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Chen JC, Ou LS, Kuo ML, Tseng LY, Chang HL. Autoantigen Exposure in Murine Fetuses Elicited Nonpathogenic Autoimmunity. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:103013. [PMID: 38851050 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Autoimmunity refers to the presence of autoantibodies and autoreactive lymphocytes against the structural molecules of an individual's cells or tissues, known as self-antigens or autoantigens. It might exist in the absence of autoimmune disease. However, how autoimmunity develops remains a mystery, despite the discovery of autoantibodies in human cord blood. METHODS Murine fetuses on day 14 of gestation were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of murine thyroid peroxidase (TPO) peptides or collagen type II (CII) at graded doses via transuterine approach. Postnatally, the recipients were examined for autoantibodies by ELISA and autoreactive lymphocytes by in vitro incorporation of tritium and for the development of autoimmune thyroiditis or arthritis. RESULTS At one month of age, the recipients did not secrete significant levels of anti-TPO or CII IgG2a in sera until a dose of 0.5 µg TPO or 5.0 µg CII was injected in utero. Serum anti-TPO or CII IgG2a persisted for at least two to four months postnatally. In recipients with elevated autoantibodies, their lymphocytes also showed proliferative responses specifically to TPO or CII. However, the development of autoantibodies and autoreactive lymphocytes was not associated with inflammatory cell infiltration of thyroid glands or paw joints even though anti-TPO or CII IgG2a was enhanced by postnatal TPO or CII challenge. CONCLUSION Fetal exposure to free autoantigens could be immunogenic, shedding new light on the in utero origin of autoantibodies and autoreactive lymphocytes. The development of autoimmunity requires a threshold intensity of autoantigen exposure in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Chang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Shiou Ou
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Tseng
- Pediatric Research Center, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Chang
- Pediatric Research Center, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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2
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Åkerstrand H, Boldrin E, Montano G, Vanhee S, Olsson K, Krausse N, Vergani S, Cieśla M, Bellodi C, Yuan J. Enhanced protein synthesis is a defining requirement for neonatal B cell development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130930. [PMID: 37138883 PMCID: PMC10149930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The LIN28B RNA binding protein exhibits an ontogenically restricted expression pattern and is a key molecular regulator of fetal and neonatal B lymphopoiesis. It enhances the positive selection of CD5+ immature B cells early in life through amplifying the CD19/PI3K/c-MYC pathway and is sufficient to reinitiate self-reactive B-1a cell output when ectopically expressed in the adult. In this study, interactome analysis in primary B cell precursors showed direct binding by LIN28B to numerous ribosomal protein transcripts, consistent with a regulatory role in cellular protein synthesis. Induction of LIN28B expression in the adult setting is sufficient to promote enhanced protein synthesis during the small Pre-B and immature B cell stages, but not during the Pro-B cell stage. This stage dependent effect was dictated by IL-7 mediated signaling, which masked the impact of LIN28B through an overpowering stimulation on the c-MYC/protein synthesis axis in Pro-B cells. Importantly, elevated protein synthesis was a distinguishing feature between neonatal and adult B cell development that was critically supported by endogenous Lin28b expression early in life. Finally, we used a ribosomal hypomorphic mouse model to demonstrate that subdued protein synthesis is specifically detrimental for neonatal B lymphopoiesis and the output of B-1a cells, without affecting B cell development in the adult. Taken together, we identify elevated protein synthesis as a defining requirement for early-life B cell development that critically depends on Lin28b. Our findings offer new mechanistic insights into the layered formation of the complex adult B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Åkerstrand
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elena Boldrin
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giorgia Montano
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stijn Vanhee
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Olsson
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Krausse
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefano Vergani
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maciej Cieśla
- RNA and Stem Cell Biology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristian Bellodi
- RNA and Stem Cell Biology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joan Yuan
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Joan Yuan,
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3
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Ito M, Oji Y, Adachi M, Imanishi R, Alzaaqi S, Hiwasa T, Oshima Y, Yajima S, Suzuki T, Nanami T, Sumazaki M, Shiratori F, Funahashi K, Sugiayama H, Shimada H. Serum WT1‑271 IgM antibody as a novel diagnostic marker for Gastric Cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 16:74. [PMID: 35251625 PMCID: PMC8848733 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wilms tumor 1 gene, WT1, is overexpressed in various types of cancer, including gastric cancer. The product of WT1 is highly immunogenic and is a promising target molecule for cancer immunotherapy. The current study aimed to examine the production of WT1-specific IgG and IgM autoantibodies to identify biomarkers of diagnostic value in patients with gastric cancer. IgG antibodies that bind to WT1-derived peptides were obtained, the serum levels of which correlate with those of IgG antibodies against the WT1 protein in patients with intestinal malignancies. The serum levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against the WT1-271 peptide (271-288 amino acids) were examined in 39 healthy individuals and 97 patients with gastric cancer. The positivity cutoff value was determined according to the receiver operating characteristic curve. The association between WT1-271 IgM and the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of patients was additionally analyzed. The results revealed that serum WT1-271 IgM antibody levels in patients with gastric cancer were significantly higher than those in healthy individuals. The sensitivity and specificity of this antibody for gastric cancer were 67.0 and 71.8%, respectively; this sensitivity was improved when compared with conventional tumor markers (P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in WT1-271 IgG antibody levels between patients with gastric cancer and healthy individuals. Serum WT1-271 IgM antibody levels were not significantly associated with clinicopathological factors but were associated with unfavorable prognosis. Serum WT1-271 IgM antibody levels could serve as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Mayuko Adachi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Rin Imanishi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shouq Alzaaqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Yoko Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Nanami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Makoto Sumazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Shiratori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Funahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiayama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 143‑8541, Japan
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4
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Keyt BA, Baliga R, Sinclair AM, Carroll SF, Peterson MS. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E53. [PMID: 33066119 PMCID: PMC7709107 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are pentameric or hexameric macro-immunoglobulins and have been highly conserved during evolution. IgMs are initially expressed during B cell ontogeny and are the first antibodies secreted following exposure to foreign antigens. The IgM multimer has either 10 (pentamer) or 12 (hexamer) antigen binding domains consisting of paired µ heavy chains with four constant domains, each with a single variable domain, paired with a corresponding light chain. Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient engagement of complement to induce complement-dependent cell lysis. The high avidity of IgM antibodies renders them particularly efficient at binding antigens present at low levels, and non-protein antigens, for example, carbohydrates or lipids present on microbial surfaces. Pentameric IgM antibodies also contain a joining (J) chain that stabilizes the pentameric structure and enables binding to several receptors. One such receptor, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is responsible for transcytosis from the vasculature to the mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Several naturally occurring IgM antibodies have been explored as therapeutics in clinical trials, and a new class of molecules, engineered IgM antibodies with enhanced binding and/or additional functional properties are being evaluated in humans. Here, we review the considerable progress that has been made regarding the understanding of biology, structure, function, manufacturing, and therapeutic potential of IgM antibodies since their discovery more than 80 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc, 325 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; (R.B.); (A.M.S.); (S.F.C.); (M.S.P.)
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5
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Thiagarajan D, Lundström SL, Pershagen G, Almqvist C, Andolf E, Hedman A, Berg O, Oparina N, Frostegård J. Antibodies against Phosphorylcholine and Malondialdehyde during the First Two Years of Life. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2109-2116. [PMID: 32887753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abs against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) and Abs against malondialdehyde (anti-MDA) may be protective in chronic inflammation, like atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. It is not known how they develop early in life. Ab titers were measured using ELISA in healthy women (n = 105; born into life study) and their children. Plasma samples were collected from the mothers before conception and from the children at birth as well as at 1 and 2 y after birth. Extracted Abs were compared using a proteomics de novo sequencing approach. It was observed that children were born with very low levels of IgM anti-PC, whereas IgM anti-MDA was present at birth. Both IgM anti-PC and anti-MDA increased during the first 2 y of life, but IgM anti-PC in contrast to IgM anti-MDA was still significantly lower than in the mothers. IgG anti-PC decreased after 1 y but reached similar levels as mothers' after 2 y, whereas IgG anti-MDA reached similar levels as mothers' already after 1 y. Proteomics peptide sequencing analysis indicated large peptide sequence variation without specific clone expression during the early stage of life compared with the adult stage for which specific peptide sequences dominated. IgM anti-PC levels develop much slower than anti-MDA and are still relatively low at 2 y. We hypothesize that anti-PC is developed by a combination of preprogramming and exposure to the external world, in which infectious agents may play a role. For anti-MDA, preprogramming is likely to play a major role and at an earlier stage than for anti-PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Thiagarajan
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Lundström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE 17080 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, SE 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Ellika Andolf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE 18288 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hedman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Berg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Oparina
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Frostegård
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
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6
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Koenen MH, van Montfrans JM, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D, Verhagen LM. Immunoglobulin A deficiency in children, an undervalued clinical issue. Clin Immunol 2019; 209:108293. [PMID: 31678364 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the principal antibody in secretions that bathe the gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosal surfaces and acts as an important first line of defense against invasion of pathogenic micro-organisms. The reported prevalence rate of complete IgA deficiency in healthy children ranges from 1:170 to 1:400, and as a solitary condition, it is often considered of limited clinical importance. However, patients with IgA deficiency can develop recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, as well as allergic and autoimmune diseases. In children referred for recurrent respiratory tract infections, the observed prevalence rate increases more than tenfold. This review discusses several aspects of IgA deficiency in children, including immunologic and microbiome changes in early childhood and the potential consequences of this condition in later life. It illustrates the importance of early identification of children with impaired IgA production who deserve appropriate clinical care and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Koenen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - J M van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - E A M Sanders
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - D Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent 47, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - L M Verhagen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Khasbiullina NR, Shilova NV, Navakouski MJ, Nokel AY, Blixt O, Kononov LO, Knirel YA, Bovin NV. The Repertoire of Human Antiglycan Antibodies and Its Dynamics in the First Year of Life. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:608-616. [PMID: 31238860 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919060038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of antiglycan antibodies of peripheral blood was studied using a microarray containing 487 glycan antigens: fragments of mammalian glycans (N- and O-chains of glycoproteins, as well as glycolipids) and also bacterial polysaccharides. The sera samples correspond to the third, sixth, and twelfth months of life. The infants were divided into four groups according to their nutrition type: breast milk, standard formula, and partially or extensively hydrolyzed formula. During the first year of life, the total amount of IgG decreased; presumably, the lifetime of maternal IgG in the newborns' bloodstream is much greater than is generally assumed. At the same time, the IgM content was low during the first six months and increased significantly by the twelfth month. The antiglycan IgM repertoire of one-year-old infants was still different from that of their mothers, as well as from the repertoire of unrelated donors, in particular, by the absence of antibodies against the Galβ1-3GlcNAc (LeC) disaccharide, which is found in almost all healthy humans. It is noteworthy that the level of IgM of breast-fed infants was significantly lower than that of formula-fed by the twelfth month.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Khasbiullina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - N V Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - M J Navakouski
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A Yu Nokel
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O Blixt
- University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, T4221871, Denmark
| | - L O Kononov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu A Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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8
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Fereidan-Esfahani M, Nayfeh T, Warrington A, Howe CL, Rodriguez M. IgM Natural Autoantibodies in Physiology and the Treatment of Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:53-81. [PMID: 30539466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are vital components of the adaptive immune system for the recognition and response to foreign antigens. However, some antibodies recognize self-antigens in healthy individuals. These autoreactive antibodies may modulate innate immune functions. IgM natural autoantibodies (IgM-NAAs) are a class of primarily polyreactive immunoglobulins encoded by germline V-gene segments which exhibit low affinity but broad specificity to both foreign and self-antigens. Historically, these autoantibodies were closely associated with autoimmune disease. Nevertheless, not all human autoantibodies are pathogenic and compelling evidence indicates that IgM-NAAs may exert a spectrum of effects from injurious to protective depending upon cellular and molecular context. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the potential physiological and therapeutic roles of IgM-NAAs in different disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune disease. We also describe the discovery of two reparative IgM-NAAs by our laboratory and delineate their proposed mechanisms of action in central nervous system (CNS) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Nayfeh
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccine development. BNAbs are made during HIV infection by a subset of individuals but currently cannot be induced in the setting of vaccination. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding host immunologic controls of bNAb induction and maturation in the setting of HIV infection, and point to key roles for both central and peripheral immunologic tolerance mechanisms in limiting bnAb development. Immune tolerance checkpoint inhibition has been transformative in promotion of anti-tumor CD8 T-cell responses in the treatment of certain malignancies. Here, we review the evidence for host controls of bNAb responses, and discuss strategies for the transient modulation of immune responses with vaccines toward the goal of enhancing germinal center B-cell responses to favor bNAb B-cell lineages and to foster their maturation to full neutralization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnett Kelsoe
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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10
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Roy A, Bystry V, Bohn G, Goudevenou K, Reigl T, Papaioannou M, Krejci A, O'Byrne S, Chaidos A, Grioni A, Darzentas N, Roberts IAG, Karadimitris A. High resolution IgH repertoire analysis reveals fetal liver as the likely origin of life-long, innate B lymphopoiesis in humans. Clin Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28645875 PMCID: PMC5678457 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny of the natural, public IgM repertoire remains incompletely explored. Here, high-resolution immunogenetic analysis of B cells from (unrelated) fetal, child, and adult samples, shows that although fetal liver (FL) and bone marrow (FBM) IgM repertoires are equally diversified, FL is the main source of IgM natural immunity during the 2nd trimester. Strikingly, 0.25% of all prenatal clonotypes, comprising 18.7% of the expressed repertoire, are shared with the postnatal samples, consistent with persisting fetal IgM + B cells being a source of natural IgM repertoire in adult life. Further, the origins of specific stereotypic IgM + B cell receptors associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, can be traced back to fetal B cell lymphopoiesis, suggesting that persisting fetal B cells can be subject to malignant transformation late in life. Overall, these novel data provide unique insights into the ontogeny of physiological and malignant B lymphopoiesis that spans the human lifetime. Second trimester human fetal liver and fetal bone marrow B-cells have IgM repertoires that are equally diversified Human fetal liver B-cells are the main source of innate, natural IgM responses CLL-associated, stereotypic B cell receptors are detected in fetal IgM repertoire
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Roy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Bystry
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Bohn
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katerina Goudevenou
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tomas Reigl
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Krejci
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sorcha O'Byrne
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aristeidis Chaidos
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrea Grioni
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic; Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irene A G Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic; MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Anastasios Karadimitris
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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11
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Rother MB, Jensen K, van der Burg M, van de Bovenkamp FS, Kroek R, van IJcken WFJ, van der Velden VHJ, Cupedo T, Olstad OK, van Dongen JJM, van Zelm MC. Decreased IL7Rα and TdT expression underlie the skewed immunoglobulin repertoire of human B-cell precursors from fetal origin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33924. [PMID: 27658954 PMCID: PMC5034271 DOI: 10.1038/srep33924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are unable to mount antibody responses towards certain antigens. This has been related to the restricted repertoire of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes of their B cells. The mechanisms underlying the restricted fetal Ig gene repertoire are currently unresolved. We here addressed this with detailed molecular and cellular analysis of human precursor-B cells from fetal liver, fetal bone marrow (BM), and pediatric BM. In the absence of selection processes, fetal B-cell progenitors more frequently used proximal V, D and J genes in complete IGH gene rearrangements, despite normal Ig locus contraction. Fewer N-nucleotides were added in IGH gene rearrangements in the context of low TdT and XRCC4 expression. Moreover, fetal progenitor-B cells expressed lower levels of IL7Rα than their pediatric counterparts. Analysis of progenitor-B cells from IL7Rα-deficient patients revealed that TdT expression and N-nucleotides additions in Dh-Jh junctions were dependent on functional IL7Rα. Thus, IL7Rα affects TdT expression, and decreased expression of this receptor underlies at least in part the skewed Ig repertoire formation in fetal B-cell precursors. These new insights provide a better understanding of the formation of adaptive immunity in the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena B. Rother
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Jensen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Volvat Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roel Kroek
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Volvat Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Grönwall C, Clancy RM, Getu L, Lloyd KA, Siegel DL, Reed JH, Buyon JP, Silverman GJ. Modulation of natural IgM autoantibodies to oxidative stress-related neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:30-41. [PMID: 27289167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At birth, the human immune system already contains substantial levels of polymeric IgM, that include autoantibodies to neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells (ACs) that are proposed to play homeostatic and anti-inflammatory roles. Yet the biologic origins and developmental regulation of these naturally arising antibodies remain poorly understood. Herein, we report that levels of IgM-antibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA) protein adducts, a common type of in vivo generated oxidative stress-related neoepitope, directly correlate with the relative binding of neonatal-IgM to ACs. Levels of IgM to phosphorylcholine (PC), a natural antibody prevalent in adults, were relatively scant in cord blood, while there was significantly greater relative representation of IgM anti-MDA antibodies in newborns compared to adults. To investigate the potential interrelationships between neonatal IgM with pathogenic IgG-autoantibodies, we studied 103 newborns born to autoimmune mothers with IgG anti-Ro (i.e., 70 with neonatal lupus and 33 without neonatal lupus). In these subjects the mean levels of IgM anti-Ro60 were significantly higher than in the newborns from non-autoimmune mothers. In contrast, levels of IgM anti-MDA in IgG anti-Ro exposed neonates were significantly lower than in neonates from non-autoimmune mothers. The presence or absence of neonatal lupus did not appear to influence the total levels of IgM in the anti-Ro exposed newborns. Taken together, our studies provide evidence that the immune development of the natural IgM-repertoire may be affected, and become imprinted by, the transfer of maternal IgG into the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lelise Getu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Don L Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine & Therapeutic Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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13
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Rother MB, Schreurs MWJ, Kroek R, Bartol SJW, van Dongen JJM, van Zelm MC. The Human Thymus Is Enriched for Autoreactive B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:441-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Autoantibodies to iron-binding proteins in pigs infested with Sarcoptes scabiei. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:263-70. [PMID: 25085772 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective treatments, Sarcoptes scabiei remains a major health problem in the pig industry. Unsuccessful control of the disease is often due to the lack of reliable detection methods, with current tests relying on skin scrapings and crude antigen ELISAs. A previous analysis of antigens in pig skin scrapings reported that anti-transferrin antibodies were present in S. scabiei infected animals and that this finding might be considered as a useful diagnostic tool. This paper confirms IgG autoantibodies against transferrin, including the first report of IgM autoantibodies, in both naturally and experimentally infected pigs using ELISA and dot blot assays. Autoantibodies were also detected in pigs to ferritin and to a lesser extent lactoferrin. Immunoblotting confirmed the presence of IgG and IgM autoantibodies in mange positive pigs, as well as IgM antibodies to transferrin and albumin in mange negative pigs. These findings suggest the presence of natural autoantibodies to transferrin and albumin in pigs. The development of the IgG autoimmune response may either be a host mechanism for limiting iron to the mite via antibody mediated clearance, the result of host exposure to mite iron-binding homologues or because of a mite-induced antigenic change to host transferrin. Further investigation into the formation of these autoantibodies may provide insights into the importance of iron in scabies infections and the development and perseverance of S. scabiei infections in pigs. The specificity and sensitivity of the anti-transferrin response reinforces its potential in the diagnosis of scabies in pigs.
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15
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Grönwall C, Silverman GJ. Natural IgM: beneficial autoantibodies for the control of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34 Suppl 1:S12-21. [PMID: 24691998 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural IgM are highly represented in the circulation at birth, and these often autoreactive antibodies have been postulated to have innate-like properties and play crucial roles in apoptotic cell clearance, tissue homeostasis, and immune modulation. This review summarizes the known properties of these IgM autoantibodies, and the evidence that these anti-apoptotic cell IgM natural antibodies can regulate inflammatory responses through ancient pathways of the innate immune system that first arose long before the initial emergence of the adaptive immune system. While the regulatory contributions of these natural IgM autoantibodies are certainly not an essential and fundamental component of host defenses, these provide an additional layer to further protect the host. More importantly, these IgM antibody responses are highly inducible and their up-regulation can be a powerful means for the host to survive in a setting of chronic inflammation. The observed beneficial clinical associations for cardiovascular disease and autoimmunity, as well as opportunities for potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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Gold M, Pul R, Bach JP, Stangel M, Dodel R. Pathogenic and physiological autoantibodies in the central nervous system. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:68-86. [PMID: 22725955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the current knowledge on pathological and physiological autoantibodies directed toward structures in the central nervous system (CNS) with an emphasis on their regulation and origin. Pathological autoantibodies in the CNS that are associated with autoimmunity often lead to severe neurological deficits via inflammatory processes such as encephalitis. In some instances, however, autoantibodies function as a marker for diagnostic purposes without contributing to the pathological process and/or disease progression. The existence of naturally occurring physiological autoantibodies has been known for a long time, and their role in maintaining homeostasis is well established. Within the brain, naturally occurring autoantibodies targeting aggregated proteins have been detected and might be promising candidates for new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders. Further evidence has demonstrated the existence of naturally occurring antibodies targeting antigens on neurons and oligodendrocytes that promote axonal outgrowth and remyelination. The numerous actions of physiological autoantibodies as well as their regulation and origin are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Gold
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Côrte-Real J, Duarte N, Tavares L, Penha-Gonçalves C. Innate stimulation of B1a cells enhances the autoreactive IgM repertoire in the NOD mouse: implications for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1761-72. [PMID: 22382518 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We sought to determine whether the presence of natural autoreactive antibodies of B1a cell origin would play a role in the initiation of type 1 diabetes. METHODS We compared IgM repertoires and B1a cell compartments in NOD and C57BL/6 mice. Serum IgM autoreactivity profiles were determined by ELISA and the secretory properties and activation status of B1a cells were characterised by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay and flow cytometry. B1a cell response to innate activation was analysed by gene expression assays, ELISA and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. The effect of NOD IgM produced by B1a cells on NOD.severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) beta cells was examined in co-cultures: IgM binding was measured by flow cytometry and real-time PCR was used to study oxidative stress responses. RESULTS NOD mice displayed increased levels of serum anti-insulin IgM that were independent of the H2 locus, that were maintained up to prediabetic stages and that correlated with the NOD B1a cell secretion profile. NOD B1a cells had a naturally increased pattern of activation, expressed higher levels of toll-like-receptors (Tlrs) and responded to TLR stimulation in vitro with higher proliferation and increased capacity to secrete anti-type-1-diabetes-related IgM, but produced lower amounts of IL10. IgM of NOD B1a cell origin was able to bind to pancreatic beta cells in vitro and induce expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION NOD B1a cells had a lower innate activation threshold for secretion of autoreactive IgM capable of triggering oxidative stress responses on binding to pancreatic beta cells; this provides an early mechanism that contributes to diabetes in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Côrte-Real
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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18
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Chang H, Biswas S, Tallarico AS, Sarkis PTN, Geng S, Panditrao MM, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Human B-cell ontogeny in humanized NOD/SCID γc(null) mice generates a diverse yet auto/poly- and HIV-1-reactive antibody repertoire. Genes Immun 2012; 13:399-410. [PMID: 22592523 PMCID: PMC3411862 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the human antibody (Ab) repertoire in mouse models of the human immune system is essential to establish their relevance in translational studies. Single human B-cells were sorted from bone marrow and periphery of humanized NOD/SCID γcnull mice at 8–10 months post-engraftment with human cord blood-derived CD34+ stem cells. Human immunoglobulin variable heavy (VH) and kappa (Vκ) genes were amplified, cognate VH-Vκ gene-pairs assembled as single-chain variable fragment-Fc antibodies (scFvFcs) and functional studies performed. Although overall distribution of VH genes approximated the normal human Ab repertoire, analysis of the VH-third complementarity determining regions (H-CDR3) in the mature B-cell subset demonstrated an increase in length and positive charges suggesting autoimmune characteristics. Additionally, >70% of Vκ sequences utilized Vκ4-1, a germline gene associated with autoimmunity. The mature B-cell subset-derived scFvFcs displayed the highest frequency of autoreactivity and polyspecificity, suggesting defects in checkpoint control mechanisms. Furthermore, these scFvFcs demonstrated binding to recombinant HIV envelope corroborating previous observations of poly/autoreactivity in anti-HIVgp140 antibodies. These data lend support to the hypothesis that anti-HIV BnAbs may be derived from auto/polyspecific Abs that escaped immune elimination and that the hNSG mouse could provide a new experimental platform for studying the origin of anti-HIV neutralizing Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Petermann K, Vordenbäumen S, Maas R, Braukmann A, Bleck E, Saenger T, Schneider M, Jose J. Autoantibodies to αS1-casein are induced by breast-feeding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32716. [PMID: 22496735 PMCID: PMC3319542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of antibodies is impaired in newborns due to an immature immune system and reduced exposure to pathogens due to maternally derived antibodies and placental functions. During nursing, the immune system of newborns is challenged with multiple milk-derived proteins. Amongst them, caseins are the main constituent. In particular, human αS1-casein (CSN1S1) was recently shown to possess immunomodulatory properties. We were thus interested to determine if auto-antibodies to CSN1S1 are induced by breast-feeding and may be sustained into adulthood. Methods 62 sera of healthy adult individuals who were (n = 37) or were not (n = 25) breast-fed against human CSN1S1 were investigated by a new SD (surface display)-ELISA. For cross-checking, these sera were tested for anti Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies by a commercial ELISA. Results IgG-antibodies were predominantly detected in individuals who had been nursed. At a cut-off value of 0.4, the SD-ELISA identified individuals with a history of having been breast-fed with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 92%. Under these conditions, 35 out of 37 sera from healthy donors, who where breast-fed, reacted positively but only 5 sera of the 25 donors who were not breast-fed. The duration of breast-feeding was of no consequence to the antibody reaction as some healthy donors were only short term breast-fed (5 days minimum until 6 weeks maximum), but exhibited significant serum reaction against human CSN1S1 nonetheless. Conclusion We postulate that human CSN1S1 is an autoantigen. The antigenicity is orally determined, caused by breast-feeding, and sustained into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Petermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Vordenbäumen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruth Maas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Achim Braukmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ellen Bleck
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Saenger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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HLA Immune Function Genes in Autism. AUTISM RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:959073. [PMID: 22928105 PMCID: PMC3420779 DOI: 10.1155/2012/959073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes on chromosome 6 are instrumental in many innate and adaptive immune responses. The HLA genes/haplotypes can also be involved in immune dysfunction and autoimmune diseases. It is now becoming apparent that many of the non-antigen-presenting HLA genes make significant contributions to autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, it has been reported that autism subjects often have associations with HLA genes/haplotypes, suggesting an underlying dysregulation of the immune system mediated by HLA genes. Genetic studies have only succeeded in identifying autism-causing genes in a small number of subjects suggesting that the genome has not been adequately interrogated. Close examination of the HLA region in autism has been relatively ignored, largely due to extraordinary genetic complexity. It is our proposition that genetic polymorphisms in the HLA region, especially in the non-antigen-presenting regions, may be important in the etiology of autism in certain subjects.
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Prechl J, Papp K, Erdei A. Antigen microarrays: descriptive chemistry or functional immunomics? Trends Immunol 2010; 31:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Heterogeneous pathways of maternal-fetal transmission of human viruses (review). Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 15:451-65. [PMID: 19350418 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several viruses can pass the maternal-fetal barrier, and cause diseases of the fetus or the newborn. Recently, however, it became obvious, that viruses may invade fetal cells and organs through different routes without acute consequences. Spermatozoa, seminal fluid and lymphocytes in the sperm may transfer viruses into the human zygotes. Viruses were shown to be integrated into human chromosomes and transferred into fetal tissues. The regular maternal-fetal transport of maternal cells has also been discovered. This transport might implicate that lymphotropic viruses can be released into the fetal organs following cellular invasion. It has been shown that many viruses may replicate in human trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast cells thus passing the barrier of the maternal-fetal interface. The transport of viral immunocomplexes had also been suggested, and the possibility has been put forward that even anti-idiotypes mimicking viral epitopes might be transferred by natural mechanisms into the fetal plasma, in spite of the selective mechanisms of apical to basolateral transcytosis in syncytiotrophoblast and basolateral to apical transcytosis in fetal capillary endothelium. The mechanisms of maternal-fetal transcytosis seem to be different of those observed in differentiated cells and tissue cultures. Membrane fusion and lipid rafts of high cholesterol content are probably the main requirements of fetal transcytosis. The long term presence of viruses in fetal tissues and their interactions with the fetal immune system might result in post partum consequences as far as increased risk of the development of malignancies and chronic pathologic conditions are discussed.
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia antibodies with a common stereotypic rearrangement recognize nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA. Blood 2008; 112:5122-9. [PMID: 18812466 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-162024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemic B lymphocytes of a large group of unrelated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients express an unmutated heavy chain immunoglobulin variable (V) region encoded by IGHV1-69, IGHD3-16, and IGHJ3 with nearly identical heavy and light chain complementarity-determining region 3 sequences. The likelihood that these patients developed CLL clones with identical antibody V regions randomly is highly improbable and suggests selection by a common antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from this stereotypic subset strongly bind cytoplasmic structures in HEp-2 cells. Therefore, HEp-2 cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with recombinant stereotypic subset-specific CLL mAbs, revealing a major protein band at approximately 225 kDa that was identified by mass spectrometry as nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (MYHIIA). Reactivity of the stereotypic mAbs with MYHIIA was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence colocalization with anti-MYHIIA antibody. Treatments that alter MYHIIA amounts and cytoplasmic localization resulted in a corresponding change in binding to these mAbs. The appearance of MYHIIA on the surface of cells undergoing stress or apoptosis suggests that CLL mAb may generally bind molecules exposed as a consequence of these events. Binding of CLL mAb to MYHIIA could promote the development, survival, and expansion of these leukemic cells.
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Briani C, Zara G, Alaedini A, Grassivaro F, Ruggero S, Toffanin E, Albergoni MP, Luca M, Giometto B, Ermani M, De Lazzari F, D'Odorico A, Battistin L. Neurological complications of celiac disease and autoimmune mechanisms: a prospective study. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 195:171-5. [PMID: 18343508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune mechanisms may have a role in the neurological complications of celiac disease (CD). We assessed 71 CD patients for neurologic manifestations and presence of serum antibodies to neural antigens. Sixteen patients (22.5%) were found to have neurological deficits including headache, depression, entrapment syndromes, peripheral neuropathy, and epilepsy. Antibody reactivity to neural antigens was detected in 30/71 (42.2%) patients. There was no clear correlation between anti-neural reactivity and neurologic dysfunction. Follow-up of 62 patients did not reveal change in electrophysiology or antibodies, regardless of diet. However, in 2 patients with neuropathy, symptoms improved or worsened depending on the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Briani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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