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Bosso M, Stürzel CM, Kmiec D, Badarinarayan SS, Braun E, Ito J, Sato K, Hahn BH, Sparrer KMJ, Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. An additional NF-κB site allows HIV-1 subtype C to evade restriction by nuclear PYHIN proteins. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109735. [PMID: 34551301 PMCID: PMC8505707 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtype C is the most prevalent clade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) worldwide. The reasons for this are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that a characteristic additional third nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) binding site in the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter allows subtype C HIV-1 strains to evade restriction by nuclear PYHIN proteins, which sequester the transcription factor Sp1. Further, other LTR alterations are responsible for rare PYHIN resistance of subtype B viruses. Resistance-conferring mutations generally reduce the dependency of HIV-1 on Sp1 for virus production and render LTR transcription highly responsive to stimulation by NF-κB/p65. A third NF-κB binding site increases infectious virus yield in primary CD4+ T cells in an γ-interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16)-dependent manner. Comprehensive sequence analyses suggest that the frequency of circulating PYHIN-resistant HIV-1 strains is increasing. Our finding that an additional NF-κB binding site in the LTR confers resistance to nuclear PYHIN proteins helps to explain the dominance of clade C HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bosso
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorota Kmiec
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Smitha Srinivasachar Badarinarayan
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Braun
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | | | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Beraud C, Lemaire M, Perez Bercoff D. Reassessment of the capacity of the HIV-1 Env cytoplasmic domain to trigger NF-κB activation. Virol J 2018; 15:35. [PMID: 29454367 PMCID: PMC5816530 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic domain of lentiviral Envelopes (EnvCD) ensures Env incorporation into nascent virions and regulates Env trafficking to and from the plasma membrane. It has also been reported to promote transcription from the viral LTR both directly and indirectly. Noticeably, the HIV-1 and SIVmac239 EnvCDs were described to trigger nuclear translocation of NF-κB (Postler, Cell Host Microbes 2012). Given the paramount importance of identifying viral and host factors regulating HIV transcription, cellular signaling pathways and latency, and given that viral replication capacity is dependent on Env, we asked whether HIV EnvCDs from different HIV-1 subtypes differently modulated NF-κB. To that aim, we evaluated the ability of primary HIV-1 Envs from subtypes B and C to activate the NF-κB pathway. Primary subtype B and C Envs all failed to activate the NF-κB pathway. In contrast, when the EnvCD of HIV-1 Envs was fused to the the CD8-α chain, it induced ~ 10-fold increase in NF-κB induction, and this increase was much stronger with a truncated form of the HIV EnvCD lacking the 76 C-terminal residues and containing the proposed TAK-1 binding domain. Our results indicate that the HIV-1 EnvCD is unlikely to trigger the NF-κB pathway in its native trimeric form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprien Beraud
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Molecular Signaling and Virus-Host Interactions group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Morgane Lemaire
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Molecular Signaling and Virus-Host Interactions group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Danielle Perez Bercoff
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Molecular Signaling and Virus-Host Interactions group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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The Envelope Cytoplasmic Tail of HIV-1 Subtype C Contributes to Poor Replication Capacity through Low Viral Infectivity and Cell-to-Cell Transmission. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161596. [PMID: 27598717 PMCID: PMC5012655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic tail (gp41CT) of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) mediates Env incorporation into virions and regulates Env intracellular trafficking. Little is known about the functional impact of variability in this domain. To address this issue, we compared the replication of recombinant virus pairs carrying the full Env (Env viruses) or the Env ectodomain fused to the gp41CT of NL4.3 (EnvEC viruses) (12 subtype C and 10 subtype B pairs) in primary CD4+ T-cells and monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDMs). In CD4+ T-cells, replication was as follows: B-EnvEC = B-Env>C-EnvEC>C-Env, indicating that the gp41CT of subtype C contributes to the low replicative capacity of this subtype. In MDMs, in contrast, replication capacity was comparable for all viruses regardless of subtype and of gp41CT. In CD4+ T-cells, viral entry, viral release and viral gene expression were similar. However, infectivity of free virions and cell-to-cell transmission of C-Env viruses released by CD4+ T-cells was lower, suggestive of lower Env incorporation into virions. Subtype C matrix only minimally rescued viral replication and failed to restore infectivity of free viruses and cell-to-cell transmission. Taken together, these results show that polymorphisms in the gp41CT contribute to viral replication capacity and suggest that the number of Env spikes per virion may vary across subtypes. These findings should be taken into consideration in the design of vaccines.
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Kumar A, Silverstein PS. New approaches to the inhibition of replication of viral pathogens. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:975-7. [PMID: 22029515 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This meeting was a special symposium sponsored by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The conference was held in Gangzhou, China on 24-26 July 2011 and shared a venue with the Society of Chinese Bioscientists in America Thirteenth International Symposium. Over 150 participants from the Americas, Europe, Asia and Australia attended the meeting. This article focuses on two areas of research in which there have been exciting developments that have application to the development of antivirals: the regulation of host and viral mRNA by RNAi and NF-κB regulation of viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, UMKC-School of Pharmacy, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Liu Y, Nonnemacher MR, Stauff DL, Li L, Banerjee A, Irish B, Kilareski E, Rajagopalan N, Suchitra JB, Khan ZK, Ranga U, Wigdahl B. Structural and functional studies of CCAAT/enhancer binding sites within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C LTR. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:672-80. [PMID: 20970301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C, which is most predominant in sub-Saharan Africa as well as in Asia and India, is the most prevalent subtype worldwide. A large number of transcription factor families have been shown to be involved in regulating HIV-1 gene expression in T lymphocytes and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Among these, proteins of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family are of particular importance in regulating HIV-1 gene expression within cells of the monocytic lineage during the course of hematologic development and cellular activation. Few studies have examined the role of C/EBPs in long terminal repeat (LTR)-directed viral gene expression of HIV-1 subtypes other than subtype B. Within subtype B viruses, two functional C/EBP sites located upstream of the TATA box are required for efficient viral replication in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. We report the identification of three putative subtype C C/EBP sites, upstream site 1 and 2 (C-US1 and C-US2) and downstream site 1 (C-DS1). C-US1 and C-DS1 were shown to form specific DNA-protein complexes with members of the C/EBP family (C/EBPα, β, and δ). Functionally, within the U-937 monocytic cell line, subtype B and C LTRs were shown to be equally responsive to C/EBPβ-2, although the basal activity of subtype C LTRs appeared to be higher. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between C/EBPβ-2 and Tat with the subtype C LTR was also observed in U-937 cells as previously demonstrated with the subtype B LTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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Song RJ, Chenine AL, Rasmussen RA, Ruprecht CR, Mirshahidi S, Grisson RD, Xu W, Whitney JB, Goins LM, Ong H, Li PL, Shai-Kobiler E, Wang T, McCann CM, Zhang H, Wood C, Kankasa C, Secor WE, McClure HM, Strobert E, Else JG, Ruprecht RM. Molecularly cloned SHIV-1157ipd3N4: a highly replication- competent, mucosally transmissible R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding HIV clade C Env. J Virol 2006; 80:8729-38. [PMID: 16912320 PMCID: PMC1563858 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00558-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C causes >50% of all HIV infections worldwide, and an estimated 90% of all transmissions occur mucosally with R5 strains. A pathogenic R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding HIV clade C env is highly desirable to evaluate candidate AIDS vaccines in nonhuman primates. To this end, we generated SHIV-1157i, a molecular clone from a Zambian infant isolate that carries HIV clade C env. SHIV-1157i was adapted by serial passage in five monkeys, three of which developed peripheral CD4(+) T-cell depletion. After the first inoculated monkey developed AIDS at week 137 postinoculation, transfer of its infected blood to a naïve animal induced memory T-cell depletion and thrombocytopenia within 3 months in the recipient. In parallel, genomic DNA from the blood donor was amplified to generate the late proviral clone SHIV-1157ipd3. To increase the replicative capacity of SHIV-1157ipd3, an extra NF-kappaB binding site was engineered into its 3' long terminal repeat, giving rise to SHIV-1157ipd3N4. This virus was exclusively R5 tropic and replicated more potently in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells than SHIV-1157ipd3 in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Rhesus macaques of Indian and Chinese origin were next inoculated intrarectally with SHIV-1157ipd3N4; this virus replicated vigorously in both sets of monkeys. We conclude that SHIV-1157ipd3N4 is a highly replication-competent, mucosally transmissible R5 SHIV that represents a valuable tool to test candidate AIDS vaccines targeting HIV-1 clade C Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Song
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
This editorial presents Retrovirology's choice for the best basic science "retrovirus paper of the year 2005".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Berkhout
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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