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An immune globulin intravenous (human), 10% liquid privigen: for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases. P & T : A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL FOR FORMULARY MANAGEMENT 2009; 34:2-21. [PMID: 19572041 PMCID: PMC2697917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Immune globulin subcutaneous (human) vivaglobin: for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases. P & T : A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL FOR FORMULARY MANAGEMENT 2009; 34:2-21. [PMID: 19572042 PMCID: PMC2697913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Milner JD, Fasth A, Etzioni A. Autoimmunity in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): lessons from patients and experimental models. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28 Suppl 1:S29-33. [PMID: 18193342 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is observed in many immunodeficiencies and is thought to be mediated mainly by persistent infection. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most severe form of immunodeficiency and is also on occasion associated with autoimmune phenomena, usually in the form of the Omenn's Syndrome phenotype. Recent studies both in human and mice shed light into the pathogenesis of these two seemingly different conditions occurring together. Central tolerance, which is in charge of elimination of autoreactive T-cell clones, is defective in SCID because of markedly reduced expression of Aire, a transcriptional regulator for the expression of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus. Peripheral tolerance is also markedly decreased in SCID because of several factors including the expansion of T-cell clones as a consequence of the lymphopenia observed in these condition as well as a diminished number of T regulatory (FOXP3+)cells, allowing autoreactive T cells to proliferate and infiltrate various organs in the body of SCID. It is thus of no surprise when both central and peripheral tolerance are impaired that autoimmunity can be observed in SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
New molecular markers are constantly increasing our knowledge of developmental processes. In this review article we have attempted to summarize the keystones of lymphoid tissue development in embryonic and pathological conditions. During embryonic lymph node development in the mouse, cells from the anterior cardinal vein start to bud and sprout, forming a lymph sac at defined sites. The protrusion of mesenchymal tissue into the lymph sacs forms the environment, where so-called 'lymphoid tissue inducer cells' and 'mesenchymal organizer cells' meet and interact. Defects of molecules involved in the recruitment and signalling cascades of these cells lead to primary immunodeficiency diseases. A comparison of molecules involved in the development of secondary lymphoid organs and tertiary lymphoid organs, e.g. in autoimmune diseases, shows that the same molecules are involved in both processes. This has led to the hypothesis that the development of tertiary lymphoid organs is a recapitulation of embryonic lymphoid tissue development at ectopic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Blum
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Mazurkiewicz-Munoz AM, Argetsinger LS, Kouadio JLK, Stensballe A, Jensen ON, Cline JM, Carter-Su C. Phosphorylation of JAK2 at serine 523: a negative regulator of JAK2 that is stimulated by growth hormone and epidermal growth factor. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4052-62. [PMID: 16705159 PMCID: PMC1489095 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01591-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase JAK2 is a key signaling protein for at least 20 receptors in the cytokine/hematopoietin receptor superfamily and is a component of signaling for multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and several G-protein-coupled receptors. In this study, phosphopeptide affinity enrichment and mass spectrometry identified serine 523 (Ser523) in JAK2 as a site of phosphorylation. A phosphoserine 523 antibody revealed that Ser523 is rapidly but transiently phosphorylated in response to growth hormone (GH). MEK1 inhibitor UO126 suppresses GH-dependent phosphorylation of Ser523, suggesting that extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and/or 2 or another kinase downstream of MEK1 phosphorylate Ser523 in response to GH. Other ERK activators, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and epidermal growth factor, also stimulate phosphorylation of Ser523. When Ser523 in JAK2 was mutated, JAK2 kinase activity as well as GH-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of JAK2 and Stat5 was enhanced, suggesting that phosphorylation of Ser523 inhibits JAK2 kinase activity. We hypothesize that phosphorylation of Ser523 in JAK2 by ERKs 1 and/or 2 or other as-yet-unidentified kinases acts in a negative feedback manner to dampen activation of JAK2 in response to GH and provides a mechanism by which prior exposure to environmental factors that regulate Ser523 phosphorylation might modulate the cell's response to GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Mazurkiewicz-Munoz
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622, USA
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Wang JY, Lin CGJ, Bey MSJ, Wang L, Lin FYF, Huang L, Wu LSH. Discovery of genetic difference between asthmatic children with high IgE level and normal IgE level by whole genome linkage disequilibrium mapping using 763 autosomal STR markers. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:249-258. [PMID: 15909079 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genome-wide linkage disequilibrium screen for loci associated with genetic difference between allergic and nonallergic asthma was conducted with 763 autosomal STR markers and included 190 asthmatic children. Evidence for association with differences between the two forms of asthma was observed for 36 STR markers. Marker-to-marker synergetic effect and by simulation resampling tests revealed D5S2011, D6S305, and D9S286 were important loci in allergic asthma while D6S1574, D8S1769, and D19S226 were important in nonallergic asthma. Our results show strong genetic evidence that these markers play an important role in defining allergic and nonallergic asthma and provides important candidates of susceptible genes in these two categories of asthma. This study further shows that asthma is, indeed, a heterogeneous group of underlying diseases and, although with similar clinical phenotypes, may have different clinical severities, outcomes, and need more tailor-made management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Yao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cherry Guan-Ju Lin
- Research Development Division, Vita Genomics Inc., 7Fl., No. 6, Sec. 1, Jungshing Rd., Taipei County, Wugu Shiang, 248, Taiwan
| | - Monica Shian-Jy Bey
- Research Development Division, Vita Genomics Inc., 7Fl., No. 6, Sec. 1, Jungshing Rd., Taipei County, Wugu Shiang, 248, Taiwan
| | - Lingmei Wang
- Research Development Division, Vita Genomics Inc., 7Fl., No. 6, Sec. 1, Jungshing Rd., Taipei County, Wugu Shiang, 248, Taiwan
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Felicia Yi-Fang Lin
- Research Development Division, Vita Genomics Inc., 7Fl., No. 6, Sec. 1, Jungshing Rd., Taipei County, Wugu Shiang, 248, Taiwan
| | - Lichih Huang
- Research Development Division, Vita Genomics Inc., 7Fl., No. 6, Sec. 1, Jungshing Rd., Taipei County, Wugu Shiang, 248, Taiwan
| | - Lawrence Shih-Hsin Wu
- Research Development Division, Vita Genomics Inc., 7Fl., No. 6, Sec. 1, Jungshing Rd., Taipei County, Wugu Shiang, 248, Taiwan.
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Friedrich W, Müller SM. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for treatment of immunodeficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 26:109-18. [PMID: 15368077 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies constitute a group of highly complex congenital disorders commonly characterized by an extremely poor prognosis. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has the potential to establish a permanently functioning immune system and represents a curative approach in many of these disorders. In this review several aspects of stem cell transplantation are presented, with an emphasis on the mechanism of immune reconstitution in severe combined immunodeficiency diseases. In this disorder transplant modalities vary, and also include transplantation without cytoreductive conditioning. Clinical results are summarized based on recent analysis performed in large patient cohorts, which have shown steady improvements and have led to a marked change in the prognosis of patients with primary immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Friedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
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Kurzer JH, Argetsinger LS, Zhou YJ, Kouadio JLK, O'Shea JJ, Carter-Su C. Tyrosine 813 is a site of JAK2 autophosphorylation critical for activation of JAK2 by SH2-B beta. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:4557-70. [PMID: 15121872 PMCID: PMC400461 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.10.4557-4570.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) binds to the majority of the known members of the cytokine family of receptors. Ligand-receptor binding leads to activation of the associated JAK2 molecules, resulting in rapid autophosphorylation of multiple tyrosines within JAK2. Phosphotyrosines can then serve as docking sites for downstream JAK2 signaling molecules. Despite the importance of these phosphotyrosines in JAK2 function, only a few sites and binding partners have been identified. Using two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping and a phosphospecific antibody, we identified tyrosine 813 as a site of JAK2 autophosphorylation of overexpressed JAK2 and endogenous JAK2 activated by growth hormone. Tyrosine 813 is contained within a YXXL sequence motif associated with several other identified JAK2 phosphorylation sites. We show that phosphorylation of tyrosine 813 is required for the SH2 domain-containing adapter protein SH2-B beta to bind JAK2 and to enhance the activity of JAK2 and STAT5B. The homologous tyrosine in JAK3, tyrosine 785, is autophosphorylated in response to interleukin-2 stimulation and is required for SH2-B beta to bind JAK3. Taken together these data strongly suggest that tyrosine 813 is a site of autophosphorylation in JAK2 and is the SH2-B beta-binding site within JAK2 that is required for SH2-B beta to enhance activation of JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Kurzer
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0662, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bromberg
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1230 York Avenue, Box 397, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Schindler CW. Series introduction. JAK-STAT signaling in human disease. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1133-7. [PMID: 11994400 PMCID: PMC150971 DOI: 10.1172/jci15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Schindler
- Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Hammer Health Science Center-1212, 701 W. 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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