Association of adiponectin gene polymorphism (+T45G) with acute coronary syndrome and circulating adiponectin levels

Identifying Markers of Cardiovascular Event-Free Survival in Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations appearing at birth and is associated with increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, in some cases, FH subjects over 70 years of age have surprisingly never experienced any CVD symptoms throughout their entire lives. The objective of this study consists of identifying biological and environmental markers acting as cardioprotective factors and associated with unexpected survival in FH. Upon age and reported cardiovascular events (CVE) stratification, we identified a total of 458 French–Canadian FH subjects with premature reported CVE, and 1297 young adults as well as 24 elderly subjects (≥70 years) who have never reported CVE requiring hospitalization. Logistic regression models were used to depict cardioprotective markers among FH survivors (≥70 years). Regression analyses of the FH cohort showed that female sex (odds ratio (OR) = 12.92 (4.23–39.46); p < 0.0001), high levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C (OR = 6.76 (2.43–18.79); p = 0.0002) and elevated concentrations of adiponectin (OR = 71.40 (5.20–980.47); p = 0.001) were significant contributory factors in reducing FH-related CVD risk. Notably, female (OR = 11.45 (1.25–105.98); p = 0.031) and high HDL-C (OR = 9.78 (1.75–54.67); p = 0.009) were shown to be significant covariates associated with survival in FH. Non-smoking (OR = 11.73 (4.36–31.56); p < 0.0001) was also identified as an environmental factor associated with CVE-free survival. Based on this configured model of premature CVE occurrence, these results demonstrated that, beyond LDL-C levels, female sex, high HDL-C, elevated adiponectin and non-smoking are important markers that contribute to a reduced risk of CVD and CVE-free survival in FH.

Integrated Datasets of Proteomic and Metabolomic Biomarkers to Predict Its Impacts on Comorbidities of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the current study is to accomplish a relative exploration of the biological roles of differentially dysregulated genes (DRGs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study aimed to determine the impact of these DRGs on the biological pathways and networks that are related to the associated disorders and complications in T2DM and to predict its role as prospective biomarkers.

METHODS

Datasets obtained from metabolomic and proteomic profiling were used for investigation of the differential expression of the genes. A subset of DRGs was integrated into IPA software to explore its biological pathways, related diseases, and their regulation in T2DM. Upon entry into the IPA, only 94 of the DRGs were recognizable, mapped, and matched within the database.

RESULTS

The study identified networks that explore the dysregulation of several functions; cell components such as degranulation of cells; molecular transport process and metabolism of cellular proteins; and inflammatory responses. Top disorders associated with DRGs in T2DM are related to organ injuries such as renal damage, connective tissue disorders, and acute inflammatory disorders. Upstream regulator analysis predicted the role of several transcription factors of interest, such as STAT3 and HIF alpha, as well as many kinases such as JAK kinases, which affects the gene expression of the dataset in T2DM. Interleukin 6 (IL6) is the top regulator of the DRGs, followed by leptin (LEP). Monitoring the dysregulation of the coupled expression of the following biomarkers (TNF, IL6, LEP, AGT, APOE, F2, SPP1, and INS) highlights that they could be used as potential prognostic biomarkers.

CONCLUSION

The integration of data obtained by advanced metabolomic and proteomic technologies has made it probable to advantage in understanding the role of these biomarkers in the identification of significant biological processes, pathways, and regulators that are associated with T2DM and its comorbidities.

Effects of ADIPOQ polymorphisms on individual susceptibility to coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

Whether adiponectin (ADIPOQ) polymorphisms affect individual susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD) remains controversial. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to better analyse associations between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and CAD. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and CNKI were searched for eligible studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Totally, 51 studies were eligible for analyses. In overall analyses, significant associations with the susceptibility to CAD were detected for rs266729 (overdominant model: p= 0.03, OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.22), rs822395 (recessive model: p= 0.007, OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.05–1.40) and rs2241766 (dominant model: p= 0.0009, OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.92; recessive model: p= 0.04, OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.64; allele model: p< 0.0001, OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.88) polymorphisms. Further subgroup analyses by ethnicity revealed that rs1501299 polymorphism was significantly associated with the susceptibility to CAD in East Asians, while rs2241766 polymorphism was significantly associated with the susceptibility to CAD in Caucasians, East Asians and South Asians. In summary, our findings indicated that rs266729, rs822395, rs1501299 and rs2241766 polymorphisms were all significantly associated with the susceptibility to CAD in certain populations.

Associations between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

Background

Whether adiponectin (ADIPOQ) polymorphisms are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) remain controversial. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to better explore potential roles of ADIPOQ polymorphisms in CAD.

Methods

PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and CNKI were searched for eligible studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results

Totally 45 studies were included for pooled analyses. A significant association with the susceptibility to CAD was detected for rs2241766 (dominant model: p = 0.0009, OR = 0.82, 95%CI 0.73–0.92; recessive model: p = 0.04, OR = 1.29, 95%CI 1.02–1.64; allele model: p < 0.0001, OR = 0.80, 95%CI 0.73–0.88) polymorphism in overall population. Further subgroup analyses by ethnicity showed that rs1501299 polymorphism was significantly associated with the susceptibility to CAD in East Asians, whereas rs2241766 polymorphism was significantly associated with the susceptibility to CAD in Caucasians, East Asians and South Asians.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that rs1501299 and rs2241766 polymorphisms both affect the susceptibility to CAD in certain populations.

Association of Adiponectin 45T/G Polymorphism with Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications in Korean Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND

Adiponectin is an adipokine that regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. It also plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

METHODS

This study evaluated the association between adiponectin 45T/G polymorphism and cardiovascular complication in type 2 diabetes in Koreans.

RESULTS

The present study included 758 patients with type 2 diabetes. The distribution of the adiponectin 45T/G polymorphism was 3.56% (n = 27) for GG, 42.35% (n = 321) for TG, and 54.09% (n = 410) for TT in patients with type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of CVD was significantly higher in subjects with the GG + TG genotype compared to those with the TT genotype (17.5% vs. 9.8%, P = 0.002). The G allele was associated with a higher risk of CVD (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the adiponectin 45T/G polymorphism is associated with diabetic cardiovascular complication in type 2 diabetes.

Contribution of adiponectin polymorphisms to the risk of coronary artery disease in a North-African Tunisian population

BACKGROUND

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein, is known to play a key role in the processes leading to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) through its anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-apoptotic properties. In the current study, we have studied the association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) +45 T>G (rs2241766) and +276 G>T (rs1501299) of the adiponectin gene with coronary artery disease (CAD) on an Arab/North-African population from Tunisia.

METHODS

Subjects comprised 277 patients with angiographically demonstrated CAD and 269 age- and gender-matched control subjects. The adiponectin genotypes were performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP). The contribution of adiponectin variants to CAD was analyzed by haplotype and regression analysis.

RESULTS

Adiponectin +45T>G and +276G>T genotypic and allelic distributions did not show a significant difference between cases and controls. Similarly, no association with CAD was observed for the haplotype analysis. Assuming dominant model of transmission for both polymorphisms and after adjustment of a number of traditional risk factors for CAD, logistic regression analysis showed an association of SNP +45 T>G with increased risk of developing CAD [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 2.59 (1.17-5.70); P = .01]. However, SNP + 276 G>T is associated with decreased risk of developing CAD [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 0.47 (0.22-0.97); P = .04].

CONCLUSION

There is no allelic or genotypic association of +45 T>G and +276 G>T of the adiponectin gene with CAD in the Tunisian population.

Association of β-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphisms With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Arab Population

We evaluated the association between beta-adrenergic receptor genes (ADRB1 and ADRB2) polymorphism, cardiovascular risk, and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in individuals from an Arab ethnicity. A total of 388 Qatari participants were assessed and genotyped for ADRB1 (rs1801252 & rs1801253) and ADRB2 (rs1042718 & rs1042713) polymorphisms using allele-specific PCR. Minor allele frequencies (MAF) in each single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) did not show statistically significant difference between cases and controls. A higher proportion of patients with ACS had homozygous minor alleles (GG) for rs1801253 (28.8% vs 17.1%; P = .019) compared with controls. Among cases with ACS, there was an association of minor allele frequency (G) for rs1801253 with severe coronary artery stenosis (0.485 vs 0.428; P = .04) than that of insignificant stenosis (<50% stenosis). There was a 3-fold increased risk of significant coronary stenosis in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and carrier of rs1801253 genotypes with dominant model ( P = .01) and recessive model ( P = .05). There is a possible synergic association between DM, carrier of ADRB1 (Arg389Gly) variants, and significant coronary artery stenosis among Arabs. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to support our findings.

Genetic and Non-Genetic Determinants of Circulating Levels of Adiponectin in a Cohort of Chilean Subjects

BACKGROUND

Low adiponectin levels have been associated with obesity, diabetes, coronary disease and polymorphisms. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and genetic factors related to adiponectin levels in a Chilean adult population.

METHODS

Four groups of 27 individuals, stratified by gender and abdominal obesity, were included in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity level, cardiovascular risk factors and therapy were assessed. Anthropometric measurements, adiponectin, glucose, insulin, hs-CRP, rs1501299, rs2241766, rs266729 and rs17300539 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene were determined.

RESULTS

Adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, weight, body mass index, insulin levels, homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and physical activity. Mean adiponectin levels were lower in men (10.1 ± 3.6 vs 11.9 ± 2.9 μg/mL, p = 0.0051), obese (9.9 ± 3.2 vs 12.1 ± 3.3, p < 0.01), physically inactive (8.9 ± 3.2 vs 11.0 ± 2.8, p = 0.015) and insulin-resistant individuals (10.2 ± 3.1 vs 12.9 ± 3.9; p = 0.005). Adiponectin levels were lower in subjects with GG genotype (rs1501299) compared with those with TT or GT variants (6.9 ± 4.6 vs 12.2 ± 2.9 and 11.5 ± 3.4 μg/mL, p = 0.006) but were similar in the other polymorphisms studied.

CONCLUSION

Lower adiponectin levels were related to gender, abdominal obesity, physical activity and insulin resistance and were less influenced by the polymorphisms studied.

The Association between Serum LDL Cholesterol and Genetic Variation in Chromosomal Locus 1p13.3 among Coronary Artery Disease Patients

Background. Several polymorphisms of a locus on chromosome 1p13.3 have a significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), atherosclerosis, and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods. We aimed to investigate the association between rs599839, rs646776, and rs4970834 of locus 1p13.3 and serum LDL-C and severity of coronary artery stenosis in ACS patients. Genotyping of the rs599839, rs646776, and rs4970834 polymorphisms was performed on Arab patients undergoing coronary angiography for ACS. Patients were divided into group A (ACS with insignificant stenosis (<50%)) and group B (with significant stenosis (≥50%)). Results. Patients carrying the minor G allele in rs599839 had significantly lower mean of LDL-C (2.58 versus 3.44 mM, P = 0.026) than homozygous A allele carriers (GG versus AA). Carriers of minor C allele in rs64776 had significantly higher mean of HDL-C (2.16 versus 1.36 mM, P = 0.004) than carriers of the T alleles (AA versus GG). The odd ratio and 95% confidence interval for dominant model for G allele carriers of rs599839 were 0.51 (0.30–0.92), P = 0.038, among patients with significant stenosis. Conclusions. Polymorphisms rs646776 and rs599839 of locus 1p13.3 were significantly associated with LDL-C and other lipid parameters. In addition, the G-allele carriers of variant rs599839 had a significant protective effect against the atherosclerosis.

ADIPOQ and IL6 variants are associated with a pro-inflammatory status in obeses with cardiometabolic dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Polymorphisms in genes encoding adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and interleukin-6 (IL6) have been associated with adiposity and obese-related phenotypes. This study investigated the relationship of ADIPOQ and IL6 gene polymorphisms with pro-inflammatory and cardiometabolic markers in obese patients.

METHODS

Anthropometric and body composition parameters were measured in 249 Brazilian subjects (30 to 68 yr). Metabolic and inflammatory markers and adipokines were analyzed in blood samples. ADIPOQ rs2241766 (45 T > G) and IL6 rs1800795 (-174G > C) polymorphisms were analyzed by real-time PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively.

RESULTS

Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and increased values of waist circumference, body fat, leptin, fibrinogen, IL-1β, hsCRP and TNFα were related to obesity (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between BMI and waist circumference, body fat, leptin, fibrinogen, PAI-1, IL-1β, hsCRP and TNFα values (p < 0.001) but not with adiponectin. Obese group had altered metabolic status, resistance to leptin and insulin, and atherogenic and pro-inflammatory profiles. ADIPOQ and IL6 variants were not directely related to obesity, leptin resistance or alterations in cardiometabolic markers. Individuals carrying ADIPOQ 45G allele (TG + GG genotype) had higher IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα levels than TT genotype carriers (p < 0.05). IL6 -174GG genotype was associated with increased IL-1β levels (p = 0.033).

CONCLUSION

Obesity is associated with leptin resistance, cardiometabolic alterations and a pro-inflammatory status. Our results are suggestive that ADIPOQ and IL6 polymorphisms contribute to cardiometabolic risk in obese individuals.

Epistatic interaction between adiponectin and survivin gene polymorphisms in endometrial carcinoma

Adiponectin appears to play an important role in the development and progression of several obesity-related malignancies. Also, overexpression of survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, is associated with increased risk of cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between two polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene and endometrial cancer (EC) risk. We also investigated whether epistasis between surviving and adiponectin gene polymorphisms are associated with EC risk in an Iranian population. The samples comprised formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections obtained from the archive of the pathology department, Imam-Khomeini Hospital and Firouzgar hospital. After DNA extraction the genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP technique. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in adiponectin (rs1063539, rs2241766) and survivin (rs9904341) gene were evaluated in the study. The increased frequency of ADIPOQ rs1063539C allele (CC+CG genotype) was associated with decreased EC risk [OR: 0.39(0.17-0.90)]. Survivin rs9904341C allele (CC+CG genotype) was associated with increased EC risk [crude OR: 2.75(1.27-5.95), adjusted OR: 2.93(1.27-6.76)]. We observed an epistatic interaction between survivin rs9904341 CC+CG genotype and ADIPOQ rs1063539 GG genotype increasing the risk of EC compared to those with other genotypes [OR: 4.86(1.88-12.54), P=0.001]. Our findings indicate that adiponectin might have a modulatory effect on survivin role and function in EC, which requires further investigation.

Chemerin is a novel biomarker of acute coronary syndrome but not of stable angina pectoris

BACKGROUND

Recent evidence demonstrated that the circulating adipokines were associated with the onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) including unstable angina pectoris (UAP) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). As a novel adipokine, chemerin has been related to atherosclerosis and the presence of coronary artery disease. However, the plasma levels of chemerin in patients with ACS have yet to be investigated.

METHODS

Plasma levels of chemerin and adiponectin were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 60 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP), 60 patients with UAP, 60 patients with AMI and 40 control patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured using a GE ViVid E7 ultrasonography machine, and the severity of coronary stenosis in patients was estimated with a Gensini coronary score following coronary angiography.

RESULTS

Plasma chemerin levels were significantly higher in ACS patients than in the control and SAP groups, while plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in ACS patients than the control group. A correlation analysis revealed that plasma chemerin levels were positively correlated with the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.29, P < 0.01) and LVEDD (r = 0.27, P < 0.01) but negatively correlated with LVEF (r = -0.45, P < 0.01) and that plasma adiponectin levels were positively correlated with LVEF (r = 0.53, P < 0.01) but negatively correlated with CRP (r = -0.33, P < 0.01) and LVEDD (r = -0.30, P < 0.01). Although significant correlations between chemerin, adiponectin and BMI or the Gensini coronary score were found in patients with SAP, neither chemerin nor adiponectin was correlated with BMI and the Gensini coronary score in patients with ACS. Furthermore, both chemerin (OR 1.103, 95% CI 1.065 to 1.142; P = 0.001) and adiponectin (OR 0.871, 95% CI 0.776 to 0.970; P = 0.018) were independently associated with the presence of ACS.

CONCLUSIONS

Chemerin is a novel biomarker of acute coronary syndrome but not of stable angina pectoris.

Association of adiponectin protein and ADIPOQ gene variants with lumbar disc degeneration

Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is a widespread public health problem that may lead to disability and loss of productivity. Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue and has been shown to be involved in cartilage homeostasis. In the present study, the association between the rs266729 (−11377C/G) and rs2241766 (45T/G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) and LDD was investigated. In addition, the correlation between the plasma adiponectin level and LDD was examined. A total of 289 subjects, 168 patients with LDD and 122 healthy individuals, were recruited in the study. All subjects were genotyped for rs266729 and rs2241766 SNPs using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Circulating levels of adiponectin protein were measured using the ELISA technique. A strong association was found between adiponectin level and LDD (P<0.01), where high levels of adiponectin were found in patients compared with healthy controls. The increase in adiponectin level was not affected by gender. However, no significant differences were found in the genotype distribution or allelic frequency of the two examined polymorphisms between patients with LDD and healthy controls (P>0.05). In conclusion, adiponectin appears to be elevated in patients with LDD. The rs266729 and rs2241766 SNPs in the ADIPOQ gene are not associated with LDD.

Comprehensive analysis of circulating adipokines and hsCRP association with cardiovascular disease risk factors and metabolic syndrome in Arabs

Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of death worldwide including the Middle East. This is caused in part by the dysregulation of adipose tissue leading to increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines and reduction in cardio-protective adipokines such as adiponectin. Ethnicity has been recognized as a major factor in the association between CVD risk factors and the different circulating adipokines. In this study, for the first time, the relationship between traditional cardiovascular risk factors, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and circulating level of adipokines in Arab ethnicity was investigated.

Methods

We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey on 379 adult Arab participants living in Kuwait. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure (BP), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) were measured. Plasma levels of circulating Leptin, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1) visfatin, adiponectin, resistin and adipsin were assessed using the multiplexing immunobead-based assay.

Results

Circulating levels of High sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), Leptin, PAI-1 and adiponectin were significantly higher in Arab women than men (p < 0.0001). In multi-variate analysis, the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body mass index (BMI) showed strong association with most of the biomarkers (p < 0.05). HsCRP showed significant association with all risk factors (p < 0.05). Leptin, PAI-1 and adipsin showed significant positive correlation with BMI, unlike adiponectin which showed inverse correlation (p < 0.05). Subjects in the highest tertile of leptin, PAI-1 and hsCRP had higher odds of having Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) (odd ratio [OR] = 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.47 – 6.19) and (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.45 – 4.35), (OR = 4.26, 95% CI = 2.39 – 7.59) respectively. On the other hand subjects with highest tertile of adiponectin had lower odds of having MetS (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.12 – 0.40). Leptin, PAI-1 and hsCRP showed significant positive association with increased MetS components (P-trend <0.05), while adiponectin was negatively associated with increased MetS components (P-trend <0.0001).

Conclusion

Our results show positive association between hsCRP, leptin, PAI-1 with increased MetS components and increase the odds of having MetS. Adiponectin on the other hand showed inverse correlation with MetS components and associated with reduction in MetS. Overall, our data highlights the significant clinical value these markers have in MetS especially hsCRP which can be used as good marker of low grade inflammation in Arabs.