1
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Yang L, Sheets TP, Feng Y, Yu G, Bajgain P, Hsu KS, So D, Seaman S, Lee J, Lin L, Evans CN, Guest MR, Chari R, St. Croix B. Uncovering receptor-ligand interactions using a high-avidity CRISPR activation screening platform. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj2445. [PMID: 38354234 PMCID: PMC10866537 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The majority of clinically approved drugs target proteins that are secreted or cell surface bound. However, further advances in this area have been hindered by the challenging nature of receptor deorphanization, as there are still many secreted and cell-bound proteins with unknown binding partners. Here, we developed an advanced screening platform that combines CRISPR-CAS9 guide-mediated gene activation (CRISPRa) and high-avidity bead-based selection. The CRISPRa platform incorporates serial enrichment and flow cytometry-based monitoring, resulting in substantially improved screening sensitivity for well-known yet weak interactions of the checkpoint inhibitor family. Our approach has successfully revealed that siglec-4 exerts regulatory control over T cell activation through a low affinity trans-interaction with the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB. Our highly efficient screening platform holds great promise for identifying extracellular interactions of uncharacterized receptor-ligand partners, which is essential to develop next-generation therapeutics, including additional immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Timothy P. Sheets
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yang Feng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Guojun Yu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Pradip Bajgain
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daeho So
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ling Lin
- Proteomic Instability of Cancer Section, MCGP, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christine N. Evans
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mary R. Guest
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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2
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Salek-Ardakani S, Zajonc DM, Croft M. Agonism of 4-1BB for immune therapy: a perspective on possibilities and complications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228486. [PMID: 37662949 PMCID: PMC10469789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory receptors on immune cells represent attractive targets for immunotherapy given that these molecules can increase the frequency of individual protective immune cell populations and their longevity, as well as enhance various effector functions. 4-1BB, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, also known as CD137 and TNFRSF9, is one such molecule that is inducible on several cell types, including T cells and NK cells. Preclinical studies in animal models have validated the notion that stimulating 4-1BB with agonist reagents or its natural ligand could be useful to augment conventional T cell and NK cell immunity to protect against tumor growth and against viral infection. Additionally, stimulating 4-1BB can enhance regulatory T cell function and might be useful in the right context for suppressing autoimmunity. Two human agonist antibodies to 4-1BB have been produced and tested in clinical trials for cancer, with variable results, leading to the production of a wealth of second-generation antibody constructs, including bi- and multi-specifics, with the hope of optimizing activity and selectivity. Here, we review the progress to date in agonism of 4-1BB, discuss the complications in targeting the immune system appropriately to elicit the desired activity, together with challenges in engineering agonists, and highlight the untapped potential of manipulating this molecule in infectious disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California (UC) San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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3
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Pichler AC, Carrié N, Cuisinier M, Ghazali S, Voisin A, Axisa PP, Tosolini M, Mazzotti C, Golec DP, Maheo S, do Souto L, Ekren R, Blanquart E, Lemaitre L, Feliu V, Joubert MV, Cannons JL, Guillerey C, Avet-Loiseau H, Watts TH, Salomon BL, Joffre O, Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Schwartzberg PL, Lucca LE, Martinet L. TCR-independent CD137 (4-1BB) signaling promotes CD8 +-exhausted T cell proliferation and terminal differentiation. Immunity 2023; 56:1631-1648.e10. [PMID: 37392737 PMCID: PMC10649891 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB)-activating receptor represents a promising cancer immunotherapeutic target. Yet, the cellular program driven by CD137 and its role in cancer immune surveillance remain unresolved. Using T cell-specific deletion and agonist antibodies, we found that CD137 modulates tumor infiltration of CD8+-exhausted T (Tex) cells expressing PD1, Lag-3, and Tim-3 inhibitory receptors. T cell-intrinsic, TCR-independent CD137 signaling stimulated the proliferation and the terminal differentiation of Tex precursor cells through a mechanism involving the RelA and cRel canonical NF-κB subunits and Tox-dependent chromatin remodeling. While Tex cell accumulation induced by prophylactic CD137 agonists favored tumor growth, anti-PD1 efficacy was improved with subsequent CD137 stimulation in pre-clinical mouse models. Better understanding of T cell exhaustion has crucial implications for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Our results identify CD137 as a critical regulator of Tex cell expansion and differentiation that holds potential for broad therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Pichler
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nadège Carrié
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Cuisinier
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Samira Ghazali
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Allison Voisin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Labex DEVweCAN, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Axisa
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tosolini
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Mazzotti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominic P Golec
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina Maheo
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura do Souto
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Rüçhan Ekren
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Blanquart
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Lea Lemaitre
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Feliu
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Véronique Joubert
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Camille Guillerey
- Cancer Immunotherapies Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hervé Avet-Loiseau
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Benoit L Salomon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Joffre
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Labex DEVweCAN, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liliana E Lucca
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
| | - Ludovic Martinet
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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4
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Ceccarelli F, Natalucci F, Di Filippo A, Olivieri G, Napoletano C, Rughetti A, Nuti M, Zizzari IG, Conti F. Membrane and Soluble CD137 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Role as Biomarkers for Disease Activity. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:2344239. [PMID: 37114204 PMCID: PMC10129430 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2344239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has recently gained attention. Costimulatory molecules are membrane proteins strictly associated with T-cell receptor (TCR), acting by activating or inhibiting T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) through direct and reverse signaling, thus becoming responsible for the development of effector T cells or regulatory T cells. The primary objective of the present case-control study was to evaluate the cell membrane expression of CD137 on T cells and the serum concentration of CD137 (sCD137) in a SLE cohort. Materials We enrolled SLE patients and sex/age-matched healthy subjects (HS). Disease activity was assessed by SLEDAI-2K. By application of flow cytometry, we evaluated the expression of CD137 on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. ELISA test was performed to evaluate serum levels of sCD137. Results Twenty-one SLE patients (M/F 1/20; median age 48 years (IQR 17); median disease duration 144 months (IQR 204)) were evaluated. SLE patients showed %CD3+CD137+ cells significantly higher compared to HS (median 5.32 (IQR 6.11) versus 3.3 (IQR 1.8), p = 0.001). In SLE patients, %CD4+CD137+ cells positively correlated with SLEDAI-2K (p = 0.0082, r = 0.58, CI (0.15-0.82); indeed, %CD4+CD137+ cells were significantly lower in SLE patients with a remission status compared to those not reaching this condition (median 1.07 (IQR 0.91) versus 1.58 (IQR 2.42), p = 0.013). Accordingly, sCD137 levels were significantly lower in remission status (31.30 pg/mL (IQR 102.2 versus median 122.8 pg/mL (IQR 536); p = 0.03) and correlated with %CD4+CD137+ cells (p = 0.012, r = 0.60, CI (0.15-0.84)). Conclusion Our results suggest a possible involvement of CD137-CD137L axis in SLE pathogenesis, as demonstrated by higher expression of CD137 on CD4+ cells in SLE compared with HS. Furthermore, the positive correlation between SLEDAI-2K and membrane CD137 expression on CD4+ cells, as well as soluble CD137, indicates a possible use as biomarkers for disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Natalucci
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Filippo
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Olivieri
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Napoletano
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Grazia Zizzari
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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5
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Abdeladhim M, Karnell JL, Rieder SA. In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033705. [PMID: 36591244 PMCID: PMC9799097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the master regulators of immunity and they have been implicated in different disease states such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Since their discovery, many studies have focused on understanding Treg development, differentiation, and function. While there are many players in the generation and function of truly suppressive Tregs, the role of checkpoint pathways in these processes have been studied extensively. In this paper, we systematically review the role of different checkpoint pathways in Treg homeostasis and function. We describe how co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways modulate Treg homeostasis and function and highlight data from mouse and human studies. Multiple checkpoint pathways are being targeted in cancer and autoimmunity; therefore, we share insights from the clinic and discuss the effect of experimental and approved therapeutics on Treg biology.
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6
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Pichler AC, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. The Road Less Taken: Less Appreciated Pathways for Manipulating CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926714. [PMID: 35874734 PMCID: PMC9297918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell population that arise during persistent antigen exposure in the context of chronic infections and cancers. Although characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs, Tex cells are heterogeneous. Among these, a self-renewing TCF-1+ Tex population, having unique characteristics and the ability to respond to immune-checkpoint blockade, gives rise to TCF-1- terminally Tex cells. These TCF-1+ cells have stem cell-like properties similar to memory T cell populations, but the signals that regulate the developmental pathways and relationships among exhausted cell populations are still unclear. Here, we review our current understanding of Tex cell biology, and discuss some less appreciated molecules and pathways affecting T cell exhaustion. We highlight two co-stimulatory receptors, CD226 and CD137, and their role in inducing or restraining T cell exhaustion, as well as signaling pathways that may be amenable to pharmacological inhibition with a focus on Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase and IL-2 partial agonists. Finally, we discuss novel methods that may increase TCF-1+ populations and therefore improve immunotherapy responsiveness. Understanding features of and pathways to exhaustion has important implications for the success of immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell transfer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Pichler
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Cannons
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Pamela L. Schwartzberg,
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7
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Choi BK, Lee HW. The Murine CD137/CD137 Ligand Signalosome: A Signal Platform Generating Signal Complexity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:553715. [PMID: 33362756 PMCID: PMC7758191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.553715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137, a member of the TNFR family, is a costimulatory receptor, and CD137L, a member of the TNF family, is its ligand. Studies using CD137- and CD137L-deficient mice and antibodies against CD137 and CD137L have revealed the diverse and paradoxical effects of these two proteins in various cancers, autoimmunity, infections, and inflammation. Both their cellular diversity and their spatiotemporal expression patterns indicate that they mediate complex immune responses. This intricacy is further enhanced by the bidirectional signal transduction events that occur when these two proteins interact in various types of immune cells. Here, we review the biology of murine CD137/CD137L, particularly, the complexity of their proximal signaling pathways, and speculate on their roles in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Program for Immunotherapy Research, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Graduate School, Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Wong HY, Schwarz H. CD137 / CD137 ligand signalling regulates the immune balance: A potential target for novel immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2020; 112:102499. [PMID: 32505443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD137 (TNFRSF9, 4-1BB) is a potent co-stimulatory molecule of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) that is expressed by activated T cells. CD137/CD137 ligand (CD137L) signalling primarily induces a potent cell-mediated immune response, while signalling of cell surface-expressed CD137L into antigen presenting cells enhances their activation, differentiation and migratory capacity. Studies have shown that bidirectional CD137/CD137L signalling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms how CD137/CD137L signalling contributes to immune deviation of helper T cell pathways in various murine models, and the potential of developing immunotherapies targeting CD137/CD137L signalling for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yi Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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9
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An Agonistic Anti-CD137 Antibody Disrupts Lymphoid Follicle Structure and T-Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1. [PMID: 32699843 PMCID: PMC7375459 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
CD137 is a costimulatory receptor expressed on natural killer cells, T cells, and subsets of dendritic cells. An agonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD137 has been used to reduce tumor burden or reverse autoimmunity in animal models and clinical trials. Here, we show that mice treated with an agonistic anti-CD137 mAb have reduced numbers of germinal center (GC) B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in lymphoid tissues, which impair antibody responses to multiple T-cell-dependent antigens, including infectious virus, viral proteins, and conjugated haptens. These effects are not due to enhanced apoptosis or impaired proliferation of B cells but instead correlate with changes in lymphoid follicle structure and GC B cell dispersal and are mediated by CD137 signaling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our experiments in mice suggest that agonistic anti-CD137 mAbs used in cancer and autoimmunity therapy may impair long-term antibody and B cell memory responses. Anti-CD137 antibody impairs B cell responses during chikungunya virus infection Anti-CD137 antibody impairs T-cell-dependent antibody responses to subunit vaccines Anti-CD137 antibody alters lymphoid follicle structure during virus infection Enhanced CD137 signaling in T cells results in defects in germinal B cell responses
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10
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Lu KL, Wu MY, Wang CH, Wang CW, Hung SI, Chung WH, Chen CB. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Receptors in Regulating Immune Reactivity in Lupus. Cells 2019; 8:E1213. [PMID: 31597242 PMCID: PMC6829486 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint receptors with co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals are important modulators for the immune system. However, unrestricted co-stimulation and/or inadequate co-inhibition may cause breakdown of self-tolerance, leading to autoimmunity. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-organ disease with skewed and dysregulated immune responses interacting with genetics and the environment. The close connections between co-signaling pathways and SLE have gradually been established in past research. Also, the recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy illustrates the importance of the co-inhibitory receptors in cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, immune checkpoint blockade could result in substantial immune-related adverse events that mimic autoimmune diseases, including lupus. Together, immune checkpoint regulators represent viable immunotherapeutic targets for the treatment of both autoimmunity and cancer. Therefore, it appears reasonable to treat SLE by restoring the out-of-order co-signaling axis or by manipulating collateral pathways to control the pathogenic immune responses. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between SLE and the co-signaling pathways of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, and highlight their potential clinical implications. Current clinical trials targeting the specific co-signaling axes involved in SLE help to advance such knowledge, but further in-depth exploration is still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lin Lu
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Wu
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hui Wang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361000, China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (K.-L.L.); (M.-Y.W.); , (C.-W.W.); (S.-I.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361000, China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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11
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The Progress of Investigating the CD137-CD137L Axis as a Potential Target for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091044. [PMID: 31500130 PMCID: PMC6770642 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules facilitate cross-talks among leukocytes via mutual stimulatory and inhibitory signalling, contributing to diverse immunological outcomes in normal physiological responses and pathological conditions. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-systemic autoimmune condition in which cellular communication through the involvement of costimulatory molecules is crucial in driving proinflammatory responses from the stage of autoantigen presentation to the subsequent process of pathogenic autoantibody production. While the physiology of the costimulatory systems including OX40-OX40L, CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/86, ICOS-B7RP1 and CD70-CD27 has been relatively well studied in SLE, recent data on the immunopathology of the CD137-CD137 ligand (CD137L) system in murine lupus models and patients with SLE highlight the critical role of this costimulatory system in initiating and perpetuating the diverse clinical and serological phenotypes of SLE. CD137, a membrane-bound receptor which belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is mainly expressed on activated T cells. Activation of the CD137 receptor via its interaction with CD137L which is expressed on antigen present cells (APC) including B cells, triggers bi-directional signalling; that is, signalling through CD137 as well as signalling through CD137L (reverse signalling), which further activates T cells and polarizes them to the Th1/Tc1 pathway. Further, via reverse CD137L signalling it enhances differentiation and maturation of the APC, particularly of dendritic cells, which subsequently drive proinflammatory cytokine production. In this review, recent data including our experience in the manipulation of CD137L signalling pertaining to the pathophysiology of SLE will be critically reviewed. More in-depth understanding of the biology of the CD137-CD137L co-stimulation system opens an opportunity to identify new prognostic biomarkers and the design of novel therapeutic approaches for advancing the management of SLE.
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Mak A, Dharmadhikari B, Kow NY, Thamboo TP, Tang Q, Wong LW, Sajikumar S, Wong HY, Schwarz H. Deletion of CD137 Ligand Exacerbates Renal and Cutaneous but Alleviates Cerebral Manifestations in Lupus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1411. [PMID: 31297111 PMCID: PMC6607944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD137—CD137 ligand (CD137L) costimulatory system is a critical immune checkpoint with pathophysiological implications in autoimmunity. In this study, we investigated the role of CD137L-mediated costimulation on renal, cutaneous and cerebral manifestations in lupus and the underlying immunological mechanism. Lupus-prone C57BL/6lpr−/− (B6.lpr) mice were crossed to C57BL/6.CD137L−/− mice to obtain CD137L-deficient B6.lpr [double knock out (DKO)] mice. We investigated the extent of survival, glomerulonephritis, skin lesions, cerebral demyelination, immune deviation and long-term synaptic plasticity among the two mouse groups. Cytokine levels, frequency of splenic leukocyte subsets and phenotypes were compared between DKO, B6.lpr and B6.WT mice. A 22 month observation of 226 DKO and 137 B6.lpr mice demonstrated significantly more frequent proliferative glomerulonephritis, larger skin lesions and shorter survival in DKO than in B6.lpr mice. Conversely, microglial activation and cerebral demyelination were less pronounced while long-term synaptic plasticity, was superior in DKO mice. Splenic Th17 cells were significantly higher in DKO than in B6.lpr and B6.WT mice while Th1 and Th2 cell frequencies were comparable between DKO and B6.lpr mice. IL-10 and IL-17 expression by T cells was not affected but there were fewer IL-10-producing myeloid (CD11b+) cells, and also lower serum IL-10 levels in DKO than in B6.lpr mice. The absence of CD137L causes an immune deviation toward Th17, fewer IL-10-producing CD11b+ cells and reduced serum IL-10 levels which potentially explain the more severe lupus in DKO mice while leading to reduced microglia activation, lesser cerebral damage and less severe neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Mak
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nien Yee Kow
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Qianqiao Tang
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lik Wei Wong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiu Yi Wong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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14
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Söderström LÅ, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. CD137: A checkpoint regulator involved in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 272:66-72. [PMID: 29571029 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with atherosclerotic plaque development and precipitation of myocardial infarction and stroke, and anti-inflammatory therapy may reduce disease severity. Costimulatory molecules are key regulators of immune cell activity and inflammation, and are associated with disease development in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that a costimulatory molecule of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor superfamily, the checkpoint regulator CD137, promotes atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in experimental models. In light of the burgeoning consideration of CD137-targeted therapy in the clinic, it will be important to better understand costimulator immunobiology in development of cardiovascular disease. Here, we review available data on the costimulator CD137 and its potential role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Å Söderström
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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15
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Gerdes N, Zirlik A. Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis? Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:804-13. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-09-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.
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16
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Ward-Kavanagh LK, Lin WW, Šedý JR, Ware CF. The TNF Receptor Superfamily in Co-stimulating and Co-inhibitory Responses. Immunity 2017; 44:1005-19. [PMID: 27192566 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide a communication network essential for coordinating multiple cell types into an effective host defense system against pathogens and malignant cells. The pathways controlled by the TNF superfamily differentiate both innate and adaptive immune cells and modulate stromal cells into microenvironments conducive to host defenses. Members of the TNF receptor superfamily activate diverse cellular functions from the production of type 1 interferons to the modulation of survival of antigen-activated T cells. Here, we focus attention on the subset of TNF superfamily receptors encoded in the immune response locus in chromosomal region 1p36. Recent studies have revealed that these receptors use diverse mechanisms to either co-stimulate or restrict immune responses. Translation of the fundamental mechanisms of TNF superfamily is leading to the design of therapeutics that can alter pathogenic processes in several autoimmune diseases or promote immunity to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Ward-Kavanagh
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wai Wai Lin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Šedý
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The immune system is guided by a series of checks and balances, a major component of which is a large array of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that modulate the host response. Although co-stimulation is essential for boosting and shaping the initial response following signaling through the antigen receptor, inhibitory pathways are also critical for modulating the immune response. Excessive co-stimulation and/or insufficient co-inhibition can lead to a breakdown of self-tolerance and thus to autoimmunity. In this review, we will focus on the role of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in two systemic (systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis) and two organ-specific (multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes) emblematic autoimmune diseases. We will also discuss how mechanistic analysis of these pathways has led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and initiation of clinical trials for autoimmune diseases, as well as outline some of the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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18
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Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Altaf Hossain FM, Husna A, Bari AM, Eo SK. The promise of 4-1BB (CD137) mediated immunomodulation and immunotherapy for viral diseases. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell surface receptor, 4-1BB (CD137), has been of increasing interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule over the last two decades. Ligation of 4-1BB can activate signals in CD8+ T cells and NK cells, resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion, cytolytic function and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Targeting 4-1BB, using a 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or agonistic monoclonal antibodies, has delivered a new strategy to fight against cancer, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. In this review, different aspects of 4-1BB mediated antiviral responses, the mechanistic basis of such responses and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masudur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - ATM Badruzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Asmaul Husna
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Abusaleh Mahfuzul Bari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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19
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Adler AJ, Mittal P, Ryan JM, Zhou B, Wasser JS, Vella AT. Cytokines and metabolic factors regulate tumoricidal T-cell function during cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:71-82. [PMID: 28000531 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer biology and genetics have fostered precision therapies targeting tumor-specific attributes. Immune-based therapies that elicit cytolytic T cells (CTL) specific for tumor antigens can provide therapeutic benefit to cancer patients, however, cure rates are typically low. This largely results from immunosuppressive mechanisms operating within the tumor microenvironment, many of which inflict metabolic stresses upon CTL. Conversely, immunotherapies can mitigate specific metabolic stressors. For instance, dual costimulation immunotherapy with CD134 (OX40) plus CD137 (4-1BB) agonists appears to mediate tumor control in part by engaging cytokine networks that enable infiltrating CTL to compete for limiting supplies of glucose. Future efforts combining modalities that endow CTL with complimentary metabolic advantages should improve therapeutic efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Payal Mittal
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Joseph M Ryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Wasser
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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20
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Beyond TNF: TNF superfamily cytokines as targets for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:217-233. [PMID: 28275260 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TNF blockers are highly efficacious at dampening inflammation and reducing symptoms in rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, and also in nonrheumatic syndromes such as inflammatory bowel disease. As TNF belongs to a superfamily of 19 structurally related proteins that have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activity, reagents that disrupt the interaction between proinflammatory TNF family cytokines and their receptors, or agonize the anti-inflammatory receptors, are being considered for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Biologic agents that block B cell activating factor (BAFF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) have been approved for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and osteoporosis, respectively. In this Review, we focus on additional members of the TNF superfamily that could be relevant for the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease, including those that can strongly promote activity of immune cells or increase activity of tissue cells, as well as those that promote death pathways and might limit inflammation. We examine preclinical mouse and human data linking these molecules to the control of damage in the joints, muscle, bone or other tissues, and discuss their potential as targets for future therapy of rheumatic diseases.
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21
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Abstract
The treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been refined over the years, with the recognition that a fine balance lies between aggressive and prompt therapy and attendant complications brought upon by immunosuppressive therapy itself. However, there has been limited change to the repertoire of drugs available to treat this challenging disease. The current standard therapy for severe manifestations of SLE includes the use of high-dose corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide (CYC), which have been associated with an increased risk of serious and opportunistic infections. The need for safer, more targeted therapies has been recognized and now, with the exponential increase in the understanding of immunopathogenic mechanisms in SLE, the way has been paved for the development of biologic or targeted therapies in SLE. Although the potential immunosuppression, long-term safety issues and cost-effectiveness remain unclear. These targeted therapies may range from small molecules that specifically inhibit inflammatory processes at an intracellular, cell-cell or cell-matrix level to monoclonal antibodies, soluble receptors or natural antagonists that interfere with cytokine function, cellular activation and inflammatory gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vasoo
- The Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital London, UK
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22
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Sanchez-Paulete AR, Labiano S, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Azpilikueta A, Etxeberria I, Bolaños E, Lang V, Rodriguez M, Aznar MA, Jure-Kunkel M, Melero I. Deciphering CD137 (4-1BB) signaling in T-cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:513-22. [PMID: 26773716 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, TNF-receptor superfamily 9) is a surface glycoprotein of the TNFR family which can be induced on a variety of leukocyte subsets. On T and NK cells, CD137 is expressed following activation and, if ligated by its natural ligand (CD137L), conveys polyubiquitination-mediated signals via TNF receptor associated factor 2 that inhibit apoptosis, while enhancing proliferation and effector functions. CD137 thus behaves as a bona fide inducible costimulatory molecule. These functional properties of CD137 can be exploited in cancer immunotherapy by systemic administration of agonist monoclonal antibodies, which increase anticancer CTLs and enhance NK-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Reportedly, anti-CD137 mAb and adoptive T-cell therapy strongly synergize, since (i) CD137 expression can be used to select the T cells endowed with the best activities against the tumor, (ii) costimulation of the lymphocyte cultures to be used in adoptive T-cell therapy can be done with CD137 agonist antibodies or CD137L, and (iii) synergistic effects upon coadministration of T cells and antibodies are readily observed in mouse models. Furthermore, the signaling cytoplasmic tail of CD137 is a key component of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors that are used to redirect T cells against leukemia and lymphoma in the clinic. Ongoing phase II clinical trials with agonist antibodies and the presence of CD137 sequence in these successful chimeric antigen receptors highlight the importance of CD137 in oncoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso R Sanchez-Paulete
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valérie Lang
- Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Foundation for Stem Cell Research, Fundación Inbiomed, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Advanced Technology Institute in Life Sciences (ITAV), CNRS-USR3505, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-UMR5089, Toulouse, France
| | - M Angela Aznar
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Kim SB, Choi JY, Kim JH, Uyangaa E, Patil AM, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Han YW, Eo SK. Amelioration of Japanese encephalitis by blockage of 4-1BB signaling is coupled to divergent enhancement of type I/II IFN responses and Ly-6C(hi) monocyte differentiation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:216. [PMID: 26597582 PMCID: PMC4657197 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE), a neuroinflammation caused by zoonotic JE virus, is the major cause of viral encephalitis worldwide and poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare. To date, however, there has been no report describing the regulation of JE progression using immunomodulatory tools for developing therapeutic strategies. We tested whether blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway would regulate JE progression using murine JE model. Methods Infected wild-type and 4-1BB-knockout (KO) mice were examined daily for mortality and clinical signs, and neuroinflammation in the CNS was evaluated by infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes and cytokine expression. In addition, viral burden, JEV-specific T cell, and type I/II IFN (IFN-I/II) innate responses were analyzed. Results Blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway significantly increased resistance to JE and reduced viral burden in extraneural tissues and the CNS, rather than causing a detrimental effect. In addition, treatment with 4-1BB agonistic antibody exacerbated JE. Furthermore, JE amelioration and reduction of viral burden by blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway were associated with an increased frequency of IFN-II-producing NK and CD4+ Th1 cells as well as increased infiltration of mature Ly-6Chi monocytes in the inflamed CNS. More interestingly, DCs and macrophages derived from 4-1BB KO mice showed potent and rapid IFN-I innate immune responses upon JEV infection, which was coupled to strong induction of PRRs (RIG-I, MDA5), transcription factors (IRF7), and antiviral ISG genes (ISG49, ISG54, ISG56). Further, the ablation of 4-1BB signaling enhanced IFN-I innate responses in neuron cells, which likely regulated viral spread in the CNS. Finally, we confirmed that blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway in myeloid cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) played a dominant role in ameliorating JE. In support of this finding, HSC-derived leukocytes played a dominant role in generating the IFN-I innate responses in the host. Conclusions Blocking the 4-1BB signaling pathway ameliorates JE via divergent enhancement of IFN-II-producing NK and CD4+ Th1 cells and mature Ly-6Chi monocyte infiltration, as well as an IFN-I innate response of myeloid-derived cells. Therefore, regulation of the 4-1BB signaling pathway with antibodies or inhibitors could be a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Dharmadhikari B, Wu M, Abdullah NS, Rajendran S, Ishak ND, Nickles E, Harfuddin Z, Schwarz H. CD137 and CD137L signals are main drivers of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1113367. [PMID: 27141396 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 is expressed on activated T cells and NK cells, among others, and is a potent co-stimulator of antitumor immune responses. CD137 ligand (CD137L) is expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC), and CD137L reverse signaling into APC enhances their activity. CD137-CD137L interactions as main driver of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses explains the puzzling observation that CD137 agonists which enhance antitumor immune responses also ameliorate autoimmune diseases. Upon co-stimulation by CD137, Th1 CD4+ T cells together with Tc1 CD8+ T cells and NK cells inhibit other T cell subsets, thereby promoting antitumor responses and mitigating non-type 1 auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Meihui Wu
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nur Sharalyn Abdullah
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sakthi Rajendran
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nur Diana Ishak
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Emily Nickles
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zulkarnain Harfuddin
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 4-1BB (CD137) is an important T-cell stimulating molecule. The 4-1BB mAb or its variants have shown remarkable therapeutic activity against autoimmunity, viral infections, and cancer. Antibodies to 4-1BB have recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer with favorable toxicity profile. In this article, we present a review documenting the efficacy and pitfalls of 4-1BB therapy. AREAS COVERED An extensive literature search has been made on 4-1BB, spanning two decades, and a comprehensive report is presented here highlighting the origins, biological effects, therapeutic potential, and mechanistic basis of targeting 4-1BB as well as the side effects associated with such therapy. EXPERT OPINION Research so far indicates that 4-1BB is highly protective against various pathological conditions including cancer. However, a few important side effects of 4-1BB therapy such as liver toxicity, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and suppressive effects on certain immune competent cells should be taken into consideration before it is used for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,b 2 Cell and Immunobiology, and R & D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center , Goyang 410-769, Korea ;
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26
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Homet Moreno B, Mok S, Comin-Anduix B, Hu-Lieskovan S, Ribas A. Combined treatment with dabrafenib and trametinib with immune-stimulating antibodies for BRAF mutant melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1052212. [PMID: 27622011 PMCID: PMC5006894 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1052212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors has become the standard of care in patients with BRAFV600E mutant melanoma, but responses are not durable. In addition, the impressive clinical benefits with anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies (Ab) in patients with heavily pretreated metastatic melanoma and the synergistic effect of dabrafenib, trametinib and anti-PD-1 compared with single therapy alone groups support the idea that combining dabrafenib, trametinib and immunotherapy based on PD-1 blockade could be an interesting approach in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. With our mouse model of syngeneic BRAFV600E driven melanoma (SM1), we tested whether the addition of an immunostimulatory Ab targeting CD137 (4-1BB) and/or CD134 (OX40) would enhance the antitumor effect of dabrafenib, trametinib and anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy. In vitro studies showed that the combination group of dabrafenib, trametinib and anti-PD-1 increases CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), as well as CD4+ T cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). An upregulation of PD-L1 was observed in the combination of dabrafenib, trametinib and anti-PD-1 therapy. Combination of dabrafenib, trametinib and anti-PD-1, with either anti-CD137 or anti-CD134, showed a superior antitumor effect, but the five-agent combination was not superior to the four-agent combinations. In conclusion, the combination of dabrafenib, trametinib, anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy results in robust antitumor activity, which is further improved by adding the immune-stimulating Ab anti-CD137 or anti-CD134. Our findings support the testing of these combinations in patients with BRAFV600E mutant metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Homet Moreno
- Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology/Oncology; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) ; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Stephen Mok
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) ; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Begonya Comin-Anduix
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC); University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Los Angeles, CA USA; Surgery; Division of Surgical Oncology; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology/Oncology; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) ; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology/Oncology; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Los Angeles, CA USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Los Angeles, CA USA; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC); University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Los Angeles, CA USA; Surgery; Division of Surgical Oncology; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Los Angeles, CA USA
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27
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Woods M, Zou YR, Davidson A. Defects in Germinal Center Selection in SLE. Front Immunol 2015; 6:425. [PMID: 26322049 PMCID: PMC4536402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the primary site at which clonal expansion and affinity maturation of B cells occur. B cells encounter antigen and receive T cell help in the GC light zone (LZ) and then migrate to the dark zone where they proliferate and undergo somatic mutation before cycling back to the LZ for further rounds of selection. Tolerance to autoantigens is frequently lost de novo as GC B cells undergo class switching and somatic mutation. This loss of tolerance is regulated by a variety of mechanisms including cell death, failure to compete for T cell help, and failure to differentiate into effector cells. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by loss of tolerance to nucleic acid antigens. While defects in tolerance occur in the naïve repertoire of SLE patients, pathogenic autoantibodies also arise in the GC by somatic mutation from non-autoreactive precursors. Several B cell defects contribute to the loss of GC tolerance in SLE, including polymorphisms of genes encoded by the Sle1 locus, excess TLR7 signaling, defects in FcRIIB expression, or defects of B cell apoptosis. Extrinsic soluble factors, such as Type-1 IFN and B cell-activating factor, or an increased number of T follicular helper cells in the GC also alter B cell-negative selection. Finally, defects in clearance of apoptotic debris within the GC result in BCR-mediated internalization of nucleic acid containing material and stimulation of autoantibody production by endosomal TLR-driven mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Woods
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , New York, NY , USA
| | - Yong-Rui Zou
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , New York, NY , USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , New York, NY , USA
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28
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Ketelhuth DFJ, Hansson GK. Modulation of autoimmunity and atherosclerosis - common targets and promising translational approaches against disease. Circ J 2015; 79:924-33. [PMID: 25766275 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall that is influenced by several risk factors, including hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Autoimmune diseases substantially increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although atherosclerotic CVD, such as myocardial and stroke, is much more prevalent than classical autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, these types of pathology have many similarities, raising the possibility that therapies against autoimmune disease can have beneficial effects on CVD. Substantial clinical and experimental data support the potential for immunomodulatory approaches to combating both autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, including classical immunosuppressants, anticytokine therapy, the targeting of T and B cells and their responses, and vaccination. In this review, we discuss experimental and clinical studies that have used immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate autoimmune reactions and examine their potential to prevent and treat atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital
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29
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Vinay DS, Kwon BS. 4-1BB (CD137), an inducible costimulatory receptor, as a specific target for cancer therapy. BMB Rep 2014; 47:122-9. [PMID: 24499671 PMCID: PMC4163883 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how tumors evade immune surveillance, measures to counter the same have not kept pace with the advances made in designing effective strategies. 4-1BB (CD137; TNFRS9), an activation-induced costimulatory molecule, is an important regulator of immune responses. Targeting 4-1BB or its natural ligand 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) has important implications in many clinical conditions, including cancer. In-depth analysis revealed that 4-1BB-mediated anti-cancer effects are based on its ability to induce activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and among others, high amounts of IFN-γ. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of 4-1BB-mediated anti-tumor responses, the basis of such responses, and future directions. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(3): 122-129]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA; Cell and Immunobiology, and R & D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
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30
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Madireddi S, Eun SY, Lee SW, Nemčovičová I, Mehta AK, Zajonc DM, Nishi N, Niki T, Hirashima M, Croft M. Galectin-9 controls the therapeutic activity of 4-1BB-targeting antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1433-48. [PMID: 24958847 PMCID: PMC4076583 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biologics to TNF family receptors are prime candidates for therapy of immune disease. Whereas recent studies have highlighted a requirement for Fcγ receptors in enabling the activity of CD40, TRAILR, and GITR when engaged by antibodies, other TNFR molecules may be controlled by additional mechanisms. Antibodies to 4-1BB (CD137) are currently in clinical trials and can both augment immunity in cancer and promote regulatory T cells that inhibit autoimmune disease. We found that the action of agonist anti-4-1BB in suppressing autoimmune and allergic inflammation was completely dependent on Galectin-9 (Gal-9). Gal-9 directly bound to 4-1BB, in a site distinct from the binding site of antibodies and the natural ligand of 4-1BB, and Gal-9 facilitated 4-1BB aggregation, signaling, and functional activity in T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Conservation of the Gal-9 interaction in humans has important implications for effective clinical targeting of 4-1BB and possibly other TNFR superfamily molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Madireddi
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - So-Young Eun
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ivana Nemčovičová
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amit Kumar Mehta
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nozomu Nishi
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan GalPharma Co., Ltd., Kagawa 760-0301, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Life Science Research Center; and Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine; Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan GalPharma Co., Ltd., Kagawa 760-0301, Japan
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation and Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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31
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Imbalance between endothelial damage and repair: a gateway to cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:178721. [PMID: 24790989 PMCID: PMC3984775 DOI: 10.1155/2014/178721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is accelerated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and it leads to excessive cardiovascular complications in these patients. Despite the improved awareness of cardiovascular disease and advent of clinical diagnostics, the process of atherogenesis in most patients remains clinically silent until symptoms and signs of cardiovascular complications develop. As evidence has demonstrated that vascular damage is already occurring before clinically overt cardiovascular disease develops in lupus patients, intervention at the preclinical stage of atherogenesis would be plausible. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction, one of the earliest steps of atherogenesis, has been demonstrated to occur in lupus patients even when they are naïve for cardiovascular disease. Currently known “endothelium-toxic” factors including type 1 interferon, proinflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cells, immune complexes, costimulatory molecules, neutrophils extracellular traps, lupus-related autoantibodies, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia, coupled with the aberrant functions of the endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) which are crucial to vascular repair, likely tip the balance towards endothelial dysfunction and propensity to develop cardiovascular disease in lupus patients. In this review, altered physiology of the endothelium, factors leading to perturbed vascular repair contributed by lupus EPC and the impact of proatherogenic factors on the endothelium which potentially lead to atherosclerosis in lupus patients will be discussed.
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32
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Ceeraz S, Nowak EC, Burns CM, Noelle RJ. Immune checkpoint receptors in regulating immune reactivity in rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:469. [PMID: 25606596 PMCID: PMC4289356 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint regulators are critical modulators of the immune system, allowing the initiation of a productive immune response and preventing the onset of autoimmunity. Co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoint receptors are required for full T-cell activation and effector functions such as the production of cytokines. In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, impaired tolerance leads to the development of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjogren's syndrome. Targeting the pathways of the inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules CD152 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) and CD279 (programmed death-1) in cancer shows robust anti-tumor responses and tumor regression. This observation suggests that, in autoimmune diseases, the converse strategy of engaging these molecules may alleviate inflammation owing to the success of abatacept (CD152-Ig) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. We review the preclinical and clinical developments in targeting immune checkpoint regulators in rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ceeraz
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Elizabeth C Nowak
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Christopher M Burns
- />Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
- />Medical Research Council Centre of Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, SE1 9RT UK
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33
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Lee CS, Cragg M, Glennie M, Johnson P. Novel antibodies targeting immune regulatory checkpoints for cancer therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:233-47. [PMID: 23701301 PMCID: PMC3731598 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers must evade or suppress the immune system in order to develop. Better understanding of the molecular regulation governing tumour detection and effective activation of the immune system (so called immune regulatory checkpoints) has provided new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against these targets are currently undergoing clinical evaluation with more in pre-clinical development; buoyed by the recent licence approval of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilumumab, for use in melanoma. This article will review the current status of the various antibodies and target molecules being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chern Siang Lee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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34
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Costimulatory pathways: physiology and potential therapeutic manipulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:245928. [PMID: 24000287 PMCID: PMC3755444 DOI: 10.1155/2013/245928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
System lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an immune-complex-mediated autoimmune condition with protean immunological and clinical manifestation. While SLE has classically been advocated as a B-cell or T-cell disease, it is unlikely that a particular cell type is more pathologically predominant than the others. Indeed, SLE is characterized by an orchestrated interplay amongst different types of immunopathologically important cells participating in both innate and adaptive immunity including the dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as traditional nonimmune cells such as endothelial, epithelial, and renal tubular cells. Amongst the antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, and between lymphocytes, the costimulatory pathways which involve mutual exchange of information and signalling play an essential role in initiating, perpetuating, and, eventually, attenuating the proinflammatory immune response. In this review, advances in the knowledge of established costimulatory pathways such as CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/86, ICOS-B7RP1, CD70-CD27, OX40-OX40L, and CD137-CD137L as well as their potential roles involved in the pathophysiology of SLE will be discussed. Attempts to target these costimulatory pathways therapeutically will pave more potential treatment avenues for patients with SLE. Preliminary laboratory and clinical evidence of the potential therapeutic value of manipulating these costimulatory pathways in SLE will also be discussed in this review.
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35
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Yao S, Zhu Y, Chen L. Advances in targeting cell surface signalling molecules for immune modulation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:130-46. [PMID: 23370250 PMCID: PMC3698571 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a surge in the development of immunomodulatory approaches to combat a broad range of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmunity and inflammation as well as in the prevention of transplant rejection. Immunomodulatory approaches mostly involve the use of monoclonal antibodies or recombinant fusion proteins that target cell surface signalling molecules on immune cells to drive immune responses towards the desired direction. Advances in our understanding of the human immune system, along with valuable lessons learned from the first generation of therapeutic biologics, are aiding the design of the next generation of immunomodulatory biologics with better therapeutic efficacy, minimized adverse effects and long-lasting clinical benefit. The recent encouraging results from antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and B7 homolog 1 (B7H1; also known as PDL1) for the treatment of various advanced human cancers show that immunomodulatory therapy has come of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yao
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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36
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Ai XY, Shi GC, Wan HY, Shi YH, Hou XX, Zhu HX, Tang W. 4-1BB ligand-mediated imbalance of helper 17 T cells and regulatory T cells in patients with allergic asthma. J Int Med Res 2013; 40:1046-54. [PMID: 22906277 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the presence of 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) in the peripheral blood of patients with allergic asthma and evaluate its role in controlling the balance between helper 17 T (T(h)17) and regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. METHODS Soluble 4-1BBL (s4-1BBL) was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma from patients with asthma (n = 45) and from healthy control subjects (n = 35). The proportion of monocytes positive for membrane-bound 4-1BBL (m4-1BBL) was determined by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with asthma were incubated with anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody in vitro. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-17 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(1) in the culture supernatant were analysed. RESULTS Plasma s4-1BBL concentrations and the proportion of m4-1BBL-positive monocytes were significantly lower in patients with asthma than in control subjects. The culture supernatant concentration of TGF-β(1) was increased and that of IL-17 was decreased by incubation with anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSIONS Both soluble and membrane-bound 4-1BBL were reduced in patients with allergic asthma compared with control subjects. 4-1BBL/4-1BB signalling may play an important role in allergic asthma by regulating the T(h)17/T(reg) balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Ai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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37
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Rajabi P, Alaee M, Mousavizadeh K, Samadikuchaksaraei A. Altered expression of TNFSF4 and TRAF2 mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with atherosclerotic symptoms and lupus nephritis. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1347-54. [PMID: 22847298 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4 (TNFSF4) and TNF-R-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) against healthy controls. The association of SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and clinical features of SLE with altered expression levels of TNFSF4 and TRAF2 mRNAs were also evaluated. DESIGN We used real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to measure TNFSF4 and TRAF2 mRNAs expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 57 SLE patients and 57 healthy controls. RESULTS The expression level of TNFSF4 mRNA was significantly higher in SLE patients than in the control group. Overexpression of TNFSF4 was correlated with arthritis, atherosclerosis and lupus nephritis. TRAF2 mRNA was underexpressed in PBMCs of SLE patients, and its lower expression was associated with atherosclerosis and lupus nephritis. The altered expression levels of TNFSF4 and TRAF2 mRNAs was significantly correlated with SLEDAI. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that changes in the expression levels of TNFSF4 and TRAF2 mRNAs may significantly correlate with the pathogenesis of SLE, the disease activity and different clinical features of lupus, particularly lupus nephritis, atherosclerosis and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Rajabi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
4-1BB (CD137), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is an activation-induced T-cell costimulatory molecule. Signaling via 4-1BB upregulates survival genes, enhances cell division, induces cytokine production, and prevents activation-induced cell death in T cells. The importance of the 4-1BB pathway has been underscored in a number of diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates that anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies possess strong antitumor properties, which in turn are the result of their powerful CD8+ T-cell activating, IFN-γ producing, and cytolytic marker-inducing capabilities. In addition, combination therapy of anti-4-1BB with other anticancer agents, such as radiation, has robust tumor-regressing abilities against nonimmunogenic or poorly immunogenic tumors. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of ex vivo anti-4-1BB-activated CD8+ T cells from previously tumor-treated animals efficiently inhibits progression of tumors in recipient mice that have been inoculated with fresh tumors. In addition, targeting of tumors with variants of 4-1BBL directed against 4-1BB also have potent antitumor effects. Currently, a humanized anti-4-1BB is in clinical trials in patients with solid tumors, including melanoma, renal carcinoma, and ovarian cancer, and so far seems to have a favorable toxicity profile. In this review, we discuss the basis of the therapeutic potential of targeting the 4-1BB-4-1BBL pathway in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Reverse signaling through the costimulatory ligand CD137L in epithelial cells is essential for natural killer cell-mediated acute tissue inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E13-22. [PMID: 22160719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112256109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after kidney transplantation is a major cause of delayed graft function. Even though IRI is recognized as a highly coordinated and specific process, the pathways and mechanisms through which the innate response is activated are poorly understood. In this study, we used a mouse model of acute kidney IRI to examine whether the interactions of costimulatory receptor CD137 and its ligand (CD137L) are involved in the early phase of acute kidney inflammation caused by IRI. We report here that the specific expressions of CD137 on natural killer cells and of CD137L on tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are required for acute kidney IRI. Reverse signaling through CD137L in TECs results in their production of the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 ligands CXCL1 and CXCL2 and the subsequent induction of neutrophil recruitment, resulting in a cascade of proinflammatory events during kidney IRI. Our findings identify an innate pathogenic pathway for renal IRI involving the natural killer cell-TEC-neutrophil axis, whereby CD137-CD137L interactions provide the causal contribution of epithelial cell dysregulation to renal IRI. The CD137L reverse signaling pathway in epithelial cells therefore may represent a good target for blocking the initial stage of inflammatory diseases, including renal IRI.
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Kim J, Kim W, Kim HJ, Park S, Kim HA, Jung D, Choi HJ, Park SJ, Mittler RS, Cho HR, Kwon B. Host CD25+CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells primed by anti-CD137 mAbs inhibit graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 18:44-54. [PMID: 21958951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD25(+)CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and regulation of immune responses. Previous studies have demonstrated that CD137 signals can promote proliferation and survival of Tregs in vitro. Here, we show that in vivo CD137-induced expansion of Tregs in naive mice was dependent upon IL-2 secreted by memory T cells. Tregs primed by anti-CD137 mAbs had a higher immunosuppressive capacity. Preconditioning with anti-CD137 mAbs significantly inhibited graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the C57BL/6 → (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) F1 acute GVHD model. In this disease model, a high proportion of host Tregs remained long-term in the recipient spleen, whereas donor hematopoietic cells replaced other host bone marrow-derived cells. Transient depletion of Tregs before transfer of donor cells completely abrogated the inhibitory effect of anti-CD137 mAbs on GVHD. In addition, adoptive transfer of anti-CD137-primed Tregs ameliorated GVHD. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to enhance the survival and/or the immunosuppressive activity of host Tregs in nonmyeloablative GVHD, and that 1 way of accomplishing this is through the prophylactic use of anti-CD137 mAbs in nonmyeloablative GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyang Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Korea
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41
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Kim YH, Choi BK, Shin SM, Kim CH, Oh HS, Park SH, Lee DG, Lee MJ, Kim KH, Vinay DS, Kwon BS. 4-1BB triggering ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating the balance between Th17 and regulatory T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:1120-8. [PMID: 21715692 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Agonistic anti-4-1BB Ab is known to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 4-1BB triggering typically leads to the expansion of CD8(+) T cells, which produce abundant IFN-γ, and this in turn results in IDO-dependent suppression of autoimmune responses. However, because neutralization of IFN-γ or depletion of CD8(+) T cell only partially abrogates the effect of 4-1BB triggering, we sought to identify an additional mechanism of 4-1BB-triggered suppression of autoimmune responses using IFN-γ- or IFN-γR-deficient mice. 4-1BB triggering inhibited the generation of Th17 cells that is responsible for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction and progression, and increased Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, particularly among CD4(+) T cells. This was not due to a direct effect of 4-1BB signaling on CD4(+) T cell differentiation: 4-1BB signaling not only reduced Th17 cells and increased Treg cells in wild-type mice, which could be due to IFN-γ production by the CD8(+) T cells, but also did so in IFN-γ-deficient mice, in that case by downregulating IL-6 production. These results show that although secondary suppressive mechanisms evoked by 4-1BB triggering are usually masked by the strong effects of IFN-γ, 4-1BB signaling seems to modulate autoimmune responses by a number of mechanisms, and modulation of the Th17 versus Treg cell balance is one of those mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/physiology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Kim
- Immune and Cell Therapy Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeongi-do 410-769, Korea
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Choi BK, Kim YH, Choi JH, Kim CH, Kim KS, Sung YC, Lee YM, Moffett JR, Kwon BS. Unified immune modulation by 4-1BB triggering leads to diverse effects on disease progression in vivo. Cytokine 2011; 55:420-8. [PMID: 21700476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is a powerful T-cell costimulatory molecule in the treatment of virus infections and tumors, but recent studies have also uncovered regulatory functions of 4-1BB signaling. Since 4-1BB triggering suppresses autoimmunity by accumulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in dendritic cells (DCs) in an interferon (IFN)-γ-dependent manner, we asked whether similar molecular and cellular changes were induced by 4-1BB triggering in virus-infected mice. 4-1BB triggering increased IFN-γ and IDO, and suppressed CD4(+) T cells, in C57BL/6 mice infected with the type 1 KOS strain of Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), as it does in an autoimmune disease model. Detailed analysis of the CD4(+) T suppression showed that freshly activated CD62L(high) T cells underwent apoptosis in the early phase of suppression, and CD62L(low) effector/memory T cells in the later phase. Although 4-1BB triggering resulted in similar cellular changes - increased CD8(+) T and decreased CD4(+) T cells, it had different effects on mortality in mice infected with HSV-1 RE, influenza, and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV); it increased mortality in influenza-infected mice but decreased it in JEV-infected mice. Since the dominant type of immune cell generated to protect the host was different for each virus - CD4(+) T cells and neutrophils in HSV-1 RE infection, both CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells in influenza infection, and a crucial role for B cells in JEV infection, 4-1BB triggering resulted in different therapeutic outcomes. We conclude that the therapeutic outcome of 4-1BB triggering is determined by whether the protective immunity generated against the virus was beneficially altered by the 4-1BB triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom K Choi
- Immune and Cell Therapy Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, R&D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, 809 Madu, Ilsan, Goyang, Kyeonggi-do 411-769, Republic of Korea
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43
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Zhang J, Chen G, Zhou D, Wang Z. Expression of CD137 in the cerebral artery after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats: a pilot study. Brain Res 2011; 1386:200-8. [PMID: 21352817 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and immunity play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). CD137 is recognized as an independent costimulatory molecule of T cells and activator of monocytes. A growing body of evidence indicates that CD137 is vital for inflammation and immunity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the expression of CD137 in the basilar artery in a rat SAH model and to clarify the potential role of CD137 in cerebral vasospasm. A total of 107 rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group; day 3, day 5, and day 7 groups. Day 3, day 5, and day 7 groups were all SAH groups. The animals in SAH groups were subjected to injection of autologous blood into cisterna magna twice on day 0 and day 2 and were sacrificed on days 3, 5, and 7, respectively. Cross-sectional area of basilar artery was measured and the CD137 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The cross-sectional area of basilar artery was found to be 57,944±5581μm(2) in control group, 26,100±2639μm(2) in day 3, 19,723±2412μm(2) in day 5, and 28,800±2980μm(2) in day 7 group, respectively. The basilar artery exhibited vasospasm after SAH and became more severe on day 5. The elevated mRNA and protein of CD137 were detected after SAH and peaked on day 5. CD137 is increasingly expressed in a parallel time course to the development of cerebral vasospasm in a rat experimental model of SAH. These findings indicate the possible role of CD137 in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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44
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Vinay DS, Kwon BS. The tumour necrosis factor/TNF receptor superfamily: therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:145-57. [PMID: 21401577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the body's ability to mount immune attacks on self. This results from recognition of self-proteins and leads to organ damage due to increased production of pathogenic inflammatory molecules and autoantibodies. Over the years, several new potential therapeutic targets have been identified in autoimmune diseases, notable among which are members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. Here, we review the evidence that certain key members of this superfamily can augment/suppress autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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45
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Kwon B. Intervention with costimulatory pathways as a therapeutic approach for graft-versus-host disease. Exp Mol Med 2011; 42:675-83. [PMID: 20820112 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is mediated by mature donor T cells contained in the hematopoietic stem cell graft. During the development of GVHD, signaling through a variety of costimulatory receptors plays an important role in allogeneic T cell responses. Even though delivery of costimulatory signals is a prerequisite for full activation of donor T cells in the phase of their interactions with host APCs, their involvement with GVHD might occur over multiple stages. Like many other aspects of GVHD, promise of therapeutic interventions with costimulatory pathways has been gleaned from preclinical models. In this review, I summarize some of the advances in roles of costimulatory molecules in GVHD pathophysiology and discuss preclinical approaches that warrant further exploration in the clinic, focusing on novel strategies to delete pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea.
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46
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Garbacki N, Di Valentin E, Huynh-Thu VA, Geurts P, Irrthum A, Crahay C, Arnould T, Deroanne C, Piette J, Cataldo D, Colige A. MicroRNAs profiling in murine models of acute and chronic asthma: a relationship with mRNAs targets. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16509. [PMID: 21305051 PMCID: PMC3030602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs are now recognized as key regulator elements in gene expression. Although they have been associated with a number of human diseases, their implication in acute and chronic asthma and their association with lung remodelling have never been thoroughly investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to establish a miRNAs expression profile in lung tissue, mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin mimicking acute, intermediate and chronic human asthma. Levels of lung miRNAs were profiled by microarray and in silico analyses were performed to identify potential mRNA targets and to point out signalling pathways and biological processes regulated by miRNA-dependent mechanisms. Fifty-eight, 66 and 75 miRNAs were found to be significantly modulated at short-, intermediate- and long-term challenge, respectively. Inverse correlation with the expression of potential mRNA targets identified mmu-miR-146b, -223, -29b, -29c, -483, -574-5p, -672 and -690 as the best candidates for an active implication in asthma pathogenesis. A functional validation assay was performed by cotransfecting in human lung fibroblasts (WI26) synthetic miRNAs and engineered expression constructs containing the coding sequence of luciferase upstream of the 3′UTR of various potential mRNA targets. The bioinformatics analysis identified miRNA-linked regulation of several signalling pathways, as matrix metalloproteinases, inflammatory response and TGF-β signalling, and biological processes, including apoptosis and inflammation. Conclusions/Significance This study highlights that specific miRNAs are likely to be involved in asthma disease and could represent a valuable resource both for biological makers identification and for unveiling mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Garbacki
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Di Valentin
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vân Anh Huynh-Thu
- GIGA-Research, Systems and modeling, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Geurts
- GIGA-Research, Systems and modeling, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Irrthum
- GIGA-Research, Systems and modeling, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Crahay
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Biology of Tumours and Development, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deroanne
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques Piette
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Cataldo
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Biology of Tumours and Development, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Colige
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Ascierto PA, Simeone E, Sznol M, Fu YX, Melero I. Clinical experiences with anti-CD137 and anti-PD1 therapeutic antibodies. Semin Oncol 2010; 37:508-16. [PMID: 21074066 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide a pharmacological platform to block or activate the function of surface receptors. The immune system has evolved receptor-ligand pairs that repress or empower the cellular immune response, which, if tampered with, unleash more potent cellular immunity against tumor antigens. Agonist antibodies directed against CD137 (4-1BB) on the surface of antigen-primed T lymphocytes increase tumor immunity that is curative against some transplantable murine tumors. A fully human IgG4 anti-CD137 antibody is under development with signs of clinical activity and cases of severe liver toxicity that seem to be on-target and dose-dependent effects. Programmed death-1 (PD1) is a surface molecule delivering inhibitory signals important to maintain T-cell functional silence against their cognate antigens. Interference with PD1 or its ligand PD-L1 (B7-H1) increases antitumor immunity. As a result anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 human mAbs are under clinical development. Phase I trials with anti-PD1 mAb have yielded encouraging results with durable objective responses and a reasonable safety profile. As new class of drugs in cancer therapy, immunostimulatory mAbs have resulted in redefinition of tumor response criteria and rethinking of the rationale for combining these among each other and with other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Innovative Therapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy.
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48
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Lee JM, Seo JH, Kim YJ, Kim YS, Ko HJ, Kang CY. Agonistic Anti-CD137 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Induces CD11bGr-1 Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells. Immune Netw 2010; 10:104-8. [PMID: 20631881 PMCID: PMC2902672 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.3.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB/tnfrsf9) has been shown to co-stimulate T cells. However, agonistic anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment can suppress CD4+ T cells, ameliorating autoimmune diseases, whereas it induces activation of CD8+ T cells, resulting in diverse therapeutic activity in cancer, viral infection. To investigate the CD137-mediated T cell suppression mechanism, we examined whether anti-CD137 mAb treatment could affect CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Intriguingly, anti-CD137 mAb injection significantly increased CD11b+Gr-1+ cells, peaking at days 5 to 10 and continuing for at least 25 days. Furthermore, this cell population could suppress both CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. Thus, this study demonstrated that, for the first time, anti-CD137 mAb treatment could induce CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs under normal conditions, suggesting a possible relationship between myeloid cell induction and CD137-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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49
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Lee SW, Croft M. 4-1BB as a therapeutic target for human disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 647:120-9. [PMID: 19760070 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is being thought of as an attractive target for immunotherapy of many human immune diseases based on encouraging results with 4-1BB agonistic antibody treatment in mouse models of cancer, autoimmune disease, asthma and additionally as a means to improve vaccination. In this review, we will summarize the results of basic research on 4-1BB and 4-1BB immunotherapy of disease and provide some potential mechanistic insights into the many stimulatory and regulatory functions of 4-1BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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50
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Niu L, Vella AT, Mittler RS. Dendritic cells and Stat3 are essential for CD137-induced CD8 T cell activation-induced cell death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4770-8. [PMID: 20351189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agonistic anti-CD137 mAbs either positively or negatively regulate T cell function. When administered at the beginning of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong infection anti-CD137 induced immunosuppression and T cell deletion, and in the case of influenza infection led to increased mortality. In contrast, 72 h delay in anti-CD137 treatment led to an enhanced virus-specific CD8 T cell response and rapid viral clearance. Virus-specific CD8 T cells in anti-CD137-injected mice rapidly upregulate Fas expression, and although necessary, was insufficient to induce CD8 T cell deletion. Strikingly, CD137 signaling in T cells was found to be insufficient to induce suppression or deletion. Rather, immunosuppression and T cell deletion was only observed if CD137 signals were provided to T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In vitro CD137 crosslinking in DCs led to phosphorylation of Stat3, and importantly, anti-CD137 treatment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong infected Stat3 conditional knock-out mice induced neither immune suppression or T cell deletion. Taken together, these data suggest that CD137 signaling in DCs can regulate CD8 T cell survival through a Stat3 and Fas-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyue Zhang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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