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Wen F, Gu Y, Yan J, Liu J, Wang F, Yu L, Li Y, Cui Y. Revisiting the structure of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) in a sample of Chinese children with tic disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:394. [PMID: 34372795 PMCID: PMC8351146 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the best of our knowledge, although the Chinese version of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is widely used in child psychiatry departments in China, there is very little evidence focusing on the psychometric characteristics of the Chinese version of YGTSS. In this present study, we aim to re-examine the structure of the Chinese version of YGTSS and investigate its reliability and validity. METHODS A total of 367 children and adolescents with tic disorders aged 5-16 years old participated in the study. The Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity will be calculated. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) also will be performed to assess the structure of YGTSS. RESULTS The Cronbach's alpha of the motor tic subscale of YGTSS was 0.84, for the phonic tic subscale of YGTSS, it was 0.90, but for the whole scale, it was 0.58. The test-retest reliability of YGTSS was 0.84. For the results of CFA, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of YGTSS based on the Two-Factor Model and Three-Factor Model was 0.97 and 0.96 respectively. The measurement invariance analysis suggested that the Two-Factor model of YGTSS across different age and sex groups was at the accepted level (≥0.90). CONCLUSION Overall, according to the results of this research, it suggested that the Chinese version of YGTSS showed good psychometric properties. It can be used in the assessment of tic disorders in the Chinese population. In the future, more comprehensive tools for assessing tics need to be further developed, which can cover the symptoms of premonitory urge and tic related obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wen
- grid.411609.bDepartment of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yi Gu
- grid.411609.bDepartment of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Junjuan Yan
- grid.411609.bDepartment of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jingran Liu
- grid.411609.bDepartment of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Fang Wang
- grid.411609.bDepartment of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Liping Yu
- grid.411609.bDepartment of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yonghua Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Abstract
Tourette syndrome is a multifaceted disorder characterized by multiple motor and at least one vocal tics that start in childhood, persist for at least 1 year, and cannot be attributed to another medical condition or exposure to medications/drugs. Clinical diagnostic criteria are available, and identification of tics is typically straightforward based on characteristic appearance and features. Diagnostic uncertainty can rarely arise in cases of mild tics, atypical features, certain psychiatric comorbidities, and other non-tic movement disorders. Comorbid psychopathology, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive behaviors/obsessive-compulsive disorder, affects the majority of patients and is correlated with disease severity and the presence of additional psychiatric behaviors. The severity of tics often improves after adolescence, whereas psychiatric symptoms typically persist. The subset of patients in whom tics persist into adulthood experience higher rates of anxiety, and lower self-esteem, socioeconomic status, and quality of life; the relative contribution of motor tics and psychopathology is not fully understood. This article summarizes the clinical features of Tourette syndrome, including major diagnostic criteria, unique features of tics, and key aspects that differentiate tics from common mimics and chameleons. Comorbid psychiatric conditions and their impact on phenotype and quality of life are described. Finally, current understanding of the natural history is summarized, including limited research in adults with Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler E Gill
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katie Kompoliti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Li Y, Wang F, Liu J, Wen F, Yan C, Zhang J, Lu X, Cui Y. The Correlation Between the Severity of Premonitory Urges and Tic Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2019; 29:652-658. [PMID: 31343266 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Premonitory urges (PUs) are defined as sensory experiences of pre-tic inner tension. Evidence suggests that most patients with Tourette syndrome experience PUs, which are transiently relived by the expression of tics. However, recent studies have revealed inconsistent results regarding the correlation between the severity of PUs and the severity of tic symptoms. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed to confirm the correlation between the severity of the urge and the severity of the expression of the tic. In total, 10 studies involving 626 patients with tic disorders were included in this meta-analysis. Results: The correlation coefficient (r) was extracted from each selected study, and a pooled correlation coefficient (r) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to identify the potential sources of heterogeneity. The pooled correlation coefficient (r) of the relationship between the severity of PUs and tic symptoms was 0.296 (95% CI: 0.215-0.376) with an I2 of 15.2% (95% CI: 0.00-56.5) based on a fixed effects model. The correlation was stronger in adults than in children (p = 0.03). Conclusion: A slight to moderate positive correlation was observed between the severity of PUs and tic symptoms. This correlation may be affected by the age of the patients. Further research should seek to elucidate the relationships among PUs, tic suppression, and tic expression to support the development of behavioral intervention therapies to reduce tic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingran Liu
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wen
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Yan
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jishui Zhang
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Cui
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Cavanna AE, Black KJ, Hallett M, Voon V. Neurobiology of the Premonitory Urge in Tourette's Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Treatment Implications. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 29:95-104. [PMID: 28121259 PMCID: PMC5409107 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16070141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Motor and vocal tics are relatively common motor manifestations identified as the core features of Tourette's syndrome (TS). Although traditional descriptions have focused on objective phenomenological observations, such as anatomical location, number and frequency of tics, patients' first-person accounts have consistently reported characteristic subjective correlates. These sensory phenomena are often described as a feeling of mounting inner tension or urge to move ("premonitory urge"), which is transiently relieved by tic expression. This article reviews the existing literature on the clinical and neurobiological aspects of the premonitory urge in patients with TS, with focus on its pathophysiology and possible treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Cavanna
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Research Group, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK,University College London and Institute of Neurology, London, UK,Corresponding author: Andrea E. Cavanna, MD PhD FRCP, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, 25 Vincent Drive, Birmingham B152FG, United Kingdom, , Tel: +44 121 3012280
| | - Kevin J Black
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Cambridge, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Osman A, Seri S, Cavanna AE. Clinical characteristics of patients with epilepsy in a specialist neuropsychiatry service. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 58:44-7. [PMID: 27057744 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatry services provide specialist input into the assessment and management of behavioral symptoms associated with a range of neurological conditions, including epilepsy. Despite the centrality of epilepsy to neuropsychiatry and the recent expansion of neuropsychiatry service provision, little is known about the clinical characteristics of patients with epilepsy who are routinely seen by a specialist neuropsychiatry service. This retrospective study filled this gap by retrospectively evaluating a naturalistic series of 60 consecutive patients with epilepsy referred to and assessed within a neuropsychiatry setting. Fifty-two patients (86.7%) had active epilepsy and were under the ongoing care of the referring neurologist for seizure management. The majority of patients (N=42; 70.0%) had a diagnosis of localization-related epilepsy, with temporal lobe epilepsy as the most common epilepsy type (N=37; 61.7%). Following clinical assessment, 39 patients (65.0%) fulfilled formal diagnostic criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder; nonepileptic attack disorder (N=37; 61.7%), major depression (N=23; 38.3%), and generalized anxiety disorder (N=16; 26.7%) were the most commonly diagnosed comorbidities. The clinical characteristics of patients seen in specialist neuropsychiatry settings are in line with the results from previous studies in neurology clinics in terms of both epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity. Our findings confirm the need for the development and implementation of structured care pathways for the neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy, with focus on comorbid nonepileptic attacks and affective and anxiety symptoms. This is of particular importance in consideration of the impact of behavioral symptoms on patients' health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Osman
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefano Seri
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Children's Epilepsy Surgery Programme, The Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea E Cavanna
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology and UCL, London, UK.
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Rektor I, Schachter SC, Arya R, Arzy S, Braakman H, Brodie MJ, Brugger P, Chang BS, Guekht A, Hermann B, Hesdorffer DC, Jones-Gotman M, Kanner AM, Garcia-Larrea L, Mareš P, Mula M, Neufeld M, Risse GL, Ryvlin P, Seeck M, Tomson T, Korczyn AD. Third International Congress on Epilepsy, Brain, and Mind: Part 2. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 50:138-59. [PMID: 26264466 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is both a disease of the brain and the mind. Here, we present the second of two papers with extended summaries of selected presentations of the Third International Congress on Epilepsy, Brain and Mind (April 3-5, 2014; Brno, Czech Republic). Humanistic, biologic, and therapeutic aspects of epilepsy, particularly those related to the mind, were discussed. The extended summaries provide current overviews of epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and treatment, including brain functional connectivity and functional organization; juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; cognitive problems in newly diagnosed epilepsy; SUDEP including studies on prevention and involvement of the serotoninergic system; aggression and antiepileptic drugs; body, mind, and brain, including pain, orientation, the "self-location", Gourmand syndrome, and obesity; euphoria, obsessions, and compulsions; and circumstantiality and psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rektor
- Masaryk University, Brno Epilepsy Center, St. Anne's Hospital and School of Medicine and Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steven C Schachter
- Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovation and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ravindra Arya
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shahar Arzy
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hilde Braakman
- Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht UMC, Sterkselseweg 65, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Brugger
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernard S Chang
- Departments of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alla Guekht
- Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bruce Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dale C Hesdorffer
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Marilyn Jones-Gotman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andres M Kanner
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- NeuroPain Lab, Centre for Neuroscience of Lyon, Inserm U1028, Hôpital Neurologique, 59Bd Pinel 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Pavel Mareš
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Mula
- Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St George's Hospital & Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Miri Neufeld
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; TIGER, Lyon's Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS5292 Lyon, France
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Neurology Service, Hòpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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Cavanna AE, Nani A. Tourette syndrome and consciousness of action. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 3. [PMID: 24106650 PMCID: PMC3782755 DOI: 10.7916/d8pv6j33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the chronic presence of multiple motor tics and at least one vocal/phonic tic since childhood. Tics typically change and vary in both intensity and severity over time, with remission and exacerbation common. In the vast majority of patients, tic expression is characteristically accompanied by discomforting bodily sensations, known as sensory phenomena or premonitory urges. METHODS We reviewed the existing literature on premonitory urges associated with the sense of voluntariness of action in TS. RESULTS Although the wish to move is perceived by the patient as involuntary, the decision to release the tic is often perceived by the patient as a voluntary capitulation to the subjective urge. Most patients with TS can exert a degree of control over the urge and constantly try to inhibit the movement. Based on these features, it has been suggested that tics performed in response to an urge to move should be classified as 'unvoluntary', as opposed to voluntary or involuntary acts. However, recent experimental data suggest that the brain areas involved in the generation of the wish to act show considerable overlap between healthy subjects and patients with TS. DISCUSSION The simultaneous presence of both voluntary and involuntary aspects in the expression of tic symptoms by patients with TS is consistent with the hypothesis that tics can have the same neurophysiologic substrate as voluntary acts, even though they are misperceived as being involuntary. This reinforces the view of TS as a hyperkinetic movement disorder primarily affecting the conscious experience of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Cavanna
- Michael Trimble Neuropsychiatry Research Group, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, United Kingdom ; School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom ; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL and Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Hamed SA, Elserogy YM, Abd-Elhafeez HA. Psychopathological and peripheral levels of neurobiological correlates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with epilepsy: a hospital-based study. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 27:409-15. [PMID: 23541859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs) and disorder (OCD) are often underdiagnosed in the out-patient epilepsy clinic. This work aimed at determining the risks and comorbidities (psychopathological and neurobiological correlates) of OCSs in treated adults with idiopathic epilepsy recruited from a university hospital. METHODS Psychiatric evaluation was done using DSM-IV (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders). Obsessive-compulsive disorder was identified using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) were used to determine the severity of the related psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS Out of 474 patients screened, included in this study were 107 with no psychiatric symptoms and 188 with OCSs [classified as those with at least OCSs=93; mild OCSs=36; moderate, severe, and extreme OCSs=59]. A hundred healthy subjects were included as controls. Blood concentrations of serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine were measured. Compared with controls, patients with OCSs had higher frequencies of depression and anxiety. Low concentrations of serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine were reported regardless of the presence or the absence of psychiatric symptoms, OCS severities, and antiepileptic drug (AED)-related variables (dose and serum drug level). Significant correlations were identified between Y-BOCS, BDI-II, and HAM-A scores, age, age at onset, and concentrations of noradrenaline. CONCLUSION This study indicates that a) OCSs are common in patients with epilepsy. Male sex, age, duration of illness, seizure focus, lateralization, and intractability to AEDs are its main risks; b) depression and anxiety are comorbid psychopathologies; and c) serotonin, catecholamines, and dopamine are linked to epilepsy-related variables and its comorbid psychopathies but not to its medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa A Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.
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Kaplan PW. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22:428-32. [PMID: 21889913 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-recognized association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronic epilepsy, most notably refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The literature documents this association with case reports, patient series, and some larger controlled studies that reveal that almost a quarter of patients with TLE exhibit OCD features, which may go unrecognized. Obsession features with ordering, symmetry, exactness, handwashing, and religiosity occur more often in persons with right- or left-sided epileptic foci than in those with idiopathic generalized epilepsies or controls. Neurobiological and social factors suggest abnormalities of the frontal-thalamic-pallidal-striatal-anterior cingulate-frontal circuits stemming from the observation that certain diseases, damage, or surgery along these circuits may produce or, conversely, reduce OCD in TLE. This review explores the literature on case reports, case series, and larger retrospective controlled studies and looks at the associations of epilepsy with OCD. Contemporary speculation on the theoretical neurobiological underpinnings provides some basis on how and where to direct treatment. Invasive deep brain stimulation has triggered recent controversy on newer treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been associated with epilepsy. The link with temporal lobe (usually refractory) epilepsy (TLE) is particularly prominent. Of TLE patients, 10% to 22% of patients may have OCD, often underdiagnosed in the outpatient clinic. Data on the links include case reports, case series, and controlled studies. Three larger, controlled studies in TLE patients, using comprehensive epilepsy and OCD classifications, in aggregate, have noted the obsessive qualities of washing, symmetry/exactness, and ordering, with a greater preoccupation with certain aspects of religion, compared with controls or patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. TLE foci may be either left- or right-sided. Social and neurobiological factors are involved in OCD in TLE. The neurobiology implicates a pathophysiological or structural impairment of the orbitofrontal-thalamic, and frontothalamic-pallidal-striatal-anterior cingulate-frontal circuits. Discrete anatomic lesions in these pathways, or their surgical removal, may induce (or conversely) improve OCD in TLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kaplan
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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