Panic disorder in genotypic HLA identical sibling pairs

Panic disorder: evidence for genetic vulnerability

Many studies have suggested that a genetic predisposition to the development of panic disorder exists. These studies are examined and their limitations discussed. It is suggested that only by the analysis of comprehensive family and twin data, coupled with other measures such as the search for possible single gene association or linkage and study of the children of panic disorder patients, will the mechanism for the 'familiarity' noted in panic disorder patients be elucidated. Delineation of the mode of transmission of panic disorder may allow preventative intervention with those at risk before they develop panic.

Clinical and biological correlates of panic states

Panic states may be a presenting symptom in medical or psychiatric conditions. It is also a discrete diagnostic entity with distinct genetic, clinical and biological profiles. This paper reviews the salient features of the condition and its clinical presentation including its biological characteristics.

The familial occurrence of agoraphobia

Agoraphobia is believed to run in families, but this belief is not well supported by the literature. Data were gathered on the risk of agoraphobia in parents and siblings of 60 agoraphobic probands; 12 1/2% of the relatives were reported to have or have had agoraphobia. This risk is significantly greater than estimates of the population incidence, and requires explanation. The details of the pedigrees do not directly support simple genetic models while investigations into environmental factors in agoraphobia by other workers have been inconclusive. As a putative case has been established for the familial occurrence of agoraphobia, further work is required to shed light on whether genetic or cultural factors are paramount.