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Zhao J, Liu X, Jin X, Dong T, Gao X, Wang J, Li Y, Ma E. Riboflavin protects against pancreatic cancer metastasis by targeting TGF-β receptor 1. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107274. [PMID: 38503026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The inhibition of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling by targeting TGF-β receptor 1 (TβR1) has been considered as an ideal approach for the prevention of pancreatic cancer metastasis. Utilizing a pharmacophore model for TβR1 inhibitors, candidate compounds with the potential TβR1 binding ability were screened from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) database, and riboflavin (RF) with a highest fit value was chosen to investigate its binding ability to TβR1 and effect on TGF-β1 signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. Molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) proved that RF at pharmacological concentrations could directly bind to TβR1. Further studies showed that pharmacological concentrations of RF in vitro could block TGF-β1 signaling, suppress the migration and invasion, and prevent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of pancreatic cancer cells in the absence or presence of TGF-β1 stimulation, indicating that RF presented anti-metastatic effect in pancreatic cancer cells. Knockdown of TβR1 could significantly attenuate the effects of RF on the migration and EMT process in pancreatic cancer cells, further confirming that the anti-metastatic effect of RF was achieved by blocking TGF-β1 signaling after binding to TβR1. Moreover, in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer metastasis, it was certified that RF administration could block lung and liver metastases, TGF-β1 signaling and EMT process of pancreatic cancer in vivo. In summary, our findings showed that RF could block TGF-β1 signaling by directly binding to TβR1, thereby suppressing the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting EMT process both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanping Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianyi Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- GLP Center, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Enlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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2
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Chang CH, Liu F, Militi S, Hester S, Nibhani R, Deng S, Dunford J, Rendek A, Soonawalla Z, Fischer R, Oppermann U, Pauklin S. The pRb/RBL2-E2F1/4-GCN5 axis regulates cancer stem cell formation and G0 phase entry/exit by paracrine mechanisms. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3580. [PMID: 38678032 PMCID: PMC11055877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The lethality, chemoresistance and metastatic characteristics of cancers are associated with phenotypically plastic cancer stem cells (CSCs). How the non-cell autonomous signalling pathways and cell-autonomous transcriptional machinery orchestrate the stem cell-like characteristics of CSCs is still poorly understood. Here we use a quantitative proteomic approach for identifying secreted proteins of CSCs in pancreatic cancer. We uncover that the cell-autonomous E2F1/4-pRb/RBL2 axis balances non-cell-autonomous signalling in healthy ductal cells but becomes deregulated upon KRAS mutation. E2F1 and E2F4 induce whereas pRb/RBL2 reduce WNT ligand expression (e.g. WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT10A, WNT4) thereby regulating self-renewal, chemoresistance and invasiveness of CSCs in both PDAC and breast cancer, and fibroblast proliferation. Screening for epigenetic enzymes identifies GCN5 as a regulator of CSCs that deposits H3K9ac onto WNT promoters and enhancers. Collectively, paracrine signalling pathways are controlled by the E2F-GCN5-RB axis in diverse cancers and this could be a therapeutic target for eliminating CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hui Chang
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Feng Liu
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Stefania Militi
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Svenja Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Reshma Nibhani
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Siwei Deng
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - James Dunford
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Aniko Rendek
- Department of Histopathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Zahir Soonawalla
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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3
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Tian W, Hao H, Chu M, Gong J, Li W, Fang Y, Zhang J, Zhang C, Huang Y, Pei F, Duan L. Berberine Suppresses Lung Metastasis of Cancer via Inhibiting Endothelial Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 1. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:917827. [PMID: 35784732 PMCID: PMC9243563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.917827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of berberine (BBR) on pancreatic cancer (PC) lung metastasis and explored the underlying mechanisms, using a BALB/C-nu/nu nude mouse model injected with PC cells (AsPC-1). Intragastric administration of BBR dose-dependently improves survival of mice intravenously injected with AsPC-1 cells, and reduces lung metastasis. Especially, BBR significantly reduces lung infiltration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) 24 h after AsPC-1 cells injection. In vitro, tumor cells (TCs) trigger endothelial barrier disruption and promote trans-endothelial migration of CFSE-labeled TCs. BBR treatment effectively ameliorates TC-induced endothelial disruption, an effect that is diminished by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Blocking TGFBR1 blunts the anti-metastatic effect of BBR in vivo. Mechanistically, BBR binds to the intercellular portion of TGFBR1, suppresses its enzyme activities, and protects endothelial barrier disruption by TCs which express higher levels of TGF-β1. Hence, BBR might be a promising drug for reducing PC lung metastasis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huifeng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education Beijing), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Gong
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Pei
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liping Duan,
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4
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Ortega MA, Pekarek L, Garcia-Montero C, Fraile-Martinez O, Saez MA, Asúnsolo A, Alvarez-Mon MA, Monserrat J, Coca S, Toledo-Lobo MV, García-Honduvilla N, Albillos A, Buján J, Alvarez-Mon M, Guijarro LG. Prognostic role of IRS-4 in the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:449-459. [PMID: 35137378 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy of rising incidence, especially in developed countries due to causes such as sedentary lifestyles, tobacco smoking and ultraprocessed high fat and high sugar diets, amongst others. It is in fact the 7th cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and, in the following years, it is expected to climb upwards to 2nd position, after lung cancer. This is because it may have an asymptomatic course, and when it becomes evident it is in advanced stages, accompanied by metastasis generally. For this reason, survival rates are so low and, even in the few successful cases there is a high possibility of recurrence. Identifying new molecular biomarkers is arising as a highly useful tool for pancreatic cancer clinical management, although much research and work remain to be done in this field. Thus, the present study aims to analyze a series of molecules (IRS-4, Rb1, Ki-67 y COX-2) as candidates for prognosis and survival by immunohistochemistry techniques. Additionally, a 60-month longitudinal surveillance program was conducted, associated with diverse clinical parameters. Kaplan-Meier curves estimating the time of survival according to tumoral expression of those molecules denoted a low cumulative survival rate. Importantly, we observed that high levels of IRS-4 were significantly associated with a bad prognosis of the disease, increasing 160 times the mortality risk. In this way, our research showed a relevant value of these biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients' survival, opening a pathway for future research areas designed to inhibit these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Service, Guadalajara University Hospital, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Cielo Garcia-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Saez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Asúnsolo
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Monserrat
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Coca
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Val Toledo-Lobo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, University of Alcalá, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Melchor Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G Guijarro
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Siejka-Zielińska P, Cheng J, Jackson F, Liu Y, Soonawalla Z, Reddy S, Silva M, Puta L, McCain MV, Culver EL, Bekkali N, Schuster-Böckler B, Palamara PF, Mann D, Reeves H, Barnes E, Sivakumar S, Song CX. Cell-free DNA TAPS provides multimodal information for early cancer detection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh0534. [PMID: 34516908 PMCID: PMC8442905 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal, genome-wide characterization of epigenetic and genetic information in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) could enable more sensitive early cancer detection, but it is technologically challenging. Recently, we developed TET-assisted pyridine borane sequencing (TAPS), which is a mild, bisulfite-free method for base-resolution direct DNA methylation sequencing. Here, we optimized TAPS for cfDNA (cfTAPS) to provide high-quality and high-depth whole-genome cell-free methylomes. We applied cfTAPS to 85 cfDNA samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and noncancer controls. From only 10 ng of cfDNA (1 to 3 ml of plasma), we generated the most comprehensive cfDNA methylome to date. We demonstrated that cfTAPS provides multimodal information about cfDNA characteristics, including DNA methylation, tissue of origin, and DNA fragmentation. Integrated analysis of these epigenetic and genetic features enables accurate identification of early HCC and PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Siejka-Zielińska
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jingfei Cheng
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felix Jackson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yibin Liu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Srikanth Reddy
- Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Silva
- Department of HPB Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Luminita Puta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Misti Vanette McCain
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma L. Culver
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noor Bekkali
- Department of Gastroenterology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Schuster-Böckler
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pier Francesco Palamara
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derek Mann
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Fibrofind, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Reeves
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shivan Sivakumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chun-Xiao Song
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Filla MS, Meyer KK, Faralli JA, Peters DM. Overexpression and Activation of αvβ3 Integrin Differentially Affects TGFβ2 Signaling in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081923. [PMID: 34440692 PMCID: PMC8394542 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory have suggested that activation of αvβ3 integrin-mediated signaling could contribute to the fibrotic-like changes observed in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma. To determine how αvβ3 integrin signaling could be involved in this process, RNA-Seq analysis was used to analyze the transcriptomes of immortalized trabecular meshwork (TM) cell lines overexpressing either a control vector or a wild type (WT) or a constitutively active (CA) αvβ3 integrin. Compared to control cells, hierarchical clustering, PANTHER pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin or CA-αvβ3 integrin resulted in a significant differential expression of genes encoding for transcription factors, adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cytokines and GTPases. Cells overexpressing a CA-αvβ3 integrin also demonstrated an enrichment for genes encoding proteins found in TGFβ2, Wnt and cadherin signaling pathways all of which have been implicated in POAG pathogenesis. These changes were not observed in cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin. Our results suggest that activation of αvβ3 integrin signaling in TM cells could have significant impacts on TM function and POAG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Filla
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Kristy K. Meyer
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jennifer A. Faralli
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-262-4626
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7
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Yang Y, Ye WL, Zhang RN, He XS, Wang JR, Liu YX, Wang Y, Yang XM, Zhang YJ, Gan WJ. The Role of TGF- β Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6675208. [PMID: 34335834 PMCID: PMC8321733 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6675208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway mediates various biological functions, and its dysregulation is closely related to the occurrence of malignant tumors. However, the role of TGF-β signaling in tumorigenesis and development is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, TGF-β signaling can exert antitumor effects by inhibiting proliferation or inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. On the other hand, TGF-β signaling may mediate oncogene effects by promoting metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune escape. This review summarizes the recent findings on molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signaling. Specifically, this review evaluates TGF-β's therapeutic potential as a target by the following perspectives: ligands, receptors, and downstream signaling. We hope this review can trigger new ideas to improve the current clinical strategies to treat tumors related to the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Long Ye
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiao-Shun He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jing-Ru Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Mei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yu-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Juan Gan
- Department of Pathology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215124, China
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8
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Zhou M, Gao Y, Wang M, Guo X, Li X, Zhu F, Xu S, Qin R. MiR-146b-3p regulates proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells with stem cell-like properties by targeting MAP3K10. J Cancer 2021; 12:3726-3740. [PMID: 33995647 PMCID: PMC8120187 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) initiate and maintain tumorigenesis due to their unique pluripotency. However, pancreatic stem cell gene signatures are not completely revealed yet. Here, we isolated pancreatic cancer stem cells (P-CSCs) and exploited their distinct genome-wide mRNA and miRNA expression profiles using microarrays. Methods: CD24+ CD44+ ESA+ cells were isolated from two pancreatic xenograft cells by the flow cytometry and identified the stem cell-like properties by the tumor formation, self-renew and chemoresistance. Microarrays and qRT-PCR were used to exploit their distinct Genome-wide mRNA and miRNA expression profiles. The function and candidate target genes of key microRNA were detected after Ectopic restoration in the pancreatic cancer cell lines MIA Paca-2 (CSChigh) and BxPC-3 (CSClow). Results: In this study, we isolated P-CSCs from two xenografts cells. Genome-wide profiling experiments showed 479 genes and 15 microRNAs specifically expressed in the P-CSCs, including genes involved in TGF-β and p53 signaling pathways and particularly miR-146b-3p as the most significantly downregulated miRNA. We confirmed miR-146b-3p as a downregulated signature in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell line MIA Paca-2 (CSChigh) cells. Ectopic restoration of miR-146b-3p expression with pre-miR reduced cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, increased G1 phase and reduced S phase in cell cycle in MIA Paca-2 (CSChigh), but not in BxPC-3 (CSClow). Re-expression of miR-146b-3p with lentivirus significantly inhibited tumorigenicity in vivo in MIA Paca-2, but slightly in BxPC-3. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-146b-3p directly targeted MAP3K10 and might activate Hedgehog pathway as well through DYRK2 and GLI2. Conclusions: These results suggest that P-CSCs have distinct gene expression profiles. MiR-146b-3p inhibits proliferation and induced apoptosis in P-CSCs high cells lines by targeting MAP3K10. Targeting P-CSCs specific genes may provide novel strategies for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xingjun Guo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Simiao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Renyi Qin
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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9
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Zuo H, Chen L, Li N, Song Q. Identification of a Ubiquitination-Related Gene Risk Model for Predicting Survival in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:612196. [PMID: 33414811 PMCID: PMC7782244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.612196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is known as "the king of cancer," and ubiquitination/deubiquitination-related genes are key contributors to its development. Our study aimed to identify ubiquitination/deubiquitination-related genes associated with the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients by the bioinformatics method and then construct a risk model. In this study, the gene expression profiles and clinical data of pancreatic cancer patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Genotype-tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Ubiquitination/deubiquitination-related genes were obtained from the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify differentially expressed ubiquitination-related genes selected from GSEA which were associated with the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. Using multivariate Cox regression analysis, we detected eight optimal ubiquitination-related genes (RNF7, NPEPPS, NCCRP1, BRCA1, TRIM37, RNF25, CDC27, and UBE2H) and then used them to construct a risk model to predict the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. Finally, the eight risk genes were validated by the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, the results showed that the protein expression level of the eight genes was generally consistent with those at the transcriptional level. Our findings suggest the risk model constructed from these eight ubiquitination-related genes can accurately and reliably predict the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. These eight genes have the potential to be further studied as new biomarkers or therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zuo
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Luojun Chen
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
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10
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Shao L, Sheng Z, Zhu Y, Li J, Meng R. Effect of miR-215 on the Expression of Tumor Suppressor Gene Rb1 in Retinoblastoma Cell Lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:1298-1306. [PMID: 33083296 PMCID: PMC7548482 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Effect of miR-215 on the expression of tumor suppressor gene retinoblastoma (Rb)1 in Rb cell lines was investigated. Methods: A total of 128 patients were selected. The expression of miR-215 in cancer and adjacent healthy tissues of the 128 patients was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). HXO-Rb44 and Y79 cell lines were transfected with miR-215 analogs or miR-215 inhibitors, and the expression of Rb1 protein in the cell lines was detected by western blotting. Results: The expression of miR-215 in the adjacent healthy tissues of patients was significantly lower than that in cancer tissues (P<0.001). The expression of miR-215 in Y79 and HXO-Rb44 cells was significantly higher than that in APRE-19 cells (P<0.001). The expression of miR-215 in HXO-Rb44 cells was significantly higher than that in Y79 cells (P<0.001). The expression of miR-215 was statistically different from the degree of differentiation and nerve infiltration (P<0.05). The expression of Rb1 in cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.001), the expression of APRE-19 was significantly higher than that in Y79 and HXO-Rb44 cells (P<0.001), and the expression of Rb1 in HXO-Rb44 cells was significantly higher than that in Y79 cells (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between miR-215 and Rb1 in the tissues of patients, and Rb1 expression decreased with the increase of miR-215 (r=-0.576, P<0.001). Conclusion: miR-215 is highly expressed in Rb cell lines, and is related to the clinicopathological features of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Zhangxing Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710020, China
| | - Rufa Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
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11
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Xu J, Liu J, Gan Y, Dai K, Zhao J, Huang M, Huang Y, Zhuang Y, Zhang X. High-Dose TGF-β1 Impairs Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Bone Regeneration via Bmp2 Inhibition. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:167-180. [PMID: 31487395 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a key factor in bone reconstruction. However, its pathophysiological role in non-union and bone repair remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that TGF-β1 was highly expressed in both C57BL/6 mice where new bone formation was impaired after autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) implantation in non-union patients. High doses of TGF-β1 inhibited BMMSC osteogenesis and attenuated bone regeneration in vivo. Furthermore, different TGF-β1 levels exhibited opposite effects on osteogenic differentiation and bone healing. Mechanistically, low TGF-β1 doses activated smad3, promoted their binding to bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) promoter, and upregulated Bmp2 expression in BMMSCs. By contrast, Bmp2 transcription was inhibited by changing smad3 binding sites on its promoter at high TGF-β1 levels. In addition, high TGF-β1 doses increased tomoregulin-1 (Tmeff1) levels, resulting in the repression of Bmp2 and bone formation in mice. Treatment with the TGF-β1 inhibitor SB431542 significantly rescued BMMSC osteogenesis and accelerated bone regeneration. Our study suggests that high-dose TGF-β1 dampens BMMSC-mediated bone regeneration by activating canonical TGF-β/smad3 signaling and inhibiting Bmp2 via direct and indirect mechanisms. These data collectively show a previously unrecognized mechanism of TGF-β1 in bone repair, and TGF-β1 is an effective therapeutic target for treating bone regeneration disability. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaokai Gan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjian Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifu Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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12
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Xia X, Xia J, Yang H, Li Y, Liu S, Cao Y, Tang L, Yu X. Baicalein blocked cervical carcinoma cell proliferation by targeting CCND1 via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2729-2736. [PMID: 31284780 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1636055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of baicalein on the proliferation of cervical carcinoma cells and stimulate cervical carcinoma cells with baicalein. MTT method was used to observe cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to observe cell cycle, and gene technology was used to observe the expression of corresponding genes at the level of gene and protein. β-catenin activity was assessed using Western blot and ChIP. Baicalein suppressed cervical carcinoma cell HeLa proliferation by enhancing the activity of caspase-3. Baicalein blocked cell cycle at G0/G1 stage by inhibiting the expression of some genes. At the same time, it can prevent the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and inhibit the activity of Wnt. When the Wnt signaling pathway is increased, the proliferation of HeLa cells is inhibited, and apoptosis is promoted in this way. In conclusion, it indicated that baicalein inhibits cervical carcinoma progression by targeting CCND1 via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Xia
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of South West Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Jiyi Xia
- b School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Hai Yang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of South West Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Yan Li
- c Medicine Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Shengyue Liu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of South West Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Yong Cao
- c Medicine Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Li Tang
- c Medicine Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of South West Medical University , Luzhou , China
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13
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Di N, Guo Y, Ding N. Effect of combined propofol-sevoflurane anesthesia on immune function in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:35-42. [PMID: 31289469 PMCID: PMC6540338 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of combined propofol-sevoflurane anesthesia on immune function in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated. A retrospective analysis was performed on 150 pediatric patients with ALL who were admitted to Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine from May 2014 to October 2017. All eligible patients were treated with intrathecal chemotherapy and were randomized into three groups according to the type of anesthesia used: group A, propofol used only; group B, sevoflurane used only; and group C, combined propofol and sevoflurane used. Venous blood samples were drawn, respectively, at 30 min before anesthesia (T1) and 24 h after anesthesia (T2). Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of T- and B-cell subsets, as well as the ratio of Th1/Th2 in T helper cells (Th cells). Serum levels of IFNγ, IL-4 and TGF-β were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At T2, the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ and CD19+ cells in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A and B (P<0.05). The percentage of CD8+ cells in group C was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05). At T2, the percentages of Th1 and Th2 cells and the Th1/Th2 ratio in group C were higher than those in groups A and B (P<0.05). At T2, IL-4 level in group C was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05), while TGF-β level was significantly lower (P<0.05). The IFNγ level in group C was higher than those in groups A and B (P<0.05). The IFNγ/IL-4 ratio in group C was higher than that in group A (P<0.05). Combined propofol-sevoflurane anesthesia was more beneficial to the recovery of T/B cell subset activity, to the alleviation of immunosuppression, and the suppression of ALL progression, compared to the sole use of propofol or sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Di
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
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14
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Song T, Yang J, Zhou J, Chen Z, Yuan X. A Review of the Mechanisms of Wnt7b in the Process of Malignant Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.523.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Gao L, Hu Y, Tian Y, Fan Z, Wang K, Li H, Zhou Q, Zeng G, Hu X, Yu L, Zhou S, Tong X, Huang H, Chen H, Liu Q, Liu W, Zhang G, Zeng M, Zhou G, He Q, Ji H, Chen L. Lung cancer deficient in the tumor suppressor GATA4 is sensitive to TGFBR1 inhibition. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1665. [PMID: 30971692 PMCID: PMC6458308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Tumor suppressor genes remain to be systemically identified for lung cancer. Through the genome-wide screening of tumor-suppressive transcription factors, we demonstrate here that GATA4 functions as an essential tumor suppressor in lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Ectopic GATA4 expression results in lung cancer cell senescence. Mechanistically, GATA4 upregulates multiple miRNAs targeting TGFB2 mRNA and causes ensuing WNT7B downregulation and eventually triggers cell senescence. Decreased GATA4 level in clinical specimens negatively correlates with WNT7B or TGF-β2 level and is significantly associated with poor prognosis. TGFBR1 inhibitors show synergy with existing therapeutics in treating GATA4-deficient lung cancers in genetically engineered mouse model as well as patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Collectively, our work demonstrates that GATA4 functions as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer and targeting the TGF-β signaling provides a potential way for the treatment of GATA4-deficient lung cancer. The tumor suppressor GATA4 is frequently epigenetically silenced in lung cancer. In this study, Gao et al. demonstrate that GATA4 regulates the expression of TGFBR2 and that TGFRB1 inhibitors can synergise with chemotherapeutics to inhibit the growth of GATA4-deficient tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Hongdan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guandi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Hu
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 2450 Holcombe Blvd., Suite 1, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hsinyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wanting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangbiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Zhou Q, Xia S, Guo F, Hu F, Wang Z, Ni Y, Wei T, Xiang H, Shang D. Transforming growth factor-β in pancreatic diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:58-69. [PMID: 30682425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic diseases, such as acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer, are common gastrointestinal diseases resulting in the development of local and systemic complications with a high risk of death. Numerous studies have examined pancreatic diseases over the past few decades; however, the pathogenesis remains unclear, and there is a lack of effective treatment options. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) exerts controversial functions in apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and carcinogenesis, indicating its complex role in the pathogenesis of pancreas-associated disease. Therefore, a further understanding of relevant TGF-β signalling will provide new ideas and potential therapeutic targets for preventing disease progression. This is the first systematic review of recent data from animal and human clinical studies focusing on TGF-β signalling in pancreas damage and diseases. This information may aid in the development of therapeutic agents for regulating TGF-β in this pathology to prevent or treat pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shilin Xia
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fangyue Guo
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fenglin Hu
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhizhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yujia Ni
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tianfu Wei
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Dong Shang
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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17
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Luo J, Chen XQ, Li P. The Role of TGF-β and Its Receptors in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:475-484. [PMID: 30594036 PMCID: PMC6314240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of gastrointestinal tumors improves patient survival. However, patients with these tumors are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage and have poor prognosis. The incidence and mortality of gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, gastric, liver, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers, are increasing worldwide. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents are required to improve patient survival and quality of life. The tumor microenvironment, which contains nontumor cells, signaling molecules such as growth factors and cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, plays a critical role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling has dual roles in gastrointestinal tumor development and progression as both a tumor suppressor and tumor promoter. Here, we review the dynamic roles of TGF-β and its receptors in gastrointestinal tumors and provide evidence that targeting TGF-β signaling may be an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Luo
- Oncology Department, West China Hospital of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Oncology Department, West China Hospital of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China.
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18
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Luan M, Chang J, Pan W, Chen Y, Li N, Tang B. Simultaneous Fluorescence Visualization of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Apoptosis Processes in Tumor Cells for Evaluating the Impact of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition on Drug Efficacy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10951-10957. [PMID: 30152682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays a pivotal role in acquiring invasive and metastatic properties and has been recognized as a crucial driver of epithelial-derived tumor malignancies. It is necessary to determine the role of EMT in promoting or suppressing carcinoma progression through investigating the relationship between EMT and apoptosis. We designed a multicolor fluorescent nanoprobe for simultaneously imaging the epithelial biomarker E-cadherin mRNA, the mesenchymal marker vimentin mRNA, and the apoptotic marker caspase-3. EMT and apoptosis progresses could be visually detected, which were used to study the effect of EMT on apoptosis and further assess the influence of EMT on drug efficacy in different cancer cells. We believe the designed nanoprobe can offer a new strategy for visualizing EMT and apoptosis in tumor cells and will be a promising tool to investigate the efficiency of drugs targeting EMT-related therapies in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Luan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjie Chang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhang S, Liu J, Xu K, Li Z. Notch signaling via regulation of RB and p-AKT but not PIK3CG contributes to MIA PaCa-2 cell growth and migration to affect pancreatic carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2105-2110. [PMID: 29434912 PMCID: PMC5777124 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality. The understanding of the expression pattern of key protein factors and their function in pancreatic cancer cells is therefore vital for the diagnosis and treatment of this malignancy. The results of the present study reveal that the levels of neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 (Notch2) and phosphorylated (p)-SMAD family member 2 decreased, whereas the expression of Notch3 and phosphoinositide-3 kinase catalytic subunit-γ protein increased in human pancreatic cancer tissues compared with tumor-adjacent tissues. Using the human pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 cell line, it was observed that retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB) and p-RB expression were inhibited and p-AKT was upregulated when Notch signaling was activated in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of phosphoinositide-3 kinase catalytic subunit-γ (PIK3CG) activity by AS-605240 was able to block the growth and migration of MIA PaCa-2 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that the Notch signal pathway may be involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis by modulating RB and p-AKT. PIK3CG may therefore be a potential target gene for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jingjiang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Keli Xu
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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20
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Li M, Radvanyi L, Yin B, Rycaj K, Li J, Chivukula R, Lin K, Lu Y, Shen J, Chang DZ, Li D, Johanning GL, Wang-Johanning F. Downregulation of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K (HERV-K) Viral env RNA in Pancreatic Cancer Cells Decreases Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5892-5911. [PMID: 28679769 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We investigated the role of the human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K) envelope (env) gene in pancreatic cancer.Experimental Design: shRNA was employed to knockdown (KD) the expression of HERV-K in pancreatic cancer cells.Results: HERV-K env expression was detected in seven pancreatic cancer cell lines and in 80% of pancreatic cancer patient biopsies, but not in two normal pancreatic cell lines or uninvolved normal tissues. A new HERV-K splice variant was discovered in several pancreatic cancer cell lines. Reverse transcriptase activity and virus-like particles were observed in culture media supernatant obtained from Panc-1 and Panc-2 cells. HERV-K viral RNA levels and anti-HERV-K antibody titers were significantly higher in pancreatic cancer patient sera (N = 106) than in normal donor sera (N = 40). Importantly, the in vitro and in vivo growth rates of three pancreatic cancer cell lines were significantly reduced after HERV-K KD by shRNA targeting HERV-K env, and there was reduced metastasis to lung after treatment. RNA-Seq results revealed changes in gene expression after HERV-K env KD, including RAS and TP53. Furthermore, downregulation of HERV-K Env protein expression by shRNA also resulted in decreased expression of RAS, p-ERK, p-RSK, and p-AKT in several pancreatic cancer cells or tumors.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that HERV-K influences signal transduction via the RAS-ERK-RSK pathway in pancreatic cancer. Our data highlight the potentially important role of HERV-K in tumorigenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer, and indicate that HERV-K viral proteins may be attractive biomarkers and/or tumor-associated antigens, as well as potentially useful targets for detection, diagnosis, and immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5892-911. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Viral Oncology Program, Center for Cancer and Metabolism, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Laszlo Radvanyi
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Bingnan Yin
- Department of Inflammation and Epigenetics, Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jia Li
- Viral Oncology Program, Center for Cancer and Metabolism, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Raghavender Chivukula
- Viral Oncology Program, Center for Cancer and Metabolism, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - JianJun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - David Z Chang
- Virginia Oncology Associates, Newport News, Virginia
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gary L Johanning
- Viral Oncology Program, Center for Cancer and Metabolism, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Feng Wang-Johanning
- Viral Oncology Program, Center for Cancer and Metabolism, SRI International, Menlo Park, California.
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21
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Melstrom LG, Salazar MD, Diamond DJ. The pancreatic cancer microenvironment: A true double agent. J Surg Oncol 2017; 116:7-15. [PMID: 28605029 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer is a complex balance of pro- and anti-tumor components. The dense desmoplasia consists of immune cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, cytokines, and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) or pancreatic stellate cells (PSC). There are a multitude of targets including hyaluronan, angiogenesis, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), CD40, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR-4), immunotherapy, and Vitamin D. The developing clinical therapeutics will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh G Melstrom
- Department of Surgery and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Marcela D Salazar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Don J Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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22
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Mitarai H, Wada N, Hasegawa D, Yoshida S, Sonoda M, Tomokiyo A, Hamano S, Serita S, Mizumachi H, Maeda H. Transgelin mediates transforming growth factor-β1-induced proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:984-993. [PMID: 28590058 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) express transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) that regulates differentiation and proliferation, and plays key roles in homeostasis of PDL tissue. Transgelin is a cytoskeleton-associated protein with an Smad-binding element in its gene promoter region. In this study, we examined the localization and potential function of transgelin in PDL tissue and cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Microarray analysis of HPDLC lines (2-14, 2-23 and 2-52) was performed. Expression of transgelin in HPDLCs was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. Effects of TGF-β1 and its signaling inhibitor, SB431542, on transgelin expression in HPDLCs were examined by western blot analysis. The effects of transgelin knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on HPDLC proliferation stimulated by TGF-β1 were assessed by WST-1 assay. RESULTS In microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses, the expression levels of transgelin (TAGLN) in 2-14 and 2-23 cells, which highly expressed PDL markers such as periostin (POSTN), tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), α-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) and type I collagen A1 (COL1A1), was significantly higher than those in 2-52 cells that expressed PDL markers weakly. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed expression of transgelin in rat PDL tissue and HPDLCs. In HPDLCs, TGF-β1 treatment upregulated transgelin expression, whereas inhibition of the type 1 TGF-β1 receptor by SB431542 suppressed this upregulation. Furthermore, TAGLN siRNA transfection did not promote the proliferation of HPDLCs treated with TGF-β1. The expression levels of CCNA2 and CCNE1, which regulate DNA synthesis and mitosis through the cell cycle, were also not upregulated in HPDLCs transfected with TAGLN siRNA. CONCLUSION Transgelin is expressed in PDL tissue and might have a role in HPDLC proliferation induced by TGF-β1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mitarai
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Wada
- Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - D Hasegawa
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Yoshida
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Sonoda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Tomokiyo
- Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Hamano
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Dental Science, OBT Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Serita
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Mizumachi
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Maeda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Wang XH, Chen ZG, Xu RL, Lv CQ, Liu J, Du B. TGF-β1 signaling pathway serves a role in HepG2 cell regulation by affecting the protein expression of PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3239-3246. [PMID: 28529566 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves a key role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. To investigate the association between TGF-β1 and the following proteins: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), gankyrin, general vesicular transport factor p115 (p115), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and survivin, HepG2 liver cancer cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against TGF-β1, or were treated with exogenous TGF-β1. TGF-β1 protein expression levels were assessed at 72 and 96 h using western blotting, cell growth was evaluated using a Cell Counting kit-8 assay, and flow cytometry was used to examine cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. In addition, PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. TGF-β1 protein expression levels were decreased at 72 and 96 h following siRNA transfection, indicating that the siRNA against TGF-β1 was effective. In the TGF-β1-knockdown group, the HepG2 cells exhibited G1 or S-phase cell cycle arrest; therefore, the number of G2-phase cells was decreased, cell growth was inhibited and apoptotic peaks were observed. By contrast, no significant alteration in cell cycle distribution or apoptosis was observed in the cells treated with exogenous TGF-β1. In the exogenous TGF-β1 group, PCNA and XIAP protein expression levels were increased, whereas gankyrin, p115 and survivin protein expression was observed to be dependent on the duration of treatment. By contrast, PCNA, gankyrin, XIAP and survivin protein expression decreased following TGF-β1 knockdown; however, p115 protein expression increased. In conclusion, the TGF-β1 signaling pathway may affect cell growth, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis through the regulation of PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin protein expression in liver cancer. The results of the present study may improve the current understanding of the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway during the pathogenesis of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guo Chen
- Center of Educational Technology and Information, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Qian Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bing Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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24
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Guo X, Zheng L, Jiang J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Shen M, Zhu F, Tian R, Shi C, Xu M, Li X, Peng F, Zhang H, Feng Y, Xie Y, Xu X, Jia W, He R, Xie C, Hu J, Ye D, Wang M, Qin R. Blocking NF-κB Is Essential for the Immunotherapeutic Effect of Recombinant IL18 in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5939-5950. [PMID: 27297583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to find new immune-based treatments for pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We detected IL18 expression in plasma and specimens from patients with pancreatic cancer. We then investigated whether IL18 had a therapeutic effect for pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo and any underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Higher plasma IL18 was associated with longer overall survival (OS), but higher IL18 in pancreatic cancer tissues was associated with shorter OS and increased invasion and metastasis. Recombinant IL18 alone had no antitumor effect in the syngeneic mice with orthotopically transplanted tumors and promoted tumors in immunocompromised mice; it also facilitated immune responses in vitro and in vivo by augmenting the activity of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. However, IL18 promoted the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo, through the NF-κB pathway. Nevertheless, by coadministrating IL18 with BAY11-7082, an NF-κB inhibitor, we were able to prevent the procancerous effects of IL18 and prolong the survival time of the mice. CONCLUSIONS IL18 has both cancer-promoting and cancer-suppressing functions. Although its single-agent treatment has no therapeutic effect on pancreatic cancer, when combined with the NF-κB pathway inhibitor, IL18 improved survival in a murine pancreatic cancer model. Our study implies the possibility of a combinational immunotherapy that uses IL18 and targets NF-κB pathway. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5939-50. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Guo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research & Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research & Clinical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of hepatic-biliary-pancreatic surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengjian Shi
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yechen Feng
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruizhi He
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chencheng Xie
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Colon Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawei Ye
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Renyi Qin
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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25
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TGFβ promotes mesenchymal phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells, in part, through epigenetic activation of VAV1. Oncogene 2016; 36:2202-2214. [PMID: 27893715 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The highly homeostasis-resistant nature of cancer cells leads to their escape from treatment and to liver metastasis, which in turn makes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) difficult to treat, especially the squamous/epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like subtype. As the molecular mechanisms underlying tumour heterogeneity remain elusive, we investigated whether epigenetic regulation might explain inter-individual differences in the progression of specific subtypes. DNA methylation profiling performed on cancer tissues prior to chemo/radiotherapy identified one hypermethylated CpG site (CpG6882469) in the VAV1 gene body that was correlated with demethylation of two promoter CpGs (CpG6772370/CpG6772811) in both PDAC and peripheral blood. Transforming growth factor β treatment induced gene-body hypermethylation, dissociation of DNMT1 from the promoter, and VAV1 expression via SMAD4 and mutant KrasG12D. Pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ-VAV1 signalling decreased the squamous/EMT-like cancer cells, promoted nuclear VAV1 localization, and enhanced the efficacy of gemcitabine in prolonging the survival of KPfl/flC mice. Together, the three VAV1 CpGs serve as biomarkers for prognosis and early detection, and the TGFβ-VAV1 axis represents a therapeutic target.
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26
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Li D, Wang Z, Chen Z, Lin L, Wang Y, Sailike D, Luo K, Du G, Xiang X, Jiafu GD. MicroRNA-106a-5p facilitates human glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by targeting adenomatosis polyposis coli protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:245-250. [PMID: 27815074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The invasive behavior of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells is an important reason for its poor prognosis. Tumor cells acquire an ability to digest the extracellular matrix and infiltrate the adjacent normal tissue during invasion. Restraining GBM invasion by changing effector molecules can significantly improve the patient's prognosis. MiRNAs are involved in multiple biological functions via suppressing target genes. In this study, we found that miR-106a-5p expression was high in GBM tissues and cells. The data showed an inverse correlation in GBM tissues between the levels of miR-106a-5p and adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) mRNAs.Additionally, ectopic expression of miR-106a-5pfacilitated the invasion of GBM cells whereas inhibition of miR-106a-5p expression weakened the invasive ability. Numerous transcription factors are downstream effectors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Target prediction databases and luciferase data showed that APC is a new direct target of miR-106a-5p. Importantly, westernblot assays demonstrated that miR-106a-5p can reduce APC protein level and enhance target proteins of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, we hypothesize that miR-106a-5p directly targets APC, resulting in the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our results suggest that miR-106a-5p is involved in the invasive behavior of GBM cells and by targeting APC and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway, it provides a theoretical basis for developing potential clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Zengliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.116 Huanghe Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Duishanbai Sailike
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Guojia Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Xinggang Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.116 Huanghe Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Geng Dangmuren Jiafu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
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27
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Craven KE, Gore J, Wilson JL, Korc M. Angiogenic gene signature in human pancreatic cancer correlates with TGF-beta and inflammatory transcriptomes. Oncotarget 2016; 7:323-41. [PMID: 26586478 PMCID: PMC4808001 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) are hypovascular, but overexpress pro-angiogenic factors and exhibit regions of microvasculature. Using RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we previously reported that ∼12% of PDACs have an angiogenesis gene signature with increased expression of multiple pro-angiogenic genes. By analyzing the recently expanded TCGA dataset, we now report that this signature is present in ∼35% of PDACs but that it is mostly distinct from an angiogenesis signature present in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). These PDACs exhibit a transcriptome that reflects active TGF-β signaling, and up-regulation of several pro-inflammatory genes, and many members of JAK signaling pathways. Moreover, expression of SMAD4 and HDAC9 correlates with endothelial cell abundance in PDAC tissues. Concomitantly targeting the TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) kinase with SB505124 and JAK1-2 with ruxolitinib suppresses JAK1 phosphorylation and blocks proliferative cross-talk between human pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) and human endothelial cells (ECs), and these anti-proliferative effects were mimicked by JAK1 silencing in ECs. By contrast, either inhibitor alone does not suppress their enhanced proliferation in 3D co-cultures. These findings suggest that targeting both TGF-β and JAK1 signaling could be explored therapeutically in the 35% of PDAC patients whose cancers exhibit an angiogenesis gene signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Craven
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jesse Gore
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center at Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julie L Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,The Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center at Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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28
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer in which NF-κB pathways promote biological aggressiveness. In this issue of the JCI, Lesina et al. investigated the role of RelA, the p65 partner of p50 that together form the most common NF-κB complex, in the early stages of pancreatic malignant transformation and in established PDAC. By deleting Rela in the context of an oncogenic Kras-driven autochthonous model of PDAC, the authors demonstrated that RelA is a mediator of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that attenuates acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) formation, and PanIN progression to PDAC. Loss of the tumor-suppressor function of RelA in the early stages of Kras-driven pancreatic neoplastic transformation was associated with decreased OIS and SASP and a protumorigenic tumor microenvironment that harbored more M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The beneficial effects of RelA were mediated by increased expression of CXCL1 and its activation of CXCR2. By contrast, in advanced stages of Kras-driven murine PDAC, loss of p53 or p16 was associated with senescence bypass, and RelA deficiency in this context attenuated cancer cell proliferation and prolonged mouse survival, indicating that RelA enhances tumor progression in established PDAC.
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29
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Combined targeting of TGF-β, EGFR and HER2 suppresses lymphangiogenesis and metastasis in a pancreatic cancer model. Cancer Lett 2016; 379:143-53. [PMID: 27267807 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) are aggressive with frequent lymphatic spread. By analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we determined that ~35% of PDACs have a pro-angiogenic gene signature. We now show that the same PDACs exhibit increased expression of lymphangiogenic genes and lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers, and that LEC abundance in human PDACs correlates with endothelial cell microvessel density. Lymphangiogenic genes and LECs are also elevated in murine PDACs arising in the KRC (mutated Kras; deleted RB) and KIC (mutated Kras; deleted INK4a) genetic models. Moreover, pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) derived from KRC tumors express and secrete high levels of lymphangiogenic factors, including the EGF receptor ligand, amphiregulin. Importantly, TGF-β1 increases lymphangiogenic genes and amphiregulin expression in KRC PCCs but not in murine PCCs that lack SMAD4, and combinatorial targeting of the TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) with LY2157299 and EGFR/HER2 with lapatinib suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in a syngeneic orthotopic model, and attenuates tumor lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis while reducing lymphangiogenic genes and amphiregulin and enhancing apoptosis. Therefore, this combination could be beneficial in PDACs with lymphangiogenic or angiogenic gene signatures.
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30
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Kleeff J, Korc M, Apte M, La Vecchia C, Johnson CD, Biankin AV, Neale RE, Tempero M, Tuveson DA, Hruban RH, Neoptolemos JP. Pancreatic cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:16022. [PMID: 27158978 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1143] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality, with a dismal overall prognosis that has remained virtually unchanged for many decades. Currently, prevention or early diagnosis at a curable stage is exceedingly difficult; patients rarely exhibit symptoms and tumours do not display sensitive and specific markers to aid detection. Pancreatic cancers also have few prevalent genetic mutations; the most commonly mutated genes are KRAS, CDKN2A (encoding p16), TP53 and SMAD4 - none of which are currently druggable. Indeed, therapeutic options are limited and progress in drug development is impeded because most pancreatic cancers are complex at the genomic, epigenetic and metabolic levels, with multiple activated pathways and crosstalk evident. Furthermore, the multilayered interplay between neoplastic and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment challenges medical treatment. Fewer than 20% of patients have surgically resectable disease; however, neoadjuvant therapies might shift tumours towards resectability. Although newer drug combinations and multimodal regimens in this setting, as well as the adjuvant setting, appreciably extend survival, ∼80% of patients will relapse after surgery and ultimately die of their disease. Thus, consideration of quality of life and overall survival is important. In this Primer, we summarize the current understanding of the salient pathophysiological, molecular, translational and clinical aspects of this disease. In addition, we present an outline of potential future directions for pancreatic cancer research and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg Kleeff
- NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murray Korc
- Departments of Medicine, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Minoti Apte
- SWS Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Colin D Johnson
- University Surgical Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Margaret Tempero
- UCSF Pancreas Center, University of California San Francisco - Mission Bay Campus/Mission Hall, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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31
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Principe DR, DeCant B, Mascariñas E, Wayne EA, Diaz AM, Akagi N, Hwang R, Pasche B, Dawson DW, Fang D, Bentrem DJ, Munshi HG, Jung B, Grippo PJ. TGFβ Signaling in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Fibrosis and Immune Evasion to Facilitate Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2525-39. [PMID: 26980767 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In early pancreatic carcinogenesis, TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor due to its growth-inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. However, in advanced disease, TGFβ appears to promote tumor progression. Therefore, to better understand the contributions of TGFβ signaling to pancreatic carcinogenesis, we generated mouse models of pancreatic cancer with either epithelial or systemic TGFBR deficiency. We found that epithelial suppression of TGFβ signals facilitated pancreatic tumorigenesis, whereas global loss of TGFβ signaling protected against tumor development via inhibition of tumor-associated fibrosis, stromal TGFβ1 production, and the resultant restoration of antitumor immune function. Similarly, TGFBR-deficient T cells resisted TGFβ-induced inactivation ex vivo, and adoptive transfer of TGFBR-deficient CD8(+) T cells led to enhanced infiltration and granzyme B-mediated destruction of developing tumors. These findings paralleled our observations in human patients, where TGFβ expression correlated with increased fibrosis and associated negatively with expression of granzyme B. Collectively, our findings suggest that, despite opposing the proliferation of some epithelial cells, TGFβ may promote pancreatic cancer development by affecting stromal and hematopoietic cell function. Therefore, the use of TGFBR inhibition to target components of the tumor microenvironment warrants consideration as a potential therapy for pancreatic cancer, particularly in patients who have already lost tumor-suppressive TGFβ signals in the epithelium. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2525-39. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Brian DeCant
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emman Mascariñas
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth A Wayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew M Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Naomi Akagi
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rosa Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Boris Pasche
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara Jung
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Paul J Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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32
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Bijlsma MF, van Laarhoven HWM. The conflicting roles of tumor stroma in pancreatic cancer and their contribution to the failure of clinical trials: a systematic review and critical appraisal. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:97-114. [PMID: 25566685 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A nearly universal feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extensive presence of activated stroma. This stroma is thought to aid in various tumor-promoting processes and hampers response to therapy. Here, we aim to evaluate the evidence that supports this role of the stroma in PDAC with functional experiments in relevant models, discuss the clinical trials that have aimed to target the stroma in this disease, and examine recent work that explains why these clinical trials based on stroma-targeting strategies have thus far not achieved the expected success. We systematically searched PubMed through August 2014 with no restrictions to identify published peer-reviewed research articles assessing the effect of targeting the stroma on tumor growth or metastases in preclinical animal models. Five hundred and thirty articles were extracted of which 31 were included in the analysis. Unfortunately, due to the large variety in models and outcome measures, we could not perform a meta-analysis of our data. We find that despite an abundance of positive outcomes reported in previous studies on stroma targeting, a strong discrepancy exists with the outcomes of clinical trials and the more recent preclinical work that is in line with these trials. We explain the incongruities by the duration of stroma targeting and propose that chronic stroma targeting treatment is possibly detrimental in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Molecular mechanisms of microRNAs in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in human cancers. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:301-13. [PMID: 26683775 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) provides a strong driving force in the progression of various human cancers and the development of chemoresistance. Recently, numbers of studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs), by post-transcriptionally silencing EMT-related molecules, can promote or inhibit the EMT process and play pivotal roles in effectively manipulating the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of cancers. MiRNAs can also control the EMT or be controlled by genetic modification and mutual regulation, especially negative feedback. Therefore, miRNAs can be viewed as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes to facilitate or retard the EMT, resulting in far-reaching impact on tumor metastasis and effective diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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34
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Grabliauskaite K, Saponara E, Reding T, Bombardo M, Seleznik GM, Malagola E, Zabel A, Faso C, Sonda S, Graf R. Inactivation of TGFβ receptor II signalling in pancreatic epithelial cells promotes acinar cell proliferation, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and fibrosis during pancreatitis. J Pathol 2015; 238:434-45. [PMID: 26510396 DOI: 10.1002/path.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Determining signalling pathways that regulate pancreatic regeneration following pancreatitis is critical for implementing therapeutic interventions. In this study we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) in pancreatic epithelial cells during tissue regeneration. To this end, we conditionally inactivated TGFβ receptor II (TGFβ-RII) using a Cre-LoxP system under the control of pancreas transcription factor 1a (PTF1a) promoter, specific for the pancreatic epithelium, and evaluated the molecular and cellular changes in a mouse model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. We show that TGFβ-RII signalling does not mediate the initial acinar cell damage observed at the onset of pancreatitis. However, TGFβ-RII signalling not only restricts acinar cell replication during the regenerative phase of the disease but also limits ADM formation in vivo and in vitro in a cell-autonomous manner. Analyses of molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotype revealed that TGFβ-RII signalling stimulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and intersects with the EGFR signalling axis. Finally, TGFβ-RII ablation in epithelial cells resulted in increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in the early phases of pancreatitis and increased activation of pancreatic stellate cells in the later stages of pancreatitis, thus highlighting a TGFβ-based crosstalk between epithelial and stromal cells regulating the development of pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis. Collectively, our data not only contribute to clarifying the cellular processes governing pancreatic tissue regeneration, but also emphasize the conserved role of TGFβ as a tumour suppressor, both in the regenerative process following pancreatitis and in the initial phases of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamile Grabliauskaite
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrica Saponara
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gitta M Seleznik
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Zabel
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Faso
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Zheng X, Carstens JL, Kim J, Scheible M, Kaye J, Sugimoto H, Wu CC, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Nature 2015; 527:525-530. [PMID: 26560028 PMCID: PMC4849281 DOI: 10.1038/nature16064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1553] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julienne L Carstens
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiha Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew Scheible
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Judith Kaye
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chia-Chin Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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36
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Zhou W, Li Y, Gou S, Xiong J, Wu H, Wang C, Yan H, Liu T. MiR-744 increases tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37557-69. [PMID: 26485754 PMCID: PMC4741948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, commonly hyperactivated in pancreatic cancer, has been reported to play an important role in the maintenance of stemness of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which is closely related to the progression of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, exploring the regulatory mechanism in Wnt/β-catenin signaling may provide valuable clinical targets for cancer therapy. In the current study, we demonstrated that upregulation of miR-744 in pancreatic cancer promoted Wnt/β-catenin signaling by directly targeting secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and transducin-like enhancer of split 3 (TLE3), important negative modulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Expression of miR-744 was markedly upregulated in pancreatic cancer and positively correlated with poor patient survival. Furthermore, we found that overexpressing miR-744 enhanced, while inhibiting miR-744 reduced, the stem cell-like phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Importantly, in vivo model of human-derived pancreatic xenografts showed that miR-744 upregulation enhanced the tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings suggest that miR-744 plays a vital role in promoting the stem cell-like phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells, and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shanmiao Gou
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jiongxin Xiong
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Heshui Wu
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Chunyou Wang
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
| | - Haijiao Yan
- Department of Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, P.R. China
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37
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Rosati A, Basile A, D'Auria R, d'Avenia M, De Marco M, Falco A, Festa M, Guerriero L, Iorio V, Parente R, Pascale M, Marzullo L, Franco R, Arra C, Barbieri A, Rea D, Menichini G, Hahne M, Bijlsma M, Barcaroli D, Sala G, di Mola FF, di Sebastiano P, Todoric J, Antonucci L, Corvest V, Jawhari A, Firpo MA, Tuveson DA, Capunzo M, Karin M, De Laurenzi V, Turco MC. BAG3 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma growth by activating stromal macrophages. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8695. [PMID: 26522614 PMCID: PMC4659838 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and death rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have increased in recent years, therefore the identification of novel targets for treatment is extremely important. Interactions between cancer and stromal cells are critically involved in tumour formation and development of metastasis. Here we report that PDAC cells secrete BAG3, which binds and activates macrophages, inducing their activation and the secretion of PDAC supporting factors. We also identify IFITM-2 as a BAG3 receptor and show that it signals through PI3K and the p38 MAPK pathways. Finally, we show that the use of an anti-BAG3 antibody results in reduced tumour growth and prevents metastasis formation in three different mouse models. In conclusion, we identify a paracrine loop involved in PDAC growth and metastatic spreading, and show that an anti-BAG3 antibody has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rosati
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Anna Basile
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Raffaella D'Auria
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonia Falco
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Michelina Festa
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Luana Guerriero
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Vittoria Iorio
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pascale
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Liberato Marzullo
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Animal facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Animal facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Domenica Rea
- Animal facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Giulio Menichini
- Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Oncology, Careggi
University Hospital, Florence
50139, Italy
| | - Michael Hahne
- Institut de Génétique
Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5535,
Montpellier
34293, France
| | - Maarten Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Academic
Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Barcaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche,
University “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara,
Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, Chieti
66100, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche,
University “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara,
Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, Chieti
66100, Italy
| | | | | | - Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, UCSD, School of Medicine,
San Diego, California
92093-0723, USA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, UCSD, School of Medicine,
San Diego, California
92093-0723, USA
| | | | - Anass Jawhari
- CALIXAR, Bioparc, Bâtiment Laënnec,
Lyon
69008, France
| | - Matthew A Firpo
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of
Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
84132, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring
Harbor, New York
11724, USA
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, UCSD, School of Medicine,
San Diego, California
92093-0723, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche,
University “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara,
Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, Chieti
66100, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Turco
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
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38
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Integrated stress response is critical for gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1913. [PMID: 26469962 PMCID: PMC4632294 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with marked chemoresistance and a 5-year survival rate of 7%. The integrated stress response (ISR) is a cytoprotective pathway initiated in response to exposure to various environmental stimuli. We used pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) that are highly resistant to gemcitabine (Gem) and an orthotopic mouse model to investigate the role of the ISR in Gem chemoresistance. Gem induced eIF2 phosphorylation and downstream transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP in PCCs, and these effects occurred in an eIF2α-S51 phosphorylation-dependent manner as determined using PANC-1 cells, and wild type and S51 mutant mouse embryo fibroblasts. Blocking the ISR pathway in PCCs with the ISR inhibitor ISRIB or siRNA-mediated depletion of ATF4 resulted in enhanced Gem-mediated apoptosis. Polyribosomal profiling revealed that Gem caused repression of global translation and this effect was reversed by ISRIB or by expressing GADD34 to facilitate eIF2 dephosphorylation. Moreover, Gem promoted preferential mRNA translation as determined in a TK-ATF4 5′UTR-Luciferase reporter assay, and this effect was also reversed by ISRIB. RNA-seq analysis revealed that Gem upregulated eIF2 and Nrf2 pathways, and that ISRIB significantly inhibited these pathways. Gem also induced the expression of the antiapoptotic factors Nupr1, BEX2, and Bcl2a1, whereas ISRIB reduced their expression. In an orthotopic tumor model using PANC-1 cells, ISRIB facilitated Gem-mediated increases in PARP cleavage, which occurred in conjunction with decreased tumor size. These findings indicate that Gem chemoresistance is enhanced by activating multiple ISR-dependent pathways, including eIF2, Nrf2, Nupr1, BEX2, and Bcl2A1. It is suggested that targeting the ISR pathway may be an efficient mechanism for enhancing therapeutic responsiveness to Gem in PDAC.
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39
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Wang XH, Liu MN, Sun X, Xu CH, Liu J, Chen J, Xu RL, Li BX. TGF-β1 pathway affects the protein expression of many signaling pathways, markers of liver cancer stem cells, cytokeratins, and TERT in liver cancer HepG2 cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3675-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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40
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Nahta R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Andrade-Vieira R, Bay SN, Brown DG, Calaf GM, Castellino RC, Cohen-Solal KA, Colacci A, Cruickshanks N, Dent P, Di Fiore R, Forte S, Goldberg GS, Hamid RA, Krishnan H, Laird DW, Lasfar A, Marignani PA, Memeo L, Mondello C, Naus CC, Ponce-Cusi R, Raju J, Roy D, Roy R, Ryan EP, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Vento R, Vondráček J, Wade M, Woodrick J, Bisson WH. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S2-18. [PMID: 26106139 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontari
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 60503, USA
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Dept., kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 16163, Italy and
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Krah NM, De La O JP, Swift GH, Hoang CQ, Willet SG, Chen Pan F, Cash GM, Bronner MP, Wright CV, MacDonald RJ, Murtaugh LC. The acinar differentiation determinant PTF1A inhibits initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26151762 PMCID: PMC4536747 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may provide therapeutic strategies for this deadly disease. Recently, we and others made the surprising finding that PDAC and its preinvasive precursors, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), arise via reprogramming of mature acinar cells. We therefore hypothesized that the master regulator of acinar differentiation, PTF1A, could play a central role in suppressing PDAC initiation. In this study, we demonstrate that PTF1A expression is lost in both mouse and human PanINs, and that this downregulation is functionally imperative in mice for acinar reprogramming by oncogenic KRAS. Loss of Ptf1a alone is sufficient to induce acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, potentiate inflammation, and induce a KRAS-permissive, PDAC-like gene expression profile. As a result, Ptf1a-deficient acinar cells are dramatically sensitized to KRAS transformation, and reduced Ptf1a greatly accelerates development of invasive PDAC. Together, these data indicate that cell differentiation regulators constitute a new tumor suppressive mechanism in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Krah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Jean-Paul De La O
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Galvin H Swift
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chinh Q Hoang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Spencer G Willet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Fong Chen Pan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Gabriela M Cash
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Mary P Bronner
- Department of Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Christopher Ve Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Raymond J MacDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - L Charles Murtaugh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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42
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Carnero A, Blanco-Aparicio C, Kondoh H, Lleonart ME, Martinez-Leal JF, Mondello C, Ivana Scovassi A, Bisson WH, Amedei A, Roy R, Woodrick J, Colacci A, Vaccari M, Raju J, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Salem HK, Memeo L, Forte S, Singh N, Hamid RA, Ryan EP, Brown DG, Wise JP, Wise SS, Yasaei H. Disruptive chemicals, senescence and immortality. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S19-37. [PMID: 26106138 PMCID: PMC4565607 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is thought to be a multistep process, with clonal evolution playing a central role in the process. Clonal evolution involves the repeated 'selection and succession' of rare variant cells that acquire a growth advantage over the remaining cell population through the acquisition of 'driver mutations' enabling a selective advantage in a particular micro-environment. Clonal selection is the driving force behind tumorigenesis and possesses three basic requirements: (i) effective competitive proliferation of the variant clone when compared with its neighboring cells, (ii) acquisition of an indefinite capacity for self-renewal, and (iii) establishment of sufficiently high levels of genetic and epigenetic variability to permit the emergence of rare variants. However, several questions regarding the process of clonal evolution remain. Which cellular processes initiate carcinogenesis in the first place? To what extent are environmental carcinogens responsible for the initiation of clonal evolution? What are the roles of genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens in carcinogenesis? What are the underlying mechanisms responsible for chemical carcinogen-induced cellular immortality? Here, we explore the possible mechanisms of cellular immortalization, the contribution of immortalization to tumorigenesis and the mechanisms by which chemical carcinogens may contribute to these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio Carnero
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +34955923111; Fax: +34955923101;
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Experimental Therapuetics Department, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Matilde E. Lleonart
- Institut De Recerca Hospital Vall D’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Italy, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George’s Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- The Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, ME 04104, USA and
| | - Sandra S. Wise
- The Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, ME 04104, USA and
| | - Hemad Yasaei
- Brunel Institute of Cancer Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Health and Environment Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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Expression of E-cadherin repressors SNAIL, ZEB1 and ZEB2 by tumour and stromal cells influences tumour-budding phenotype and suggests heterogeneity of stromal cells in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1944-50. [PMID: 25989272 PMCID: PMC4580384 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is evidence that tumour–stroma interactions have a major role in the neoplastic progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Tumour budding is thought to reflect the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, the relationship between tumour buds and EMT remains unclear. Here we characterize the tumour-budding- and stromal cells in PDAC at protein and mRNA levels concerning factors involved in EMT. Methods: mRNA in situ hybridisation and immunostaining for E-cadherin, β-catenin, SNAIL1, ZEB1, ZEB2, N-cadherin and TWIST1 were assessed in the main tumour, tumour buds and tumour stroma on multipunch tissue microarrays from 120 well-characterised PDACs and associated with the clinicopathological features, including peritumoural (PTB) and intratumoural (ITB) budding. Results: Tumour-budding cells showed increased levels of ZEB1 (P<0.0001) and ZEB2 (P=0.0119) and reduced E-cadherin and β-catenin (P<0.0001, each) compared with the main tumour. Loss of membranous β-catenin in the main tumour (P=0.0009) and tumour buds (P=0.0053), without nuclear translocation, as well as increased SNAIL1 in tumour and stromal cells (P=0.0002, each) correlated with high PTB. ZEB1 overexpression in the main tumour-budding and stromal cells was associated with high ITB (P=0.0084; 0.0250 and 0.0029, respectively) and high PTB (P=0.0005; 0.0392 and 0.0007, respectively). ZEB2 overexpression in stromal cells correlated with higher pT stage (P=0.03), lymphatic invasion (P=0.0172) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.0152). Conclusions: In the tumour microenvironment of phenotypically aggressive PDAC, tumour-budding cells express EMT hallmarks at protein and mRNA levels underlining their EMT-type character and are surrounded by stromal cells expressing high levels of the E-cadherin repressors ZEB1, ZEB2 and SNAIL1, this being strongly associated with the tumour-budding phenotype. Moreover, our findings suggest the existence of subtypes of stromal cells in PDAC with phenotypical and functional heterogeneity.
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Gore J, Craven KE, Wilson JL, Cote GA, Cheng M, Nguyen HV, Cramer HM, Sherman S, Korc M. TCGA data and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts highlight pancreatic cancer-associated angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:7504-21. [PMID: 25762644 PMCID: PMC4480696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) overexpress pro-angiogenic factors but are not viewed as vascular. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas we demonstrate that a subset of PDACs exhibits a strong pro-angiogenic signature that includes 37 genes, such as HDAC9, that are overexpressed in PDAC arising in KRC mice, which express mutated Kras and lack RB. Moreover, patient-derived orthotopic xenografts can exhibit tumor angiogenesis, whereas conditioned media (CM) from KRC-derived pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) enhance endothelial cell (EC) growth and migration, and activate canonical TGF-β signaling and STAT3. Inhibition of the type I TGF-β receptor with SB505124 does not alter endothelial activation in vitro, but decreases pro-angiogenic gene expression and suppresses angiogenesis in vivo. Conversely, STAT3 silencing or JAK1-2 inhibition with ruxolitinib blocks CM-enhanced EC proliferation. STAT3 disruption also suppresses endothelial HDAC9 and blocks CM-induced HDAC9 expression, whereas HDAC9 re-expression restores CM-enhanced endothelial proliferation. Moreover, ruxolitinib blocks mitogenic EC/PCC cross-talk, and suppresses endothelial p-STAT3 and HDAC9, and PDAC progression and angiogenesis in vivo, while markedly prolonging survival of KRC mice. Thus, targeting JAK1-2 with ruxolitinib blocks a final pathway that is common to multiple pro-angiogenic factors, suppresses EC-mediated PCC proliferation, and may be useful in PDACs with a strong pro-angiogenic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Gore
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kelly E. Craven
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julie L. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gregory A. Cote
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Monica Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hai V. Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harvey M. Cramer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Zhao ZL, Ma SR, Wang WM, Huang CF, Yu GT, Wu TF, Bu LL, Wang YF, Zhao YF, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. Notch signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition to promote invasion and metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:162-174. [PMID: 25755838 PMCID: PMC4346533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered to have pivotal roles in the invasive and metastatic of Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) which is marked by local infiltration and distant metastasis. Notch signaling abnormity has been implicated as important molecular events in recent next generation sequencing studies of AdCC, but the detail is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate the expression of Notch signaling pathway and its relation with EMT program in AdCC. We constructed custom-made Tissue microarray (TMA) to evaluate the immunoreactivity of Notch signaling and EMT program and found that Notch signaling increase consecutively from NSG, PMA to AdCC, suggesting Notch signaling pathway may be associated with human AdCC progression. Then, we carried out Pearson correlation analysis and showed a close correlation of Notch signaling and EMT progression. When blocking Notch signaling pathway with γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, EMT progression was decreased and migration and invasion ability were declined. Collectively, these findings suggest the vital roles of Notch signaling pathway in AdCC progression through their relationship with EMT progress. Targeting Notch signaling may provide further understanding of the mechanism of invasion and metastasis of AdCC as well as potential clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Si-Rui Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Cong-Fa Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Tian-Fu Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yu-Fan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yi-Fang Zhao
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
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Cote GA, Gore AJ, McElyea SD, Heathers LE, Xu H, Sherman S, Korc M. A pilot study to develop a diagnostic test for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on differential expression of select miRNA in plasma and bile. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:1942-52. [PMID: 25350767 PMCID: PMC4261139 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accurate peripheral markers for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are lacking. We measured the differential expression of select microRNAs (miRNAs) in plasma and bile among patients with PDAC, chronic pancreatitis (CP), and controls. METHODS We identified patients (n=215) with treatment-naive PDAC (n=77), CP with bile/pancreatic duct pathology (n=67), and controls (n=71) who had been prospectively enrolled in a Pancreatobiliary Biorepository at the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic ultrasound. Controls were patients with choledocholithiasis but normal pancreata. The sample was separated into training (n=95) and validation (n=120) cohorts to establish and then test the performance of PDAC Signature Panels in diagnosing PDAC. The training cohort (n=95) included age-matched patients with PDAC, CP, and controls. Panels were derived from the differential expression of 10 candidate miRNAs in plasma or bile. We selected miRNAs having excellent accuracy for inclusion in regression models. RESULTS Using the training cohort, we confirmed the differential expression of 9/10 miRNAs in plasma (miR-10b, -30c, -106b, -132, -155, -181a, -181b, -196a, and -212) and 7/10 in bile (excluding miR-21, -132, and -181b). Of these, five (miR-10b, -155, -106b, -30c, and -212) had excellent accuracy for distinguishing PDAC. In the training and validation cohorts, the sensitivity/specificity for a PDAC Panel derived from plasma was 95/100% and 100/100%, respectively; in bile, these were 96/100% and 100/100%. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of miRNA-10b, -155, and -106b in plasma appears highly accurate in diagnosing PDAC. Additional studies are needed to confirm this Panel and explore its value as a prognostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Cote
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - A Jesse Gore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center at the IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Samantha D McElyea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center at the IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Laura E Heathers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Huiping Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center at the IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Walther Hall, R3 C528, 980 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. E-mail:
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Zhang Q, Yu N, Lee C. Vicious cycle of TGF-β signaling in tumor progression and metastasis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:149-155. [PMID: 25374917 PMCID: PMC4219298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β is an important biological mediator. It regulates a wide range of functions including embryonic development, wound healing, organ development, immuno-modulation, and cancer progression. Interestingly, TGF-β is known to inhibit cell growth in benign cells but promote progression in cancer cells, a phenomenon known as TGF-β paradox. TGF-β stimulation in cancer cells leads to a differential Erk activation, which srves as the basis of TGF-β paradox between benign and cancer cells. The critical events of TGF-β mediated Erk activation are suppressed TBRs and elevated TGF-β in tumor cells but not in benign cells. These events form the basis of the "vicious cycle of TGF-β signaling". The term "vicious cycle", implies that, with each advancing cycle of TGF-β signaling, the tumor will accumulate more TGF-β and will be more "aggressive" than that of the previous cycle. Understanding this vicious cycle of TGF-β signaling in tumor progression and metastasis will help us to predict indolent from aggressive cancers and will help us to develop novel anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University School of MedicineChicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nengwang Yu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Jinan Military CommandJinan 250031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chung Lee
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University School of MedicineChicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Health System, Evanston HospitalEvanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Urology, University of California at IrvineIrvine, CA 92697, USA
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Steinestel K, Eder S, Schrader AJ, Steinestel J. Clinical significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:17. [PMID: 25050175 PMCID: PMC4094902 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process where cells change their epithelial towards a mesenchymal phenotype, has gained overwhelming attention especially in the cancer research community. Thousands of scientific reports investigated changes in gene, mRNA and protein expression compatible with EMT and their possible correlation with tumor invasion, metastatic spread or patient prognosis; however, up to now, a proof of clinical significance of the concept is still missing. This review, with a main focus on the role of EMT in tumors, will summarize the basic molecular events underlying EMT including the signaling pathways capable of its induction as well as changes in EMT-associated protein expression and will very briefly touch the role of microRNAs in EMT. We then outline protein markers that are used most frequently for the assessment of EMT in research and diagnostic evaluation of tumor specimens and depict the link between EMT, a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and resistance to conventional antineoplastic therapies. Furthermore, we evaluate a possible correlation between EMT marker expression and patient prognosis as well as current therapeutic concepts targeting the EMT process to slow down or prevent metastatic spread of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Steinestel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stefan Eder
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
| | - Andres Jan Schrader
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, Ulm 89075, Germany
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Luo L, Li N, Lv N, Huang D. SMAD7: a timer of tumor progression targeting TGF-β signaling. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8379-85. [PMID: 24935472 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of cancer, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a cell growth suppressor; however, it is also a critical inducer of invasion and metastasis. SMAD is the important mediator of TGF-β signaling pathway, which includes receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs), common-mediator SMADs (co-SMADs), and inhibitory SMADs (I-SMADs). I-SMADs block the activation of R-SMADs and co-SMADs and thus play important roles especially in the SMAD-dependent signaling. SMAD7 belongs to the I-SMADs. As an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, SMAD7 is overexpressed in numerous cancer types and its abundance is positively correlated to the malignancy. Emerging evidence has revealed the switch-in-role of SMAD7 in cancer, from a TGF-β inhibiting protein at the early stages that facilitates proliferation to an enhancer of invasion at the late stages. This role change may be accompanied or elicited by the tumor microenvironment and/or somatic mutation. Hence, current knowledge suggests a tumor-favorable timer nature of SMAD7 in cancer progression. In this review, we summarized the advances and recent findings of SMAD7 and TGF-β signaling in cancer, followed by specific discussion on the possible factors that account for the functional changes of SMAD7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Luo
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17th Yongwaizen St., Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Q, Yu N, Lee C. Mysteries of TGF-β Paradox in Benign and Malignant Cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:94. [PMID: 24860782 PMCID: PMC4026682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β regulates a wide range of biological functions including embryonic development, wound healing, organogenesis, immune modulation, and cancer progression. Interestingly, TGF-β is known to inhibit cell growth in benign cells but promote progression in cancer cells; this phenomenon is known as TGF-β paradox. To date, the mechanism of this paradox still remains a scientific mystery. In this review, we present our experience, along with the literature, in an attempt to answer this mystery. First, we observed that, on TGF-β engagement, there is a differential activation of Erk between benign and cancer cells. Since activated Erk is a major mediator in tumor progression and metastasis, a differentially activated Erk represents the answer to this mystery. Second, we identified a key player, PP2A-B56α, which is differentially recruited by the activated type I TGF-β receptor (TBRI) in benign and tumor cells, resulting in differential Erk activation. Finally, TGF-β stimulation leads to suppressed TBRs in tumor cells but not in benign cells. This differentially suppressed TBRs triggers differential recruitment of PP2A-B56α and, thus, differential activation of Erk. The above three events explain the mysteries of TGF-β paradox. Understanding the mechanism of TGF-β paradox will help us to predict indolent from aggressive cancers and develop novel anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nengwang Yu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China
| | - Chung Lee
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston Hospital, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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