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Toll-like receptors and damage-associated molecular patterns in the pathogenesis of heart transplant rejection. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2841-2850. [PMID: 35678986 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant strides have been made in our understanding of the immune system and its role in cardiac transplant rejection. Despite the growing knowledge of immune responses, the mortality rate following cardiac transplantation remains grim. Related to procedural and pathological complications, toll-like receptor (TLR) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling is the most direct and earliest interface between tissue integration and the innate immune response. This in turn can activate an adaptive immune response that further damages myocardial tissue. Furthermore, relevant literature on the status of DAMPs in the context of heart-transplantation remains limited, warranting further attention in clinical and translational research. This review aims to critically appraise the perspectives, advances, and challenges on DAMP-mediated innate immune response in the immune-mediated rejection of cardiac transplantation. Detailed analysis of the influence of TLR and DAMP signaling in mounting the immune response against the transplanted heart holds promise for improving outcomes through early detection and prevention of varied forms of organ rejection.
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Hinrichs AC, Blokland SLM, Lopes AP, Wichers CGK, Kruize AA, Pandit A, Radstake TRDJ, van Roon JAG. Transcriptome Analysis of CCR9+ T Helper Cells From Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients Identifies CCL5 as a Novel Effector Molecule. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702733. [PMID: 34386009 PMCID: PMC8354142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction CCR9+ Tfh-like pathogenic T helper (Th) cells are elevated in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and indicated to play a role in pSS immunopathology. Here we delineate the CCR9+ Th cell-specific transcriptome to study the molecular dysregulation of these cells in pSS patients. Methods CCR9+, CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5- Th cells from blood of 7 healthy controls (HC) and 7 pSS patients were FACS sorted and RNA sequencing was performed. Computational analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), coherent gene expression networks and differentially regulated pathways. Target genes were replicated in additional cohorts. Results 5131 genes were differentially expressed between CCR9+ and CXCR5+ Th cells; 6493 and 4783 between CCR9+ and CCR9-CXCR5- and between CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5-, respectively. In the CCR9+ Th cell subset 2777 DEGs were identified between HC and pSS patients, 1416 and 1077 in the CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5- subsets, respectively. One gene network was selected based on eigengene expression differences between the Th cell subsets and pathways enriched for genes involved in migration and adhesion, cytokine and chemokine production. Selected DEGs of interest (HOPX, SOX4, ITGAE, ITGA1, NCR3, ABCB1, C3AR1, NT5E, CCR5 and CCL5) from this module were validated and found upregulated in blood CCR9+ Th cells, but were similarly expressed in HC and pSS patients. Increased frequencies of CCR9+ Th cells were shown to express higher levels of CCL5 than CXCR5+ and CCR9-CXCR5- Th cells, with the highest expression confined to effector CCR9+ Th cells. Antigenic triggering and stimulation with IL-7 of the Th cell subsets co-cultured with monocytes strongly induced CCL5 secretion in CCR9+ Th cell cocultures. Additionally, effector CCR9+ Th cells rapidly released CCL5 and secreted the highest CCL5 levels upon stimulation. Conclusion Transcriptomic analysis of circulating CCR9+ Th cells reveals CCR9-specific pathways involved in effector T cell function equally expressed in pSS patients and HC. Given the increased numbers of CCR9+ Th cells in the blood and inflamed glands of pSS patients and presence of inflammatory stimuli to activate these cells this suggests that CCR9-specific functions, such as cell recruitment upon CCL5 secretion, could significantly contribute to immunopathology in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneline C Hinrichs
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sofie L M Blokland
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ana P Lopes
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Catharina G K Wichers
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aike A Kruize
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aridaman Pandit
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joel A G van Roon
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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3
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Tokura Y, Phadungsaksawasdi P, Kurihara K, Fujiyama T, Honda T. Pathophysiology of Skin Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618897. [PMID: 33633737 PMCID: PMC7901930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells reside in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin, where they act as alarm-sensor cells or cytotoxic cells. Physiologically, skin TRM cells persist for a long term and can be reactivated upon reinfection with the same antigen, thus serving as peripheral sentinels in the immune surveillance network. CD8+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells are the well-characterized subtype that develops in the epidermis. The local mediators such as interleukin (IL)-15 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are required for the formation of long-lived TRM cell population in skin. Skin TRM cells engage virus-infected cells, proliferate in situ in response to local antigens and do not migrate out of the epidermis. Secondary TRM cell populations are derived from pre-existing TRM cells and newly recruited TRM precursors from the circulation. In addition to microbial pathogens, topical application of chemical allergen to skin causes delayed-type hypersensitivity and amplifies the number of antigen-specific CD8+ TRM cells at challenged site. Skin TRM cells are also involved in the pathological conditions, including vitiligo, psoriasis, fixed drug eruption and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The functions of these TRM cells seem to be different, depending on each pathology. Psoriasis plaques are seen in a recurrent manner especially at the originally affected sites. Upon stimulation of the skin of psoriasis patients, the CD8+CD103+CD49a- TRM cells in the epidermis seem to be reactivated and initiate IL-17A production. Meanwhile, autoreactive CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells secreting interferon-γ are present in lesional vitiligo skin. Fixed drug eruption is another disease where skin TRM cells evoke its characteristic clinical appearance upon administration of a causative drug. Intraepidermal CD8+ TRM cells with an effector-memory phenotype resident in the skin lesions of fixed drug eruption play a major contributing role in the development of localized tissue damage. CTCL develops primarily in the skin by a clonal expansion of a transformed TRM cells. CD8+ CTCL with the pagetoid epidermotropic histology is considered to originate from epidermal CD8+ TRM cells. This review will discuss the current understanding of skin TRM biology and their contribution to skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Eckert IN, Ribechini E, Jarick KJ, Strozniak S, Potter SJ, Beilhack A, Lutz MB. VLA-1 Binding to Collagen IV Controls Effector T Cell Suppression by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Splenic Red Pulp. Front Immunol 2021; 11:616531. [PMID: 33584706 PMCID: PMC7873891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.616531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a major population controlling T cell immune responses. However, little is known about their molecular requirements for homing and T cell interaction to mediate suppression. Here, we investigated the functional role of the homing and collagen IV receptor VLA-1 (α1β1-integrin) on in vitro GM-CSF generated murine MDSCs from wild-type (WT) and CD49a/α1-integrin (Itga1−/−) gene-deficient mice. Here, we found that effector (Teff) but not naive (Tn) CD4+ T cells express VLA-1 and monocytes further up-regulated their expression after culture in GM-CSF when they differentiated into the monocytic subset of resting MDSCs (R-MDSCs). Subsequent activation of R-MDSCs by LPS+IFN-γ (A-MDSCs) showed increased in vitro suppressor potential, which was independent of VLA-1. Surprisingly, VLA-1 deficiency did not influence A-MDSC motility or migration on collagen IV in vitro. However, interaction times of Itga1−/− A-MDSCs with Teff were shorter than with WT A-MDSCs on collagen IV but not on fibronectin substrate in vitro. After injection, A-MDSCs homed to the splenic red pulp where they co-localized with Teff and showed immediate suppression already after 6 h as shown by inhibition of T cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Injection of A-MDSCs from Itga1−/− mice showed equivalent homing into the spleen but a reduced suppressive effect. Interaction studies of A-MDSCs with Teff in the subcapsular red pulp with intravital two-photon microscopy revealed also here that MDSC motility and migration parameters were not altered by VLA-1 deficiency, but the interaction times with Teff were reduced. Together, our data point to a new role of VLA-1 adhesion to collagen IV as a prerequisite for extended contact times with Teff required for suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina N Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja J Jarick
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Strozniak
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah J Potter
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Effector and Regulatory T Cell Trafficking in Corneal Allograft Rejection. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8670280. [PMID: 28539707 PMCID: PMC5429952 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8670280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is among the most prevalent and successful forms of solid tissue transplantation in humans. Failure of corneal allograft is mainly due to immune-mediated destruction of the graft, a complex and highly coordinated process that involves elaborate interactions between cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The migration of immune cells to regional lymphoid tissues and to the site of graft plays a central role in the immunopathogenesis of graft rejection. Intricate interactions between adhesion molecules and their counter receptors on immune cells in conjunction with tissue-specific chemokines guide the trafficking of these cells to the draining lymph nodes and ultimately to the site of graft. In this review, we discuss the cascade of chemokines and adhesion molecules that mediate the trafficking of effector and regulatory T cells during corneal allograft rejection.
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TOTSUKA RYUICHI, KONDO TAKAAKI, MATSUBARA SHIGEKI, HIRAI MIDORI, KUREBAYASHI YOICHI. Effects of VLA-1 Blockade on Experimental Inflammation in Mice. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 62:E27-E37. [PMID: 27578034 PMCID: PMC5425133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
VLA-1 (very late antigen-1) is implicated in recruitment, retention and activation of leukocytes and its blockade has been referred as a potential target of new drug discovery to address unmet medical needs in inflammatory disease area. In the present study, we investigate the effects of an anti-murine CD49a (integrin α subunit of VLA-1) monoclonal antibody (Ha31/8) on various experimental models of inflammatory diseases in mice. Pretreatment with Ha31/8 at an intraperitoneal dose of 250 µg significantly (P<0.01) reduced arthritic symptoms and joint tissue damage in mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. In addition, Ha31/8 at an intraperitoneal dose of 100 µg significantly (P<0.01) inhibited airway inflammatory cell infiltration induced by repeated exposure to cigarette smoke. In contrast, Ha31/8 failed to inhibit oxazolone-induced chronic dermatitis and OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness at an intraperitoneal dose of 100 µg. These results show that VLA-1 is involved, at least partly, in the pathogenesis of type II collagen-induced arthritis and cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammatory cell infiltration in mice, indicating the therapeutic potential of VLA-1 blockade against rheumatoid arthritis and chronic occlusive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- RYUICHI TOTSUKA
- Department of Integrated Drug Discovery Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - TAKAAKI KONDO
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - SHIGEKI MATSUBARA
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - MIDORI HIRAI
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - YOICHI KUREBAYASHI
- Department of Integrated Drug Discovery Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine whether adipose tissue functions as a reservoir for HIV-1. DESIGN We examined memory CD4(+) T cells and HIV DNA in adipose tissue-stromal vascular fraction (AT-SVF) of five patients [four antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated and one untreated]. To determine whether adipocytes stimulate CD4(+) T cells and regulate HIV production, primary human adipose cells were cocultured with HIV-infected CD4(+) T cells. METHODS AT-SVF T cells were studied by flow cytometry, and AT-SVF HIV DNA (Gag and Env) was examined by nested PCR and sequence analyses. CD4(+) T-cell activation and HIV production were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. RESULTS AT-SVF CD3(+) T cells were activated (>60% CD69(+)) memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in uninfected and HIV-infected persons, but the AT-SVF CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio was lower in HIV patients. HIV DNA (Gag and Env) was detected in AT-SVF of all five patients examined by nested PCR, comparably to other tissues [peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), lymph node or thymus]. In coculture experiments, adipocytes increased CD4(+) T-cell activation and HIV production approximately two to three-fold in synergy with gamma-chain cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL7 or IL15. These effects were mitigated by neutralizing antibodies against IL6 and integrin-α1β1. Adipocytes also enhanced T-cell viability. CONCLUSION Adipose tissues of ART-treated patients harbour activated memory CD4(+) T cells and HIV DNA. Adipocytes promote CD4(+) T-cell activation and HIV production in concert with intrinsic adipose factors. Adipose tissue may be an important reservoir for HIV.
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8
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Chen Y, Peng H, Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. CD49a promotes T-cell-mediated hepatitis by driving T helper 1 cytokine and interleukin-17 production. Immunology 2014; 141:388-400. [PMID: 24164540 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the T-cell-mediated immune response is important in many diseases. In this study, we used concanavalin A (Con A) -induced hepatitis to investigate the role of CD49a in the molecular and cellular mechanism of the T-cell-mediated immune response. We found that CD49a(-/-) mice had significantly reduced levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and were protected from Con A-induced hepatitis. CD49a deficiency led to decreased production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) after Con A injection. Furthermore, we found that hepatic CD4(+) T cells and invariant natural killer T cells up-regulated CD49a expression, along with enhanced activation after Con A injection, leading to production of inflammatory cytokines by these T cells. Blockade of CD49a in vivo ameliorated Con A-induced hepatitis with reduced production of IFN-γ and IL-17A. Hence, CD49a promoted Con A-induced hepatitis through enhancing inflammatory cytokine production (IFN-γ and IL-17A) by CD4(+) T and invariant natural killer T cells. The protective effect of CD49a blockade antibody suggested a new target therapeutic molecule for intervention of T-cell-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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9
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DeNucci CC, Shimizu Y. β1 integrin is critical for the maintenance of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in the bone marrow but not long-term immunological memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4019-26. [PMID: 21357540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The long-term maintenance of memory CD4 T cells promotes protective immunity against future pathogen reinfection. As a site rich in survival cytokines, the bone marrow is proposed to be a critical niche for the survival of memory CD4 T cells. We demonstrate that endogenous, polyclonal Ag-specific CD4 T cells rapidly enter and are recovered long-term from the bone marrow following i.v. infection with Listeria monocytogenes. β(1) integrin-deficient CD4 T cells also populate the bone marrow early following an infection, but their numbers in this site rapidly decline. This decline was not caused by increased death of T cells lacking β(1) integrin but rather by reduced retention in the bone marrow after the primary immune response. The loss of memory CD4 T cells from the bone marrow does not lead to a loss of the predominant source of memory CD4 T cells in the spleen or the ability to mount a memory response. Thus, β(1) integrin-dependent maintenance of memory CD4 T cells in the bone marrow is not required for long-term CD4 T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C DeNucci
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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10
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Chapman TJ, Topham DJ. Identification of a unique population of tissue-memory CD4+ T cells in the airways after influenza infection that is dependent on the integrin VLA-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3841-9. [PMID: 20200271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the immune response to influenza infection, activated T cells are distributed to both lymphoid and extralymphoid tissues, including the infected airways where direct recognition of viral Ag-bearing cells takes place. The collagen-binding alpha(1)beta(1) integrin VLA-1 is essential for the development of memory CD8(+) T cells in the airways, and although expressed by some CD4(+) T cells, its significance has not been demonstrated. We investigated the role of VLA-1 on virus-specific CD4(+) T cells during and after primary or secondary influenza infection of mice. The proportion of CD4(+) cells expressing CD49a (alpha(1) integrin) was low in all tissues sampled during primary infection but increased in the airways after viral clearance. Furthermore, during the first 24 h of a secondary influenza challenge, the majority of IFN-gamma-secreting effector CD4(+) T cells from the airways was in the CD49a(+) population. Airway CD49a(+)CD4(+) cells also expressed reduced markers of apoptosis compared with CD49a(-) cells, and fewer memory or effector CD4(+) cells could be recovered from airways of alpha(1)(-/-) mice, although lymphoid tissues appeared unaffected. These data suggest VLA-1 expression defines a population of tissue memory CD4(+) T cells that act as rapid effectors upon reinfection, and VLA-1 expression is integral to their accumulation in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Chapman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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11
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Abstract
For acute self-limiting infections a vaccine is successful if it elicits memory at least as good as the natural experience; however, for persistent and chronic infections such as HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and human herpes viruses, this paradigm is not applicable. At best, during persistent virus infection the person must be able to maintain the integrity of the immune system in equilibrium with controlling replicating virus. New vaccine strategies are required that elicit both potent high-avidity CD8(+) T-cell effector/memory and central memory responses that can clear the nidus of initial virus-infected cells at mucosal surfaces to prevent mucosal transmission or significantly curtail development of disease. The objective of an HIV-1 T-cell vaccine is to generate functional CD8(+) effector memory cells at mucosal portals of virus entry to prevent viral transmission. In addition, long-lived CD8(+) and CD4(+) central memory cells circulating through secondary lymphoid organs and resident in bone marrow, respectively, are needed to provide a concerted second wave of defense that can contain virus at mucosal surfaces and prevent systemic dissemination. Further understanding of factors which can influence long-lived effector and central memory cell differentiation will significantly contribute to development of effective T-cell vaccines. In this review we will focus on discussing mechanisms involved in T-cell memory and provide promising new approaches toward expanding current vaccine strategies to enhance antiviral memory.
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Verhoeven D, Teijaro JR, Farber DL. Heterogeneous memory T cells in antiviral immunity and immunopathology. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:99-113. [PMID: 18476772 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells are generated following an initial viral infection, and have the potential for mediating robust protective immunity to viral re-challenge due to their rapid and enhanced functional responses. In recent years, it has become clear that the memory T cell response to most viruses is remarkably diverse in phenotype, function, and tissue distribution, and can undergo dynamic changes during its long-term maintenance in vivo. However, the role of this variegation and compartmentalizationof memory T cells in protective immunity to viruses remains unclear. In this review,we discuss the diverse features of memory T cells that can delineate different subsets, the characteristics of memory T cells thus far identified to promote protective immune responses, and how the heterogeneous nature of memory T cells may also promote immunopathology during antiviral responses. We propose that given the profound heterogeneity of memory T cells, regulation of memory T cells during secondary responses could focus the response to participation of specific subsets,and/or inhibit memory T-cell subsets and functions that can lead to immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Verhoeven
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Gendron S, Boisvert M, Chetoui N, Aoudjit F. Alpha1beta1 integrin and interleukin-7 receptor up-regulate the expression of RANKL in human T cells and enhance their osteoclastogenic function. Immunology 2008; 125:359-69. [PMID: 18479350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated T cells, through the production of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) cytokine, have been implicated in the osteoclast development and bone loss that are associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, the cellular pathways that regulate the expression of RANKL and the induction of osteoclasts are still unclear. In this study, we show that, in human effector CD4(+) T cells, activation of alpha1beta1 integrin and interleukin (IL)-7 receptor (IL-7R) up-regulates the expression and production of RANKL but has no effect on the production of interferon-gamma, an inhibitor of T-cell-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Thus, both alpha1beta1 integrin and IL-7R enhance the ability of these cells to induce the formation of osteoclasts from human monocytes. Furthermore, we found that simultaneous activation of effector CD4(+) T cells via alpha1beta1 integrin and IL-7R synergistically increases the production of RANKL and enhances their osteoclastogenic function. We also show that, although alpha1beta1 integrin does not protect human effector CD4(+) T cells from IL-2-withdrawal-induced apoptosis, it does enhance the pro-survival effect of IL-7, further emphasizing the importance of the alpha1beta1/IL-7R synergistic effect. Together our results identify a new function of alpha1beta1 integrin in T cells and suggest that activation of effector CD4(+) T cells through alpha1beta1 integrin and IL-7R is an important regulatory pathway in T-cell-dependent osteoclastogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanisms by which IL-7R and alpha1beta1 integrin promote T-cell-mediated osteoclastogenesis will lead to new insights into the regulatory pathways of T-cell-dependent bone resorption associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Gendron
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Rechavi O, Goldstein I, Vernitsky H, Rotblat B, Kloog Y. Intercellular transfer of oncogenic H-Ras at the immunological synapse. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1204. [PMID: 18030338 PMCID: PMC2065899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells establish dynamic adhesive cell–cell interactions at a specific contact region, termed the immunological synapse (IS). Intriguing features of the IS are the formation of regions of plasma membrane fusion and the intercellular exchange of membrane fragments between the conjugated cells. It is not known whether upon IS formation, intact intracellular proteins can transfer from target cells to lymphocytes to allow the transmission of signals across cell boundaries. Here we show by both FACS and confocal microscopy that human lymphocytes acquire from the cells they scan the inner-membrane protein H-Ras, a G-protein vital for common lymphocyte functions and a prominent participant in human cancer. The transfer was cell contact-dependent and occurred in the context of cell-conjugate formation. Moreover, the acquisition of oncogenic H-RasG12V by natural killer (NK) and T lymphocytes had important biological functions in the adopting lymphocytes: the transferred H-RasG12V induced ERK phosphorylation, increased interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion, enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, and augmented NK-mediated target cell killing. Our findings reveal a novel mode of cell-to-cell communication—allowing lymphocytes to extend the confines of their own proteome—which may moreover play an important role in natural tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Rechavi
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Immunology Program, Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (IG); (YK)
| | - Helly Vernitsky
- Immunology Program, Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoel Kloog
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (IG); (YK)
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Ben-Horin S, Goldstein I, Koltakov A, Langevitz P, Ehrenfeld M, Rosenthal E, Gur H, Bank I. The effect of blockade of tumor necrosis factor alpha on VLA-1+ T-cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:580-8. [PMID: 17891451 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The alpha1beta1 integrin, very late antigen (VLA)-1, characterizes collagen adherent interferon (IFN) gamma producing memory T cells in inflamed synovium. We now report that the mean percentage of VLA-1+ T cells is significantly lower among peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rheumatoid patients responsive to antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha therapy than of those with active disease not receiving therapy. Neutralization of TNFalpha during in vitro polyclonal activation of VLA-1- T cells reduced differentiation to expression of VLA-1 and inhibited secretion of IFNgamma, but did not affect integrin expression on in vivo differentiated VLA-1+ T cells. Moreover, synovial fluids of patients relapsing during and after therapy were enriched in VLA-1+ T cells and lines derived from VLA-1+ T cells in peripheral blood of treated patients retained collagen binding and secreted IFN gamma. Thus, whereas therapy decreases VLA-1+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients, a subset is resistant and contributes to residual and recurring inflammation.
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16
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Warrington KJ, Nair U, Carbone LD, Kang AH, Postlethwaite AE. Characterisation of the immune response to type I collagen in scleroderma. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R136. [PMID: 16879746 PMCID: PMC1779396 DOI: 10.1186/ar2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the frequency, phenotype, and functional profile of T lymphocytes that proliferate in response to type I collagen (CI) in patients with scleroderma (SSc). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SSc patients, healthy controls, and rheumatoid arthritis disease controls were labeled with carboxy-fluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE), cultured with or without antigen (bovine CI) for 14 days, and analysed by flow cytometry. Surface markers of proliferating cells were identified by multi-color flow cytometry. T-cell lines were derived after sorting for proliferating T cells (CFSElow). Cytokine expression in CI-responsive T cells was detected by intracellular staining/flow cytometry and by multiplex cytokine bead assay (Bio-Plex). A T-cell proliferative response to CI was detected in 8 of 25 (32%) SSc patients, but was infrequent in healthy or disease controls (3.6%; p = 0.009). The proliferating T cells expressed a CD4+, activated (CD25+), memory (CD45RO+) phenotype. Proliferation to CI did not correlate with disease duration or extent of skin involvement. T-cell lines were generated using in vitro CI stimulation to study the functional profile of these cells. Following activation of CI-reactive T cells, we detected intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ but not interleukin (IL)-4 by flow cytometry. Supernatants from the T-cell lines generated in vitro contained IL-2, IFN-γ, GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor), and tumour necrosis factor-α, but little or no IL-4 and IL-10, suggesting that CI-responsive T cells express a predominantly Th1 cytokine pattern. In conclusion, circulating memory CD4 T cells that proliferate to CI are present in a subset of patients with SSc, but are infrequent in healthy or disease controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Warrington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Usha Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Laura D Carbone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Andrew H Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Room A318, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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