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Ahmed JO, Kakamad KK, Najmadden ZB, Saeed SI. Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi (Rhazes) (865-925): The Founder of the First Psychiatric Ward. Cureus 2024; 16:e64601. [PMID: 39144840 PMCID: PMC11324200 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi, also known as Rhazes, was a 10th-century Persian polymath who made significant contributions to medicine, philosophy, chemistry, and psychiatry. He is credited with founding the first psychiatric ward in Baghdad, highlighting the medical treatment of mental illnesses. His empirical and innovative approaches to clinical observation and experimentation laid the basis for modern evidence-based medicine. Al-Razi's comprehensive works, such as "The Comprehensive Book," profoundly influenced both Islamic and European medical practices, securing his legacy as a pivotal figure in medical history. Therefore, the primary objective of this narrative review is to revisit the remarkable contributions of Al-Razi in the field of psychiatry, specifically highlighting his role as the founder of the first psychiatric ward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaafar O Ahmed
- Psychology, Soran University, Soran, IRQ
- Research, Kscien Organization, Sulaymaniyah, IRQ
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Tomicek NJ, Cafferty P, Casagrand J, Co E, Flemming M, McFarland J, O'Loughlin V, Scott D, Silverthorn DU. Creating the HAPS Physiology Learning Outcomes: terminology, eponyms, inclusive language, core concepts, and skills. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2024; 48:21-32. [PMID: 37916275 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00129.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Learning outcomes are an essential element in curriculum development because they describe what students should be able to do by the end of a course or program and they provide a roadmap for designing assessments. This article describes the development of competency-based learning outcomes for a one-semester undergraduate introductory human physiology course. Key elements in the development process included decisions about terminology, eponyms, use of the word "normal," and similar considerations for inclusivity. The outcomes are keyed to related physiology core concepts and to process skills that can be taught along with the content. The learning outcomes have been published under a Creative Commons license by the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and are available free of charge on the HAPS website.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article describes the development of competency-based learning outcomes for introductory undergraduate human physiology courses that were published and made available free of charge by the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). These learning outcomes can be edited and are keyed to physiology core concepts and to process skills that can be taught along with the content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette J Tomicek
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Patrick Cafferty
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Janet Casagrand
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Elizabeth Co
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Meg Flemming
- Biology Department, Austin Community College, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Jenny McFarland
- Biology Department, Edmonds College, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Valerie O'Loughlin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Derek Scott
- School of Medicine, Medical Science & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dee U Silverthorn
- Department of Medical Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
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From Alchemy to Psychiatry: A Glimpse into the Ethics and Mental Health Practices of Tenth-Century Muslim Physician Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2022; 30:323-326. [PMID: 36103685 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rhazes (AD 865-925) and his early contributions to the field of pediatrics. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:1435-1438. [PMID: 28681145 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi (AD 865–925) and early description of clinical trials. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:758-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dalfardi B, Mahmoudi Nezhad GS, Ghanizadeh A. Rhazes' description of a case with aortic regurgitation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:e147-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Early contributions of Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi (865–925) to evidence-based medicine. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:604-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zarea K, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi A, Abbaszadeh A, Mohammadpour A. Psychiatric nursing as 'different' care: experience of Iranian mental health nurses in inpatient psychiatric wards. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2013; 20:124-33. [PMID: 22384949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with mental illness require unique and specific care. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of nurses, who provide such care for mentally ill people, within the context of Iranian culture. This hermeneutic phenomenological study was carried out in a university-affiliated hospital in an urban area of Iran. We interviewed 10 mental health nurses to capture in detail their experiences in psychiatric units, and the approach developed by Diekelmann et al. was employed to analyse the data. Four themes and five sub-themes were identified: 'being engaged with patients' (sub-themes: 'struggle for monitor/control', 'safety/security concerns', 'supporting physiological and emotional needs'), 'being competent', 'altruistic care' and 'facing difficulties and challenges' (sub-themes: 'socio-cultural' and 'organizational challenges'). The results provide valuable insights and greater understanding of the professional experiences of psychiatric nurses in Iran, and indicate the need for a stable and responsible organizational structure for those nurses who are expected to manage patient care in psychiatric wards.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zarea
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zarshenas MM, Mehdizadeh A, Zargaran A, Mohagheghzadeh A. Rhazes (865–925 AD). J Neurol 2012; 259:1001-2. [PMID: 22302275 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad M Zarshenas
- Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lo WB, Ellis H. The circle before willis: a historical account of the intracranial anastomosis. Neurosurgery 2010; 66:7-18; discussion 17-8. [PMID: 19935436 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000362002.63241.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circle of Willis is one of the most famous eponymous structures in human anatomy. There is no doubt Thomas Willis at Oxford accurately demonstrated the anastomotic arterial supply at the base of the brain. However, this eponymous name does not reveal the history of the discovery of the ramification, nor does it give credit to the anatomists and artists who have contributed to the understanding of this clinically important structure. This article first traces the story of the discovery of the circle of Willis. Willis' contribution and innovative approaches are then discussed. Finally, despite Willis' not being the first to describe the circle, we explain why he still deserves to retain the eponymous title. The earlier description of the vasculature at the base of the brain was fixated on a nonexistent structure, at least not in humans, named the rete mirabile. The more scientific study of the blood supply to the brain took place during the Renaissance period, which culminated in the work of Thomas Willis in the 17th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir S Amr
- Pathology Services Division, Dhahran Health Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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