 54.57 ng/ml, respectively). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, adenocarcinoma in situ and premalignance with dysplasia show significant (P < 0.001) increase in the concentration of soluble CD44 levels when compared to other types. A ROC curve was plotted and estimated the threshold value as 633.11 ng/ml. In conclusion, the data indicated an up-regulation of soluble CD44 protein which detect and differentiates the cervical carcinoma from premalignant cases with 62.6 % sensitivity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fitzpatrick SG, Montague LJ, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I. CD44 expression in intraoral salivary ductal papillomas and oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 7:122-8. [PMID: 23143465 PMCID: PMC3642258 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane adhesion molecule which has been previously shown to be useful in the differentiation of benign papillary lesions from invasive carcinoma in several different areas including sinonasal mucosa and breast tissue. CD44 expression has previously been shown to be lost in invasive carcinoma and retained in benign papillary lesions in both of the above locations. In addition, studies have evaluated oral mucosal lesions for CD44 expression and found a loss with invasive squamous cell carcinoma when compared to normal epithelium, hyperplasia, and squamous papillomas, which stained particularly strongly. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated CD44 expression when comparing salivary ductal papillomas in comparison to oral papillary SCCA. In this study 18 cases of intraductal papilloma were compared to 19 cases of oral papillary SCCA. Within the ductal papilloma group, all cases stained either absent (6%), weakly (33%), or moderately (61%) with 76% expressing the stain diffusely and 24% focally. In comparison, the papillary squamous cell carcinoma cases expressed the CD44 moderately (26%) or strongly (74%) with 100 % showing diffuse staining. Thus, the CD44 expression was contrary to expectation based on previous studies, which we hypothesize is due to the extremely well differentiated nature of papillary SCCA which expressed CD44 staining compatible with levels previously reported with oral squamous papillomas than invasive carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Fitzpatrick
- />Department of Oral Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Lindsay J. Montague
- />Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, JHMHC, University of Florida College of Dentistry, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414 USA
| | - Donald M. Cohen
- />Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, JHMHC, University of Florida College of Dentistry, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414 USA
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- />Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, JHMHC, University of Florida College of Dentistry, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Min KW, Oh YH, Park CK, Lim SD, Kim WS. CD44s and CD44v6 Are Predominantly Expressed in the Non-germinal Center B-Cell-like Type of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2011.45.6.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyueng-Whan Min
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ha Oh
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Kum Park
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Dug Lim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan-Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krause DS, Spitzer TR, Stowell CP. The concentration of CD44 is increased in hematopoietic stem cell grafts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, plasma cell myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:1033-8. [PMID: 20586634 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0347-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT), malignant cells remaining in the graft may re-engraft leading to relapse of the original disease. CD44 is known to play a role in the engraftment of leukemia-initiating cells and is shed from the surface of malignant cells. Soluble CD44 is a cleaved fragment, which is found in the serum of patients with metastasized epithelial and hematologic malignancies and in some other cancers, and has been demonstrated to be correlated with clinical outcome. OBJECTIVES To investigate (1) a possible correlation between the concentration of CD44 in an autoHSCT graft and the type of hematologic malignancy and (2) a possible correlation between the concentration of CD44 in the autoHSCT graft with clinical outcome after autoHSCT. DESIGN We measured CD44 in 157 hematopoietic stem cell grafts from patients with hematologic malignancies and from 43 healthy donors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Levels of CD44 were almost 2-fold higher in the patients' grafts. Highest levels were found in the grafts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and plasma cell myeloma, congruent with known CD44 expression levels in these malignancies. The survival advantage among patients with CD44 levels less than 22 000 ng/mL was highly statistically significant. CONCLUSION These results show that CD44 levels in an autoHSCT graft may be linked to clinical outcome after autoHSCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Krause
- Department of Pathology, Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clarke MR, Landreneau RJ, Resnick NM, Crowley R, Dougherty GJ, Cooper DL, Yousem SA. Prognostic significance of CD44 expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M200-4. [PMID: 16696007 PMCID: PMC407963 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.4.m200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aims-To determine whether expression of CD44 in neoplasia is associated with tumour grade, stage and prognosis.Methods-The immunohistochemical expression of CD44 was evaluated using the mouse antihuman monoclonal antibody 3G12 which recognises regions shared by all CD44 isoforms to determine whether expression in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue correlates with tumour grade, stage or survival in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Thirty one adenocarcinomas of the lung, 16 T2N0 and 15 T2N1, and their nodal metastases were studied.Results-Of the 31 tumours, 25 were positive for the CD44 antigen. CD44 expression correlated with tumour grade, in that intense staining was seen only in moderately and/or poorly differentiated tumours. CD44 did not correlate with nodal status, tumour size, pleural invasion, angiolymphatic invasion, or host inflammatory response, but did correlate with survival. A median survival of 46 months was observed in patients with moderate to strong CD44 expression compared with 24 months for those with no or weak expression. Nine patients were alive without evidence of disease at a median follow up of 61 months. Six (66%) of these nine patients had strong CD44 expression. This contrasts with strong expression in only three (17%) of the 17 patients dying with a median survival of 28 months.Conclusion-In primary adenocarcinoma of the lung loss of CD44 expression is associated with less favorable outcome and may indicate a more aggressive neoplasm. CD44 may be a useful prognostic marker in lung carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Clarke
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15232-2582 PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Choi CH, Roh CR, Kim TJ, Choi YL, Lee JW, Kim BG, Lee JH, Bae DS. Expression of CD44 adhesion molecules on human placentae. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 128:243-7. [PMID: 16504370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to characterize CD44 expression in human placentae. STUDY DESIGN We conducted reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of CD44H (hematopoietic form, also called CD44s) and CD44R1 (epithelial form) in 14 normal term placentae, and immunohistochemical analysis of CD44H and CD44v6 in 31 placentae (25 term and 6 first-trimester). RESULTS All 14 term placentae expressed CD44H (double bands) suggesting expression of alternative isoforms on the placentae. CD44R1 was expressed on 3 of 14 (21.4%) term placentae. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of CD44H in all the placentae examined. However, positive staining for CD44v6 was observed in 3 of 6 (50%) first-trimester and only 6 of 25 (24%) term placentae showing decreased expression on term placentae. Positive staining for CD44v6 was observed on the trophoblast surface of immature villi especially in the sub-chorionic area where hypoxic conditions prevail. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CD44 splicing variants might play a role in the invasion of trophoblast into maternal tissue in early pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chel Hun Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Avin E, Haimovich J, Hollander N. Anti-idiotype x anti-CD44 bispecific antibodies inhibit invasion of lymphoid organs by B cell lymphoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4736-43. [PMID: 15383611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration that Abs to adhesion molecules can block tumor metastasis suggested their use for therapy. However, such Abs affect nonmalignant cells as well. To circumvent this adverse effect, we proposed the use of bispecific Abs that bind simultaneously to an adhesion receptor and to a tumor-specific Ag. Such bifunctional Abs bind more avidly to tumor cells that coexpress both target Ags than to normal cells. The Id of the surface Ig of malignant B lymphocytes is a tumor-specific Ag. Therefore, we produced bispecific Abs with specificity to the adhesion molecule, CD44, and to an idiotypic determinant of the murine B cell lymphoma, 38C-13. These anti-Id x anti-CD44 bispecific Abs blocked 38C-13 cell adhesion to hyaluronic acid, while not affecting adhesion of Id-negative cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that the bispecific Abs inhibited lymphoma cell dissemination to the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen, and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Migration of 38C-13 cells to the lymphoid organs was inhibited by the bispecific Abs. Thus, the bispecific Ab-mediated reduction in metastasis resulted, at least in part, from reduced homing to these organs. In contrast to anti-CD44 monospecific Abs, the anti-Id x anti-CD44 bispecific Abs did not affect immune responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity. Hence, bispecific Abs against adhesion molecules and tumor-specific Ags may selectively block tumor metastasis in a way which may leave at least part of the immune system intact.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/metabolism
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/physiology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/blood
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bispecific/physiology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Female
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Survival Analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Avin
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eisterer W, Bechter O, Söderberg O, Nilsson K, Terol M, Greil R, Thaler J, Herold M, Finke L, Günthert U, Montserrat E, Stauder R. Elevated levels of soluble CD44 are associated with advanced disease and in vitro proliferation of neoplastic lymphocytes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leuk Res 2004; 28:1043-51. [PMID: 15289016 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased expression of the adhesion molecule CD44 has been associated with an unfavourable clinical outcome in lymphomas. We evaluated the prognostic value of soluble CD44 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) and analysed the source and regulation of CD44 secretion in B-CLL clones in vitro. PATIENTS AND METHODS Levels of soluble CD44 standard (sCD44s) and of the soluble variant isoform CD44v6 (sCD44v6) were analysed by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay. Highly purified B-CLL cells (98% CD19 + CD3 - cells) were stimulated in vitro by different combinations of thioredoxin (Trx), Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1 (SAC), IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and by anti-CD40 mAbs presented on irradiated CD32L cells. RESULTS Serum levels of sCD44s and of sCD44v6 are significantly elevated in B-CLL patients (n = 90) in comparison with normal persons (n = 44) (P < 0.001). Elevated levels of sCD44s and sCD44v6 are associated with an advanced disease as reflected by an extended lymph node involvement (P < 0.02), an advanced Binet (P < 0.03) and Rai stage (P < 0.04) and chemotherapy requirement (P < 0.02). High levels of sCD44s are associated with high leukocyte counts (P < 0.04) and increased sCD44v6 is significantly associated with splenomegaly (P < 0.002). In B-CLL sCD44s as well as sCD44v6 is shed from leukaemia cells as shown by in vitro cultures. Stimulation of B-CLL clones results in a proliferation-associated increased secretion of sCD44s (rho = 0.7; P = 0.0001) and of sCD44v6 (rho = 0.5; P = 0.005). B-CLL clones from advanced stage patients are characterised by an increased capacity for proliferation and CD44 production in comparison with early stage patients. CONCLUSIONS Both sCD44s and sCD44v6 represent a reliable prognostic marker in B-CLL and may be involved in the pathogenesis of B-CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/blood
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Solubility
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisterer
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gasbarri A, Del Prete F, Girnita L, Martegani MP, Natali PG, Bartolazzi A. CD44s adhesive function spontaneous and PMA-inducible CD44 cleavage are regulated at post-translational level in cells of melanocytic lineage. Melanoma Res 2003; 13:325-37. [PMID: 12883358 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200308000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion between the CD44s receptor and hyaluronic acid plays an important role in cell migration, tumour growth and progression. Although the alternative splicing of CD44 variant exons represents the principal regulatory mechanism of CD44-mediated functions, CD44v spliced variants are scantily expressed in melanoma cells. For this reason, we have investigated the possibility that post-translational modifications of the CD44 standard receptor could play a pivotal role in regulating CD44-mediated functions in melanoma. Using metabolic inhibitors of N- and O-glycosylation, as well as melanoma transfectants expressing CD44s O-glycosylation site-specific mutants, we performed structural and functional analysis of N- and O-deglycosylated CD44s molecules expressed in melanoma cells. We discovered that complete N- and O-glycosylation is not required by CD44s to be correctly expressed on the melanoma cell surface. Indeed, variably glycosylated and functionally different CD44s molecules were constitutively expressed in primary and metastatic lesions. Furthermore, we observed that changes in N- and O-glycosylation of CD44s could modulate its cleavage. In fact, spontaneous CD44s shedding was dependent on the presence of partial or complete O-glycosylation of four serine-glycine motifs localized in the membrane-proximal CD44 ectodomain. Mutation of these serine residues, as well as an extensive metabolic O-deglycosylation, strongly impaired spontaneous CD44 shedding. Furthermore, an O-glycosylation-independent mechanism of CD44 cleavage has been identified. This alternative mechanism of receptor cleavage is phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) inducible, mediated by metalloproteinase and requires the presence of N-linked sugar residues. Our findings demonstrate that the post-translational modification of CD44s represents the principal regulatory mechanism of CD44s-mediated functions in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gasbarri
- Laboratory of Immunology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liang X, Smoller BR, Golitz LE. Expression of CD44 and CD44v6 in primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29:459-64. [PMID: 12207739 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.290803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 and its variant form, CD44v6, have been linked to unfavorable prognosis and tumor dissemination in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The role of CD44 and CD44v6 in primary cutaneous lymphomas may not necessarily correlate with that observed in nodal lymphomas. Our study attempts to evaluate the expression pattern of CD44 and CD44v6 in primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders including primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (cALCL) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) and compared the expression between these two subgroups. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of CD44 and CD44v6 was performed on 10 cALCL and 18 LyP cases. RESULTS CD44 consistently expressed in all cases of primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. In contrast with previous studies, our results showed that CD44v6 expressed in 46% of all cases, including 50% cALCL and 44% LyP. There was no statistic difference in expression of CD44 or CD44v6 between cALCL and LyP subgroups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new evidence that CD44v6 is expressed in a subset cases of primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and suggest that other factors or molecules rather than CD44 or CD44v6 are responsible for the difference between cALCL and LyP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiayuan Liang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital, Denver, CO 80218, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liang X, Golitz LE, Smoller BR, Meech SJ, Odom LF, Williams SA, Ryder JW. Association of expression of CD44v6 with systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma: comparison with primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117:276-82. [PMID: 11863224 DOI: 10.1309/trw0-kxwv-qwg0-9xdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a ubiquitous multifunctional cell surface adhesion molecule family. High expression of the standard form, CD44s (CD44), and its variant form, CD44v6, has been reported to be associated with tumor dissemination in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. To evaluate the potential role of CD44 and/or CD44v6 in different entities of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), 30 cases of systemic ALCL (sALCL; 20 cases) and primary cutaneous ALCL (cALCL; 10 cases) were compared for expression of CD44 and CD44v6 by immunohistochemical staining. Expression of CD44v6 also was analyzed with respect to expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in sALCL. No difference of CD44 expression was noted between sALCL and cALCL In contrast, expression of CD44v6 was found in 18 (90%) of sALCL cases and in 5 (50%) of cALCL cases. There was no correlation between expression of CD44v6 and expression of ALK in sALCL. These results indicate that expression of CD44v6 rather than CD44 correlates with sALCL. Furthermore, these results suggest that CD44v6 and ALK may be independent predictors of risk for the systemic phenotype of ALCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiayuan Liang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Taçyildiz N, Cavdar AO, Yavuz G, Gözdaşoglu S, Unal E, Ertem U, Duru F, Ikinciogullari A, Babacan E, Kuzu I, Cin S. Serum levels and differential expression of CD44 in childhood leukemia and malignant lymphoma: correlation with prognostic criteria and survival. Pediatr Int 2001; 43:354-60. [PMID: 11472578 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-200x.2001.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD44, a cell surface proteoglycan, participates in a variety of function including tumor dissemination and metastasis. However, there are no available data on the prognostic significance of CD44 expression of tumor tissue correlated with serum sCD44 level in childhood leukemias and lymphomas. METHODS Serum levels and leukemic cell tumor tissue expression of CD44 were detected in 54 children with acute leukemia and malignant lymphoma. Serum samples were obtained from all patients before treatment and during remission. Twelve age-matched healthy children were included as a control group. RESULTS The serum CD44 levels were significantly higher in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) than those in the control group. The median values were 1627.0, 1336.0, 1318.5, 1730.4, 902.7 ng/mL, respectively, and P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05 in comparisons, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the control group (median values: 900.3 and 902.7 ng/mL, respectively, P>0.05). Serum sCD44 levels significantly declined in HD, NHL and ALL patients who were in complete remission (median values: 684.0, 573.8 and 1101.1 ng/mL, respectively, P<0.05 in each comparison). Patients with HD had higher levels of serum sCD44 and correlated well with higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), B-symptoms and advanced-stage disease (P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Expression of CD44 was significantly high in patients with HD and NHL who were in advanced stages of disease. High serum CD44 level was also associated with high tumor tissue expression of CD44 in patients with HD and BL. In addition, patients with higher levels of serum sCD44, had a poorer outcome and survival than those with lower sCD44 levels in HD and NHL groups. CONCLUSIONS A high serum sCD44 level and/or tumor tissue expression at diagnosis is associated with poor prognostic criteria and/or unfavorable outcome in childhood leukemias and lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Taçyildiz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ankara University Medical School, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bourguignon LY. CD44-mediated oncogenic signaling and cytoskeleton activation during mammary tumor progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2001; 6:287-97. [PMID: 11547898 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011371523994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44, a hyaluronan (HA) receptor, belongs to a family of transmembrane glycoproteins which exists as several isoforms. Cell surface expression of certain CD44 isoforms is closely correlated with the progression and prognosis of breast cancers. A number of angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF and FGF-2) and matrix degrading enzymes (MMPs) are tightly complexed with CD44 isoforms, suggesting that they are involved in the onset of oncogenic signals required for breast tumor cell invasion and migration. Most importantly, interaction of extracellular matrix components (e.g., HA) with cells triggers the cytoplasmic domain of CD44 isoforms to bind its unique downstream effectors (e.g., the cytoskeletal protein ankyrin or various oncogenic signaling molecules-Tiam1, RhoA-activated ROK, c-Src kinase and p185HER2) and to coordinate intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., Rho/Ras signaling and receptor-linked/non-receptor-linked tyrosine kinase pathways), leading to a concomitant onset of multiple cellular functions (e.g., tumor cell growth, migration and invasion) and breast tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Y Bourguignon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Medical School, Florida 33136, USA. lbourgui@.med.miami.edu
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ross JS, Sheehan CE, Williams SS, Malfetano JH, Szyfelbein WM, Kallakury BV. Decreased CD44 standard form expression correlates with prognostic variables in ovarian carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 116:122-8. [PMID: 11447742 DOI: 10.1309/kuk0-1m3d-lgne-thxr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of CD44 standard form (CD44s) was evaluated by automated immunohistochemical analysis using the anti-CD44 A3D8 clone in 101 ovarian epithelial neoplasms including 82 primary tumors (64 carcinomas and 18 tumors of low malignant potential [LMP]), 9 lymph node metastases, 8 malignant ascites, and 2 peritoneal implants. Immunostaining was scored semiquantitatively. Tumors were graded according to the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) classification system. Tumor stage and patient survival were determined from the patient records. While 9 of 18 LMP tumors expressed CD44s, only 15 of 64 carcinomas expressed it. In the carcinomas, univariate analysis revealed that decreased CD44s expression correlated with high tumor grade, advanced stage, and shortened survival. Loss of CD44s expression also was noted in the tumor cells in 8 of 9 lymph node metastases, 7 of 8 malignant ascites, and 1 of 2 implants. Multivariate analysis revealed that only tumor stage independently correlated with patient survival. Loss of CD44s expression determined by immunohistochemical analysis is more common in ovarian carcinomas than in LMP tumors; correlates with prognostic variables including tumor grade, stage, and survival; and may have an important role in the dissemination of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Ross
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Chikhlikar PR, Shah NG, Vora HH, Ghosh N, Trivedi TI. Molecular markers are predictors of recurrence and survival in patients with Dukes B and Dukes C colorectal adenocarcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44:523-33. [PMID: 11330579 DOI: 10.1007/bf02234324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal was to investigate the prognostic value of various molecular markers like CEA, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, c-Myc, p53, p21ras, Ki-67, CD44, Factor VIII-related antigen, cytokeratin-19, adenoma antigen, and prolactin in patients with Dukes B and Dukes C colorectal adenocarcinoma. METHODS These molecular markers were localized immunohistochemically in nonmalignant (n = 36) and malignant (n = 98) diseases of the colorectum. Data were analyzed statistically using the SPSS software program. The patients with colorectal cancer were followed for a period of five years or their death within that period. RESULTS The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, CD44, cytokeratin-19 and prolactin was significantly higher in malignant diseases (P < 0.05), whereas, p21ras was found to be significantly higher in nonmalignant diseases (P = 0.002) as compared with their respective counterparts. Besides Dukes stage, multivariate analysis indicated a significantly reduced relapse-free survival in patients expressing CD44 and cytokeratin-19 (P < 0.005). Similarly, besides Dukes stage, multivariate analysis indicated a significantly poor overall survival in patients expressing CD44, cytokeratin-19 and prolactin (P < 0.01). In patients with Dukes B disease, only cytokeratin-19 and CD44 expression attained statistical significance (P < 0.05), whereas in patients with Dukes C disease, CD44, p21ras- and c-Myc expression attained statistical significance (P < 0.018). Also, a multivariate analysis in relation to treatment given was performed using CD44 and cytokeratin-19. CONCLUSION Besides Dukes stage, multivariate analysis of all the studied molecular markers showed that patients expressing CD44 and cytokeratin-19 had a significantly reduced relapse-free and poor overall survival. Moreover, patients expressing both these markers (CD44 and cytokeratin-19) had the lowest significant relative risk for developing recurrence than patients with both markers negative when treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy as compared with patients treated with surgery alone. Thus, in patients with colorectal cancer, immunohistochemical localization of CD44 and cytokeratin-19 may be included as a part of routine pathologic evaluation along with conventional prognostic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bhatavdekar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Society Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yaris N, Büyükpamukçu M, Kansu E, Canpinar H. Expression of adhesion molecules LFA-1, ICAM-1, CD44, and L-selectin in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2001; 36:359-64. [PMID: 11241437 DOI: 10.1002/mpo.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to analyse the expression of adhesion molecules in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas and to correlate the findings with clinical features and prognosis. PROCEDURE Samples were obtained from pleural and peritoneal fluids, bone marrow aspirates, and tissue biopsies from 21 patients (median age: 8 years). There were 9 T-cell and 12 B-cell lymphomas. The expression of CD18, CD44s, CD54, CD62L were investigated with flow cytometry by using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Absence of CD18, which was independent from immunophenotype, was found in 67% of patients. Positive CD44s and CD62L expression were observed in 48 and 63% of the cases, respectively. In all of the cases with T-cell lymphoma, CD54 was negative, whereas 8 of 12 cases with B-cell lymphoma expressed this molecule (P = 0.005). There was no correlation between location of disease and the expression of adhesion molecules, except CD54 that was negative in all mediasten lymphoma (P = 0.004). CD62L (+) patients had more frequently stage IV disease than CD62L (-) ones (P = 0.01). Two-year overall survival was 83 and 29% in CD18 (+) and CD18 (-) cases; 55 and 36% in CD44s (+) and CD44s (-) cases; 46 and 42% in CD54 (+) and CD54 (-) cases; 42 and 50% in CD62L (+) and CD62L (-) cases. CONCLUSIONS The expression of LFA-1 on lymphoblasts is lost in the majority of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas. ICAM-1 is not detected on neoplastic cells of patients with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. L-selectin positivity correlates with disseminated disease. There is no significant relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules and the survival rates, although CD18(+) cases had better overall survival rate than CD18(-) cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Yaris
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dailey SH, Sataloff RT. Lymphoma: An Update on Evolving Trends in Staging and Management. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130108000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because lymphoma frequently manifests as a neck mass, otolaryngologists are often the first to evaluate and diagnose it. Excisional biopsy of lymph nodes generally provides the definitive diagnosis. After diagnosis, however, the otolaryngologist's involvement generally wanes as subsequent treatment of the patient is provided by an oncology team. Nevertheless, it is important for the otolaryngologist to be familiar with current concepts in the comprehensive evaluation and treatment of lymphoma patients. This knowledge allows us to participate in and facilitate timely testing, which helps avoid undue delays between the documentation of physical findings and the initiation of treatment. Otolaryngologists also need to be up to date on recent developments in the treatment of lymphomas in order to be able to answer questions regarding staging and prognosis, to make the proper referrals, and to help our patients understand current controversies and treatment practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Dailey
- From the Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y
| | - Robert T. Sataloff
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia, and the Department of Otolaryngology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ohene-Abuakwa Y, Pignatelli M. Adhesion molecules in cancer biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 465:115-26. [PMID: 10810620 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46817-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohene-Abuakwa
- Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College School of Medicine, London
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Navarro JT, Ribera JM, Vaquero M, Pastor MC, Oriol A, Romeu J, Batlle M, Millá F, Feliu E. Increased serum levels of CD44s and CD44v6 in patients with AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AIDS 2000; 14:1460-1. [PMID: 10930167 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200007070-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Ohene-Abuakwa Y, Pignatelli M. Adhesion Molecules as Diagnostic Tools in Tumor Pathology. Int J Surg Pathol 2000; 8:191-200. [PMID: 11493989 DOI: 10.1177/106689690000800306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins mediating cell-cell and cell extracellular matrix interactions. They control a number of fundamental biological processes including cell migration, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the last decade there has been an increasing interest in the exploitation of these molecules as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers in tumor pathology. For example, a large number of studies have shown that loss of E-cadherin expression correlates with high tumor grade and advanced tumor stage in a number of malignancies. The analysis of adhesion molecule profile in a routine clinical setting needs further investigation in prospective multicenter studies. Int J Surg Pathol 8(3):191-200, 2000
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Ohene-Abuakwa
- Division of Histopathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhu D, Bourguignon LY. The ankyrin-binding domain of CD44s is involved in regulating hyaluronic acid-mediated functions and prostate tumor cell transformation. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2000; 39:209-22. [PMID: 9519902 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1998)39:3<209::aid-cm4>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CD44 isoforms, such as CD44s (the standard form), contain at least one ankyrin-binding site within the 70-amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain and several hyaluronic acid (HA)-binding sites within the extracellular domain. To study the role of CD44s-ankyrin interaction in regulating human prostate tumor cells, we have constructed several CD44s cytoplasmic deletion mutants that lack the ankyrin-binding site(s). These truncated cDNAs were stably transfected into CD44-negative human prostate tumor cells (LNCaP). Our results indicate that a critical region of 15-amino acids (aa) between aa 304 and aa 318 of CD44s is required for ankyrin binding. Biochemical analyses, using competition binding assays with a synthetic peptide containing the 15 aa between aa 304 and aa 318 (NSGNGAVEDRKPSGL), further support the conclusion that this region contains the ankyrin-binding domain of CD44s. Deletion of this 15-aa ankyrin-binding sequence from CD44s results in a drastic reduction of HA-mediated binding/cell adhesion, Src p60 kinase(s) interaction and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. These findings suggest that the binding of cytoskeletal proteins, such as ankyrin, to the cytoplasmic domain of CD44s plays a pivotal role in regulating HA-mediated functions as well as Src kinase activity and prostate tumor cell transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Medical School, Florida 33101, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mäenpää H, Ristamäki R, Virtamo J, Franssila K, Albanes D, Joensuu H. Serum CD44 levels preceding the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 37:585-92. [PMID: 11042519 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009058511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum CD44 (s-CD44) concentrations were measured in sera taken from 49 individuals who were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 0.9 to 7.2 years after taking the blood sample, and from 49 controls matched for age. The serum samples had been collected in conjunction of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study, which evaluated the influence of vitamin supplementation on cancer prevention. S-CD44 was measured using chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. S-CD44 concentrations of the cases were significantly elevated before the diagnosis of lymphoma when compared to the serum levels found in the controls (median, 447 ng/mL; range, 108-780 ng/mL vs. median, 364 ng/mL; range, 53-660 ng/mL; p=0.012). Individuals who were later diagnosed with high grade lymphoma according to the Kiel classification (n=21) had significantly higher values than the controls 0.9-4.0 years before the diagnosis, but such a difference could not be detected if serum samples had been taken more than 4 years before the diagnosis. The s-CD44 levels were not significantly elevated among individuals who were later diagnosed with low grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n=25) as compared to their controls. The prediagnostic s-CD44 levels in cases and controls overlapped markedly, and a value higher than the highest value found among the controls (660 ng/mL) was found only in 5 (10%) samples taken from individuals who were later diagnosed with lymphoma. We conclude that serum CD44 may be elevated a few years preceding the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but the levels overlap markedly with those found in individuals without lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Mäenpää
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
AbstractRegulated lymphocyte trafficking is essential for the control and integration of systemic immune responses. This homing process disperses the immunologic repertoire, guides lymphocyte subsets to the specialized microenvironments that control their differentiation and survival, and targets immune effector cells to sites of antigenic insult. This review discusses data indicating that the adhesion receptors regulating the trafficking of normal lymphocytes are also expressed and functionally active in their malignant counterparts, the non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These “homing receptors” appear to mediate the highly tissue-specific dissemination of specific lymphoma subtypes, such as lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues and lymphomas of the skin. Furthermore, as a result of their capability to enhance lymphoma dissemination and to transduce signals into the cell, promoting cell growth and survival, adhesion receptors may contribute to lymphoma aggressiveness. Taken together, the data offer a framework for understanding the dissemination routes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and suggest that adhesion receptors, specifically those of the CD44 family, may present useful tools to predict prognosis in patients with lymphomas.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
CD44 is a family of cell-surface adhesion molecules which exist in several isoforms arising from mRNA alternative. Malignant transformation of colonic mucosa is associated with alterations in CD44 expression, which result in up-regulation of high-molecular-weight CD44 isoforms and down-regulation of CD44s. We have demonstrated that stable transfection of CD44s into colon-carcinoma cell lines reduces their tumorigenicity. To understand the influence of CD44s expression on the metastatic potential of human colon carcinomas, we measured the ability of several different CD44s-transfected colon carcinomas to establish experimental liver metastases following splenic inoculation in mice. We observed that introduction of CD44s into 2 different human colon carcinoma cell lines, HT29 and KM12C6, resulted in reduced growth of liver metastases by as much as 75%. To explore the relationship between hyaluronate adhesion and metastasis, we transfected HT29 cells with cDNA encoding a mutant CD44s that does not bind to hyaluronate. HT29 transfectants expressing this mutant CD44s demonstrate an 84% reduction in growth of liver metastases, despite minimal binding to hyaluronate by the mutant CD44s. In concert, these results indicate that CD44s down-regulation, which occurs with malignant transformation of colonic mucosa, is associated with enhanced growth of experimental liver metastases. Consequently, the functional consequences of CD44s down-regulation in colon carcinomas may be just as significant as the consequences of up-regulation of other CD44 isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Choi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, Ma C, Lossos IS, Rosenwald A, Boldrick JC, Sabet H, Tran T, Yu X, Powell JI, Yang L, Marti GE, Moore T, Hudson J, Lu L, Lewis DB, Tibshirani R, Sherlock G, Chan WC, Greiner TC, Weisenburger DD, Armitage JO, Warnke R, Levy R, Wilson W, Grever MR, Byrd JC, Botstein D, Brown PO, Staudt LM. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 2000; 403:503-11. [PMID: 10676951 DOI: 10.1038/35000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6153] [Impact Index Per Article: 256.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous: 40% of patients respond well to current therapy and have prolonged survival, whereas the remainder succumb to the disease. We proposed that this variability in natural history reflects unrecognized molecular heterogeneity in the tumours. Using DNA microarrays, we have conducted a systematic characterization of gene expression in B-cell malignancies. Here we show that there is diversity in gene expression among the tumours of DLBCL patients, apparently reflecting the variation in tumour proliferation rate, host response and differentiation state of the tumour. We identified two molecularly distinct forms of DLBCL which had gene expression patterns indicative of different stages of B-cell differentiation. One type expressed genes characteristic of germinal centre B cells ('germinal centre B-like DLBCL'); the second type expressed genes normally induced during in vitro activation of peripheral blood B cells ('activated B-like DLBCL'). Patients with germinal centre B-like DLBCL had a significantly better overall survival than those with activated B-like DLBCL. The molecular classification of tumours on the basis of gene expression can thus identify previously undetected and clinically significant subtypes of cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Alizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bourguignon LY, Zhu H, Shao L, Chen YW. CD44 interaction with tiam1 promotes Rac1 signaling and hyaluronic acid-mediated breast tumor cell migration. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:1829-38. [PMID: 10636882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.3.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have explored the interaction between CD44 (the hyaluronic acid (HA)-binding receptor) and Tiam1 (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor) in metastatic breast tumor cells (SP1 cell line). Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses indicate that both the CD44v3 isoform and the Tiam1 protein are expressed in SP1 cells and that these two proteins are physically associated as a complex in vivo. Using an Escherichia coli-derived calmodulin-binding peptide-tagged Tiam1 fragment (i.e. the NH(2)-terminal pleckstrin homology (PHn) domain and an adjacent protein interaction domain designated as PHn-CC-Ex, amino acids 393-738 of Tiam1) and an in vitro binding assay, we have detected a specific binding interaction between the Tiam1 PHn-CC-Ex domain and CD44. Scatchard plot analysis indicates that there is a single high affinity CD44 binding site in the PHn-CC-Ex domain of Tiam1 with an apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) of 0.2 nM, which is comparable with CD44 binding (K(d) = approximately 0.13 nM) to intact Tiam1. These findings suggest that the PHn-CC-Ex domain is the primary Tiam1-binding region for CD44. Most importantly, the binding of HA to CD44v3 of SP1 cells stimulates Tiam1-catalyzed Rac1 signaling and cytoskeleton-mediated tumor cell migration. Transfection of SP1 cells with Tiam1cDNA promotes Tiam1 association with CD44v3 and up-regulates Rac1 signaling as well as HA/CD44v3-mediated breast tumor cell migration. Co-transfection of SP1 cells with PHn-CC-Ex cDNA and Tiam1 cDNA effectively inhibits Tiam1 association with CD44 and efficiently blocks tumor behaviors. Taken together, we believe that the linkage between CD44v3 isoform and the PHn-CC-EX domain of Tiam1 is required for HA stimulated Rac1 signaling and cytoskeleton-mediated tumor cell migration during breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Y Bourguignon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wielenga VJ, van der Neut R, Offerhaus GJ, Pals ST. CD44 glycoproteins in colorectal cancer: expression, function, and prognostic value. Adv Cancer Res 1999; 77:169-87. [PMID: 10549358 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Wielenga
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Terol MJ, López-Guillermo A, Bosch F, Villamor N, Cid MC, Campo E, Montserrat E. Expression of beta-integrin adhesion molecules in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlation with clinical and evolutive features. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:1869-75. [PMID: 10561227 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.6.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze beta-integrin expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) in order to assess its distribution among histologic subtypes and correlate with clinical features and outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS The expression of alpha2 through alpha6 and beta1 common chains of very late activation antigen (VLA ) molecules and alphaL (CD11a) and beta2 common (CD18) chains of leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 molecule were studied in 137 patients with NHL. Immunostaining was performed by a streptavidin-biotin alkaline phosphatase method, and integrin expression was semiquantitatively assessed. Correlation with clinical features was analyzed in 80 patients consecutively diagnosed as having immunocytoma (five cases), follicular lymphoma (19 cases), mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL; four cases), diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL; 40 cases), lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL; six cases), anaplastic Ki-1-positive lymphoma (one case), and other peripheral T-cell lymphoma (five cases). RESULTS MCL cells did not show alpha2 and alpha6 expression, whereas most expressed weak to moderate levels of alpha3, alpha4, and alpha5. LL mostly showed alpha2 to alpha5 expression, whereas alpha6 was observed in seven of 11 cases (higher proportion than that shown in other subgroups). Alpha chains of VLA molecules were present more frequently in T-cell than in B-cell lymphomas. Patients with moderate/strong alpha4, CD11a, and beta2 common chain expression presented more frequently with advanced stage and bone marrow infiltration. Moderate/strong alpha4, alpha5, and beta1 common chain expression correlated with extranodal involvement. In the subset of B-cell DLCL patients, negative/weak expression of alpha3 and alpha4 chains was related to a higher complete response rate. Moreover, negative or weak expression of alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, and beta1( )common chain had favorable significance for overall and failure-free survivals. CONCLUSION In NHL, beta-integrin expression is related to histologic subtype. The expression pattern of these molecules probably influences disease dissemination and patients' prognoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Terol
- Hematopathology Unit, Departments of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "August Pi i Sunyer," Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yoo CH, Noh SH, Kim H, Lee HY, Min JS. Prognostic significance of CD44 and nm23 expression in patients with stage II and stage IIIA gastric carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1999; 71:22-8. [PMID: 10362087 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9098(199905)71:1<22::aid-jso5>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Predicting the prognosis in gastric carcinoma patients with intermediate stages is difficult. We investigated the prognostic impacts of CD44 and nm23 expression in a homogeneous group of patients with stage II and IIIA gastric carcinoma who had undergone curative resections. METHODS A total of 261 paraffin-embedded gastric carcinomas were stained with the monoclonal antibodies CD44 and nm23 using the labeled streptovidin biotin method. RESULTS The expression of CD44 and nm23 was detected, respectively, in 31.0% (81/261) and 70.1% (183/261) of all tumors. There was no correlation between CD44 expression and clinicopathological variables. However, nm23 was more frequently expressed in older patients with differentiated adenocarcinoma. A significant difference in 5-year survival rates was found between patients with CD44-positive (43.2%) and CD44-negative tumors (63.4%), (P = 0.0018). However, there was no significant difference in 5-year survival rates between patients with nm23-positive (54.7%) and nm23-negative tumors (62.7%) (P = 0.2734). CONCLUSIONS CD44 expression was a significant adverse prognostic factor in gastric carcinoma and may be a predictor of metastatic potential of the primary tumor. By contrast, immunohistochemical detection of nm23 expression was not a predictor of outcome of patients with gastric carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Yoo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
CD44 molecule is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in several cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. It has been linked to the growth and spread of malignancies. The majority of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) express CD44 reflecting the CD44 expression of the normal lymphocytic counterparts. Cell surface CD44 has been suggested to be involved in hematogenous distribution of NHL, and elevated levels of serum CD44 (s-CD44) have been detected in various malignant diseases. Circulating s-CD44 has been found to be functionally active according to several functional studies. In patients with NHL increased s-CD44 levels have been detected at the time of diagnosis and at progression of the disease and s-CD44 levels change in parallel with response to therapy. Moreover, a high s-CD44 level at diagnosis is associated with a high tumor burden, poor response to treatment and unfavorable outcome in NHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Central Hospital, National Public Health Institute, Turku University, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wielenga VJ, Smits R, Korinek V, Smit L, Kielman M, Fodde R, Clevers H, Pals ST. Expression of CD44 in Apc and Tcf mutant mice implies regulation by the WNT pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:515-23. [PMID: 10027409 PMCID: PMC1850011 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/1998] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of cell surface glycoproteins of the CD44 family is an early event in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. This suggests a link with disruption of APC tumor suppressor protein-mediated regulation of beta-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling, which is crucial in initiating tumorigenesis. To explore this hypothesis, we analyzed CD44 expression in the intestinal mucosa of mice and humans with genetic defects in either APC or Tcf-4, leading to constitutive activation or blockade of the beta-catenin/Tcf-4 pathway, respectively. We show that CD44 expression in the non-neoplastic intestinal mucosa of Apc mutant mice is confined to the crypt epithelium but that CD44 is strongly overexpressed in adenomas as well as in invasive carcinomas. This overexpression includes the standard part of the CD44 (CD44s) as well as variant exons (CD44v). Interestingly, deregulated CD44 expression is already present in aberrant crypt foci with dysplasia (ACFs), the earliest detectable lesions of colorectal neoplasia. Like ACFs of Apc-mutant mice, ACFs of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients also overexpress CD44. In sharp contrast, Tcf-4 mutant mice show a complete absence of CD44 in the epithelium of the small intestine. This loss of CD44 concurs with loss of stem cell characteristics, shared with adenoma cells. Our results indicate that CD44 expression is part of a genetic program controlled by the beta-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling pathway and suggest a role for CD44 in the generation and turnover of epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V J Wielenga
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
CD44 is a family of cell-surface-adhesion proteins that are thought to play an important role in cancer invasion and metastasis. However, the specific mechanisms by which CD44 expression modulates invasion or metastasis are not well understood. In the current study, we have demonstrated that treatment of human melanoma cells with a CD44 MAb, F10-44-2, induces up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) protein and mRNA. Moreover, treatment of melanoma cells with MAb F10-44-2 enhances their migration through gelatin-coated membranes and invasion through reconstituted basement membranes. Treatment of melanoma cells with several known CD44 ligands, including hyaluronate, extracellular-matrix proteins, and osteopontin, did not induce MMP-2 production. CD44 binding by F10-44-2 MAb results in induction of MMP-2 expression, which is associated with enhanced cell migration and invasion. These findings have several implications for investigations into tumor metastasis, development, and lymphocyte function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yu Q, Stamenkovic I. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase 9 to the cell surface provides a mechanism for CD44-mediated tumor invasion. Genes Dev 1999; 13:35-48. [PMID: 9887098 PMCID: PMC316376 DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1998] [Accepted: 11/13/1998] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface hyaluronan receptor CD44 promotes tumor growth and metastasis by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We show here that CD44 associates with a proteolytic form of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) on the surface of mouse mammary carcinoma and human melanoma cells. CD44-associated cell surface MMP-9 promotes cell-mediated collagen IV degradation in vitro and mediates tumor cell invasion of G8 myoblast monolayers. Several distinct CD44 isoforms coprecipitate with MMP-9 and CD44/MMP-9 coclustering is observed to be dependent on the ability of CD44 to form hyaluronan-induced aggregates. Disruption of CD44/MMP-9 cluster formation, by overexpression of soluble or truncated cell surface CD44, is shown to inhibit tumor invasiveness in vivo. Our observations indicate that CD44 serves to anchor MMP-9 on the cell surface and define a mechanism for CD44-mediated tumor invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Yu
- Molecular Pathology Unit and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Beham-Schmid C, Heider KH, Hoefler G, Zatloukal K. Expression of CD44 splice variant v10 in Hodgkin's disease is associated with aggressive behaviour and high risk of relapse. J Pathol 1998; 186:383-9. [PMID: 10209487 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199812)186:4<383::aid-path202>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Expression of CD44 isoforms has been shown to correlate with the progression and prognosis of some malignant tumours. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CD44 standard (CD44s) and CD44 splice variants (CD44v) v5, v6, and v10 in lymph node specimens from patients with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease (NSHD), with or without initial bone marrow involvement and with or without relapse. Specimens were studied by immunohistochemistry to determine CD44s and CD44v in Hodgkin- and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. For validation of the immunohistochemical of detection of CD44v10 in paraffin-embedded samples, selected cases were analysed in parallel immunohistochemically using fresh frozen material and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). There was high expression of CD44 isoforms containing the variant exon v10 selectively in HRS cells of patients with relapse within 2-3 years or with initial bone marrow involvement. In patients without relapse, however, no or only very few HRS cells were positive. These differences were statistically highly significant (p < or = 0.001), whereas evaluation of CD44s, CD44v5, and v6 expression revealed no marked differences. It is concluded that evaluation of CD44v10 expression could serve as a new prognostic marker in NSHD. These results are considered to be of sufficient importance to initiate a large multi-institutional study for confirmation; furthermore, they might suggest causal involvement of CD44v10 in the progression of NSHD.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critical components in the processes of embryogenesis, tissue repair and organization, lymphocyte function, lymphocyte homing and tumor metastasis, as well as being central to the interactions between hemopoietic progenitors and bone marrow microenvironment, and between leukocytes and platelets with vascular endothelium. Expression of CAMs regulates normal hemopoiesis and migration and function of mature hemopoietic cells. CAMs are an important part of the inflammatory response and may regulate cytokine synthesis. In addition, CAM expression may be critical for tumorigenesis. Monoclonal antibodies to CAMs have been developed for clinical use; initial results suggest that these agents have great potential in the prevention and treatment of inflammation, thrombosis, reperfusion injury, and graft rejection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Wagner SN, Wagner C, Reinhold U, Funk R, Zöller M, Goos M. Predominant expression of CD44 splice variant v10 in malignant and reactive human skin lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:464-71. [PMID: 9740242 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable functional diversity of the cell surface receptor CD44 may be due to expression of multiple variant isoforms generated by alternative splicing of variant exons. Functional and correlative data implicate a role of CD44 variant isoforms in adhesion dependent processes such as lymphocyte recirculation and tumor progression and metastasis. We have analyzed 25 primary cutaneous lymphomas and 35 reactive lymphoid cell skin infiltrates or T cell-mediated skin diseases for the expression of CD44 variant isoforms. Irrespective of histologic typing, staging, and grading, cutaneous lymphomas as well as nonmalignant skin-infiltrating CD3+ CD4+ and CD8+ T and CD19+ B lymphocytes exhibited a strong expression of CD44v10 and a moderate expression of CD44v3 as determined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence microscopy, and mRNA analysis. Expression of v5, v6, v7, and v9-containing CD44 variant isoforms was not detected. Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed expression of CD44v10 on a significant proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes from Sézary's syndrome patients and a remarkable co-expression with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. These results indicate a distinct CD44 variant isoform expression pattern associated with skin-homing lymphocytes different to lymphatic cells at noncutaneous sites. This differential expression pattern of CD44 variant isoforms may contribute to the development of lymphocyte skin infiltrates and/or the unique biologic behavior of cutaneous lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ichinohasama R, Miura I, Funato T, Sato I, Suzuki C, Saito Y, Decoteau JF, Myers JB, Kadin ME, Sawai T, Ooya K. A recurrent nonrandom translocation (3;7)(q27;p12) associated with BCL-6 gene rearrangement in B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 104:19-27. [PMID: 9648553 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma associated with the t(3;7)(q27;p12) and BCL-6 rearrangement are described. Cytogenetic studies revealed [case 1] 47,XY,t(3;7)(q27;p12),+12 and [case 2] 45,X,-Y,t(3;7)(q27;p12),del(6)(q21q25),+16,-21. The translocation of each case had a non-random chromosomal change involving a 3q27 locus associated with BCL-6 gene rearrangement identified by Southern blot analysis. Both cases involved multiple lymph nodes and extranodal regions, such as stomach and peritoneal cavity in case 1, extranodal retroperitoneal space, subcutis, probable liver, and colon in case 2. Chemotherapy provided only short survival after onset: 17 and 16 months, respectively. Altered expression of adhesion molecules CD44, CD54 (case 1) and CD11a and CD18 (case 2) may help to explain the poor outcome of these patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Karyotyping
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ichinohasama
- Department of Oral Pathology, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kollet O, Haimovich J, Hollander N. Idiotype-specific inhibition of LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion by anti-idiotype x anti-LFA-1 bispecific antibodies. Immunol Lett 1998; 62:171-6. [PMID: 9698116 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are involved in lymphoma dissemination. Antibodies to adhesion molecules may block tumor metastasis. However, such antibody treatment may block as well normal functions of the immune system. We tested the hypothesis that a bispecific antibody with specificity for an adhesion molecule and for a tumor specific antigen binds preferentially to tumor cells which coexpress both antigens and hence selectively blocks adhesion. A bispecific antibody was developed by somatic cell hybridization of two hybridomas, one producing a monoclonal antibody against the immunoglobulin idiotypic determinant of the murine B cell lymphoma 38C-13 and the other producing an antibody against the alpha subunit (CD11a) of the adhesion molecule LFA-1. The bispecific antibody, anti-idiotype x anti-LFA-1, was purified by affinity chromatography. The dual specificity of the hybrid hybridoma product was demonstrated by a radioimmunoassay devised for detection of bifunctional activity. The bispecific antibody was shown by flow cytometry to bind efficiently to 38C-13 cells that coexpress idiotype and LFA-1. It bound only weakly to idiotype-negative variants of 38C-13 that express only LFA-1. In binding assays to immobilized ICAM-1, the anti-idiotype x anti-LFA-1 was highly active in blocking 38C-13 cell adhesion. However, it did not effect adhesion of idiotype-negative tumor cells or of normal T lymphocytes. In summary, the bispecific antibody preferentially blocks adhesion of cells that coexpress the tumor specific antigen and the adhesion receptor. The present approach may provide a general way for the selective adhesion blockade of a specific cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Kollet
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Soluble isoforms of various adhesion molecules have recently been observed in the blood circulation, but the physiological effects of such molecules remain unsettled. Our earlier results indicate that soluble CD44 can be detected in sera of healthy individuals and that significantly higher levels of serum CD44 (s-CD44) can be found in lymphoma patients. The serum level of the standard form of CD44 parallels the clinical treatment response in patients with lymphoma. In the present study, we have investigated the clinical significance of s-CD44 in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma measured at the time of the diagnosis. S-CD44 was measured from the sera of 123 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by dot blotting high levels of s-CD44 were associated with high serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and thymidine kinase, high histological grade of malignancy and poor overall survival. However, s-CD44 level did not have independent prognostic value in a multivariate analysis. In conclusion, a high s-CD44 level at the time of diagnosis was associated with poor survival and several other adverse prognostic factors. Our previous and present studies taken together suggest that measurement of s-CD44 is a valuable tool to monitor treatment response in lymphoma patients. However, it may not be an improved prognostic marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ristamäki
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tempfer C, Haeusler G, Kaider A, Hefler L, Hanzal E, Reinthaller A, Breitenecker G, Kainz C. The prognostic value of CD44 isoform expression in endometrial cancer. Br J Cancer 1998; 77:1137-9. [PMID: 9569051 PMCID: PMC2150118 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoforms of the transmembrane glycoprotein CD44 have been implicated in tumour cell adhesion, tumour differentiation and metastatic spread in various human malignancies. We investigated the expression of CD44 isoforms containing variant exons v3, v5, v6 and v7-8 in 156 human endometrium cancer specimens by means of immunohistochemistry. CD44 isoforms CD44v3, CD44v5, CD44v6 and CD44v7-8 were detected in 26% (41 out of 156), 31% (48 out of 156), 22% (35 out of 156) and 15% (23 out of 156) of the tumour samples respectively. The expression of CD44 isoforms CD44v3, CD44v5 and CD44v7-8 showed no prognostic impact. In the univariate analysis, the expression of CD44v6 showed an association with shortened overall survival (log-rank test, P = 0.06). Multivariate analysis correcting for the confounding variable histological grading revealed CD44v6 not to be a prognostic factor in endometrial cancer (log-rank test, P = 0.06). Comparing the expression of CD44 isoforms CD44v3, CD44v5, CD44v6 and CD44v7-8 in 45 specimens of normal endometrial tissue, we found an up-regulation of all investigated CD44 isoforms in the secretory phase compared with the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Our data indicate that the expression of CD44 isoforms, while obviously playing a role in the functional changes of normal endometrium, is not an adverse predictive factor in endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Tempfer
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- S L Cohn
- Children's Memorial Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hatori M, Ichinohasama R, Myers J, Schiller A, Kokubun S. Flow cytometrical and genotypic analysis of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of bone. Pathol Res Pract 1997; 193:557-64. [PMID: 9406249 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(97)80014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary malignant lymphoma of bone presents both diagnostic and therapeutic problems. No previous study has addressed the use of flow cytometry in the immunophenotypic evaluations of bone lymphomas. A 41-year-old Japanese female presented with a large lytic lesion in the right femur. Biopsies from the lesion were examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, 3-color flow cytometry and Southern blotting. Microscopic examination showed a diffuse, noncleaved large cell lymphoma. The lymphoid cells were positive for mature B cell antigens and the phenotype was: CD5-, CD10-, CD19+, 20+, CD22+, IgG+, IgA-, IgM-, kappa-, lambda+, CD1-, CD2-, CD3-, CD4-, CD7-, CD8-. Southern blot analysis revealed rearranged bands on both heavy- and lambda light-chain genes, in contrast to germline configuration on T cell antigen receptor (beta, gamma and delta) genes. Flow cytometry, in conjunction with morphologic and other molecular techniques, can provide a rapid and accurate means of diagnosing primary lymphoma of bone. In addition, the capabilities of flow cytometry to assess cell properties/constituents can be utilized in detailed analysis of adhesion molecules and activation antigen which may lead to better prediction of the prognosis of this group of lymphomas, and may provide further important data for the therapeutic decision making process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hatori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Terris B, Laurent-Puig P, Belghitti J, Degott C, Hénin D, Fléjou JF. Prognostic influence of clinicopathologic features, DNA-ploidy, CD44H and p53 expression in a large series of resected hepatocellular carcinoma in France. Int J Cancer 1997; 74:614-9. [PMID: 9421358 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971219)74:6<614::aid-ijc10>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting outcome after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients from Western countries are not clearly defined. Different clinicopathological factors, including DNA ploidy and expression of p53 and CD44H proteins were evaluated retrospectively in 113 patients undergoing curative resection; 11 clinical and 12 pathological factors were studied. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analysis of outcome predictors for 103 HCC was assessed by Cox regression. By univariate analysis, survival was significantly better in patients with a high serum albumin level >4.0 g/dl, a normal serum alpha-fetoprotein level and an absence of microscopic vascular invasion by the tumor. In multivariate analysis, only high serum albumin level and absence of vascular invasion were found to be independent favorable predictive factors. CD44H expression was significantly correlated with vascular involvement. However, CD44H and p53 expression did not affect survival. The DNA ploidy pattern showed a bimodal distribution, but did not influence the survival rate. This study suggests that pre-operative level of albumin and microscopic vascular invasion can predict long-term survival in patients who have undergone curative resection for HCC. By contrast, the DNA-ploidy pattern and the immunohistochemical detection of p53 and CD44H expression are not predictors of outcome of patients with HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Terris
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Abstract
CD44 molecule is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in many cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Circulating serum CD44 (s-CD44) levels have been found to change in parallel with response to therapy, but little is known about the predictive or prognostic significance of s-CD44. In the present study, we measured s-CD44 levels in sera taken before treatment from 194 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using a chemiluminescence-enzyme immunoassay method. All except 1 patient were regularly followed-up after therapy at least for 60 months (range, 33 to 143 months). The median pretreatment s-CD44 level was 440 ng/mL (range, 13 to 1,220 ng/mL). Only 32% of the 92 patients with an International Prognostic Index (IPI) score of 0 or 1 had an s-CD44 concentration higher than the median as compared with 67% of the patients with an IPI score ≥2 (P < .0001). Patients with lower than the median s-CD44 achieved more often a complete remission to therapy (P = .0002) and had better survival (P = .007) than those with higher s-CD44 levels. However, in a multivariate analysis, only the IPI score had independent prognostic value (P < .001). The findings were similar if only the patients with diffuse large-cell lymphoma (n = 51) were included in the analysis, but among patients with low-grade lymphoma, the median s-CD44 level was not significantly associated with the IPI or survival. In conclusion, a high s-CD44 level at diagnosis is associated with a high IPI score, poor response to treatment, and unfavorable outcome in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The local expression of CD44 splice variants in human breast cancer tissue has been previously shown to be associated with metastasis. We show here that elevated systemic serum levels of CD44 splice variants occur in breast cancer and may represent a new tool for staging and differential diagnosis. Sera of node-negative and node-positive breast cancer patients in comparison with healthy control subjects were analyzed for serum CD44 (sCD44) and 2 different splice variants (v5 and v6). Node-positive breast cancer patients showed significantly (p < 0.01) elevated levels of sCD44-v5 and -v6 splice variants in comparison to node-negative patients and healthy controls. None of the node-negative breast cancer patients or healthy controls showed elevated levels of both sCD44-v5 and -v6. Interestingly, no differences were seen for serum levels of non-spliced sCD44-standard between the 3 groups. Soluble forms of CD44 variants may promote migration of tumor cells. This may occur through interference with tumor cell adhesion or by modulation of immune defense mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Martin
- Diabetes Research Institute at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|