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Peng Y, Yang H, Chen Q, Jin H, Xue YH, Du MQ, Liu S, Yao SY. An angel or a devil? Current view on the role of CD8 + T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:183. [PMID: 38378668 PMCID: PMC10877804 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis (MG) and the experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) animal model are characterized by T-cell-induced and B-cell-dominated autoimmune diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction. Several subtypes of CD4+ T cells, including T helper (Th) 17 cells, follicular Th cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), contribute to the pathogenesis of MG. However, increasing evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells also play a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of MG. MAIN BODY Herein, we review the literature on CD8+ T cells in MG, focusing on their potential effector and regulatory roles, as well as on relevant evidence (peripheral, in situ, cerebrospinal fluid, and under different treatments), T-cell receptor usage, cytokine and chemokine expression, cell marker expression, and Treg, Tc17, CD3+CD8+CD20+ T, and CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Further studies on CD8+ T cells in MG are necessary to determine, among others, the real pattern of the Vβ gene usage of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells in patients with MG, real images of the physiology and function of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells from MG/EAMG, and the subset of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells (Tc1, Tc17, and IL-17+IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells). There are many reports of CD20-expressing T (or CD20 + T) and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells on autoimmune diseases, especially on multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, up to now, there has been no report on these T cells on MG, which might be a good direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-Qiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shun-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
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2
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Zhou J, He X, Ou Y, Peng S, Li D, Zhou Q, Fu J, Long Y, Tan Y. Role of CXCR5 + CD8 + T cells in human hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:638-645. [PMID: 37129474 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The replication of HBV in hepatocytes can be effectively inhibited by lifelong antiviral therapy. Because of the long-term presence of HBV reservoirs, the virus rebound frequently occurs once the treatment is stopped, which poses a considerable obstacle to the complete removal of the virus. In terms of gene composition, regulation of B cell action and function, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells are similar to CXCR5+ CD4+ T follicular helper cells, while these cells are characterized by elevated programmed cell death 1 and cytotoxic-related proteins. CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells are strongly associated with progression in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In addition, CXCR5 expression on the surface of CD8+ T cells is mostly an indicator of memory stem cell-like failure in progenitor cells in cancer that are more responsive to immune checkpoint blocking therapy. Furthermore, the phenomena have also been demonstrated in some viral infections, highlighting the duality of the cellular immune response of CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells. This mini-review will focus on the function of CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells in HBV infection and discuss the function of these CD8+ T cells and the potential of associated co-stimulators or cytokines in HBV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yangjing Ou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Jingli Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yunzhu Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yingzheng Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
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3
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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Gao L, Zhou J, Ye L. Role of CXCR5 + CD8 + T cells in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:998058. [PMID: 36452930 PMCID: PMC9701836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be effectively suppressed by life-long administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, the viral rebound can occur upon cART cessation due to the long-term presence of HIV reservoirs, posing a considerable barrier to drug-free viral remission. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets, especially T follicular helper (T FH ) cells that reside in B-cell follicles within lymphoid tissues, are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir. Substantial evidence indicates that HIV-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated cellular immunity can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control in elite controllers. However, most HIV cure strategies that rely on expanded HIV-specific CD8+ T cells for virus control are likely to fail due to cellular exhaustion and T FH reservoir-specialized anatomical structures that isolate HIV-specific CD8+ T cell entry into B-cell follicles. Loss of stem-like memory properties is a key feature of exhaustion. Recent studies have found that CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5)-expressing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are memory-like CD8+ T cells that can migrate into B-cell follicles to execute inhibition of viral replication. Furthermore, these unique CD8+ T cells can respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. In this review, we discuss the functions of these CD8+ T cells as well as the translation of findings into viable HIV treatment and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiqiong Gao
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Wu C, Liang JA, Brenchley JM, Shin T, Fan X, Mortlock RD, Abraham D, Allan DS, Thomas ML, Hong S, Dunbar CE. Barcode clonal tracking of tissue-resident immune cells in rhesus macaque highlights distinct clonal distribution pattern of tissue NK cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994498. [PMID: 36605190 PMCID: PMC9808525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident (TR) immune cells play important roles in facilitating tissue homeostasis, coordinating immune responses against infections and tumors, and maintaining immunological memory. While studies have shown these cells are distinct phenotypically and functionally from cells found in the peripheral blood (PB), the clonal relationship between these populations across tissues has not been comprehensively studied in primates or humans. We utilized autologous transplantation of rhesus macaque hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells containing high diversity barcodes to track the clonal distribution of T, B, myeloid and natural killer (NK) cell populations across tissues, including liver, spleen, lung, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in comparison with PB longitudinally post-transplantation, in particular we focused on NK cells which do not contain endogenous clonal markers and have not been previously studied in this context. T cells demonstrated tissue-specific clonal expansions as expected, both overlapping and distinct from blood T cells. In contrast, B and myeloid cells showed a much more homogeneous clonal pattern across various tissues and the blood. The clonal distribution of TR NK was more heterogenous between individual animals. In some animals, as we have previously reported, we observed large PB clonal expansions in mature CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Notably, we found a separate set of highly expanded PB clones in CD16-CD56- (DN) NK subset that were also contributing to TR NK cells in all tissues examined, both in TR CD56-CD16+ and DN populations but absent in CD56+16- TR NK across all tissues analyzed. Additionally, we observed sets of TR NK clones specific to individual tissues such as lung or GI tract and sets of TR NK clones shared across liver and spleen, distinct from other tissues. Combined with prior functional data that suggests NK memory is restricted to liver or other TR NK cells, these clonally expanded TR NK cells may be of interest for future investigation into NK cell tissue immunological memory, with implications for development of NK based immunotherapies and an understanding of NK memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Wu
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jialiu A. Liang
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Taehoon Shin
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xing Fan
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryland D. Mortlock
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diana M. Abraham
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David S.J. Allan
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marvin L. Thomas
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - So Gun Hong
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cynthia E. Dunbar
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Cynthia E. Dunbar,
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6
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Mvaya L, Khaba T, Lakudzala AE, Nkosi T, Jambo N, Kadwala I, Kankwatira A, Patel PD, Gordon MA, Nyirenda TS, Jambo KC, Ndhlovu ZM. Differential localization and limited cytotoxic potential of duodenal CD8+ T cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:154195. [PMID: 35132966 PMCID: PMC8855799 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The duodenum is a major site of HIV persistence during suppressive antiretroviral therapy despite harboring abundant tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells. The role of duodenal Trm CD8+ T cells in viral control is still not well defined. We examined the spatial localization, phenotype, and function of CD8+ T cells in the human duodenal tissue from people living with HIV (PLHIV) and healthy controls. We found that Trm (CD69+CD103hi) cells were the predominant CD8+ T cell population in the duodenum. Immunofluorescence imaging of the duodenal tissue revealed that CD103+CD8+ T cells were localized in the intraepithelial region, while CD103–CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells were mostly localized in the lamina propria (LP). Furthermore, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were enriched in the CD69+CD103–/lo population. However, the duodenal HIV-specific CD8+ Trm cells rarely expressed canonical molecules for potent cytolytic function (perforin and granzyme B) but were more polyfunctional than those from peripheral blood. Taken together, our results show that duodenal CD8+ Trm cells possess limited perforin-mediated cytolytic potential and are spatially separated from HIV-susceptible LP CD4+ T cells. This could contribute to HIV persistence in the duodenum and provides critical information for the design of cure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Mvaya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Trevor Khaba
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Agness E Lakudzala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Ndaru Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Innocent Kadwala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Anstead Kankwatira
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Priyanka D Patel
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tonney S Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Effects of therapeutic vaccination on the control of SIV in rhesus macaques with variable responsiveness to antiretroviral drugs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253265. [PMID: 34138927 PMCID: PMC8211199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A therapeutic vaccine that induces lasting control of HIV infection could eliminate the need for lifelong adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This study investigated a therapeutic DNA vaccine delivered with a single adjuvant or a novel combination of adjuvants to augment T cell immunity in the blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Animals that received DNA vaccines expressing SIV proteins, combined with plasmids expressing adjuvants designed to increase peripheral and mucosal T cell responses, including the catalytic subunit of the E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin, IL-12, IL-33, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, soluble PD-1 and soluble CD80, were compared to mock-vaccinated controls. Following treatment interruption, macaques exhibited variable levels of viral rebound, with four animals from the vaccinated groups and one animal from the control group controlling virus at median levels of 103 RNA copies/ml or lower (controllers) and nine animals, among all groups, exhibiting immediate viral rebound and median viral loads greater than 103 RNA copies/ml (non-controllers). Although there was no significant difference between the vaccinated and control groups in protection from viral rebound, the variable virological outcomes during treatment interruption enabled an examination of immune correlates of viral replication in controllers versus non-controllers regardless of vaccination status. Lower viral burden in controllers correlated with increased polyfunctional SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and blood prior to and during treatment interruption. Notably, higher frequencies of colonic CD4+ T cells and lower Th17/Treg ratios prior to infection in controllers correlated with improved responses to ART and control of viral rebound. These results indicate that mucosal immune responses, present prior to infection, can influence efficacy of antiretroviral therapy and the outcome of immunotherapeutic vaccination, suggesting that therapies capable of modulating host mucosal responses may be needed to achieve HIV cure.
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8
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Elzein SM, Zimmerer JM, Han JL, Ringwald BA, Bumgardner GL. CXCR5 +CD8 + T cells: A Review of their Antibody Regulatory Functions and Clinical Correlations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2775-2783. [PMID: 34602651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have conventionally been studied in relationship to pathogen or tumor clearance. Recent reports have identified novel functions of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells that can home to lymphoid follicles, a key site of antibody production. In this review we provide an in-depth analysis of conflicting reports regarding the impact of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells on antibody production and examine the data supporting a role for antibody-enhancement (B cell "helper") and antibody-downregulation (antibody-suppressor) by CXCR5+CD8+ T cell subsets. CXCR5+CD8+ T cell molecular phenotypes are associated with CD8-mediated effector functions including distinct subsets that regulate antibody responses. Co-inhibitory molecule PD-1, among others, distinguish CXCR5+CD8+ T cell subsets. We also provide the first in-depth review of human CXCR5+CD8+ T cells in the context of clinical outcomes and discuss the potential utility of monitoring the quantity of peripheral blood or tissue infiltrating CXCR5+CD8+ T cells as a prognostic tool in multiple disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Elzein
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Jason M Zimmerer
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jing L Han
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Bryce A Ringwald
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Ginny L Bumgardner
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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9
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Kazer SW, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection. Immunity 2021; 53:908-924. [PMID: 33207216 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Rutishauser RL, Deguit CDT, Hiatt J, Blaeschke F, Roth TL, Wang L, Raymond KA, Starke CE, Mudd JC, Chen W, Smullin C, Matus-Nicodemos R, Hoh R, Krone M, Hecht FM, Pilcher CD, Martin JN, Koup RA, Douek DC, Brenchley JM, Sékaly RP, Pillai SK, Marson A, Deeks SG, McCune JM, Hunt PW. TCF-1 regulates HIV-specific CD8+ T cell expansion capacity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:136648. [PMID: 33351785 PMCID: PMC7934879 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many HIV cure strategies seek to expand HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to control the virus, all are likely to fail if cellular exhaustion is not prevented. A loss in stem-like memory properties (i.e., the ability to proliferate and generate secondary effector cells) is a key feature of exhaustion; little is known, however, about how these properties are regulated in human virus-specific CD8+ T cells. We found that virus-specific CD8+ T cells from humans and nonhuman primates naturally controlling HIV/SIV infection express more of the transcription factor TCF-1 than noncontrollers. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell TCF-1 expression correlated with memory marker expression and expansion capacity and declined with antigenic stimulation. CRISPR-Cas9 editing of TCF-1 in human primary T cells demonstrated a direct role in regulating expansion capacity. Collectively, these data suggest that TCF-1 contributes to the regulation of the stem-like memory property of secondary expansion capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, and they provide a rationale for exploring the enhancement of this pathway in T cell-based therapeutic strategies for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Deo T. Deguit
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of the Philippines-National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Franziska Blaeschke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Theodore L. Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Lynn Wang
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kyle A. Raymond
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, California, USA
| | | | - Joseph C. Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases and
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolyn Smullin
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, California, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Hellen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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Petkov S, Bekele Y, Lakshmikanth T, Hejdeman B, Zazzi M, Brodin P, Chiodi F. High CD45 expression of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells correlates with the size of HIV-1 reservoir in blood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20425. [PMID: 33235273 PMCID: PMC7686502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Using mass cytometry, we investigated the expression of 28 markers on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from HIV-1 infected patients with a variable size of HIV-1 reservoir defined as high (HR) and low (LR) reservoir; we aimed at identifying phenotypic associations of T cells with size of HIV-1 reservoir. We showed that the frequency of CD45+ CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was directly proportional to the size of HIV-1 reservoir; HR patients had a significantly larger frequency of blood CD45high T cells and higher CD45 expression on both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. CD45 is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase essential in TCR signaling. Functional and phenotypical analysis of CD45high cells revealed that they express activation and proliferation markers (CD38 + HLA-DR + and Ki-67) and produce cytokines upon in vitro activation. CD45high T cells also expressed high levels of immune check-point PD-1. Our results link CD45 expression on T cells to HIV-1 reservoir; PD-1 expression on CD45high T cells may contribute to their exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna vägen 9, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna vägen 9, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tadepally Lakshmikanth
- Division of Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Hejdeman
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Policlinico S. Maria Alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Petter Brodin
- Division of Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna vägen 9, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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