Malignant triton tumor of the ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Sinonasal Tumors

BACKGROUND

Sinonasal neoplasms, whether benign and malignant, pose a significant challenge to clinicians and represent a model area for multidisciplinary collaboration in order to optimize patient care. The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Sinonasal Tumors (ICSNT) aims to summarize the best available evidence and presents 48 thematic and histopathology-based topics spanning the field.

METHODS

In accordance with prior International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology documents, ICSNT assigned each topic as an Evidence-Based Review with Recommendations, Evidence-Based Review, and Literature Review based on the level of evidence. An international group of multidisciplinary author teams were assembled for the topic reviews using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses format, and completed sections underwent a thorough and iterative consensus-building process. The final document underwent rigorous synthesis and review prior to publication.

RESULTS

The ICSNT document consists of four major sections: general principles, benign neoplasms and lesions, malignant neoplasms, and quality of life and surveillance. It covers 48 conceptual and/or histopathology-based topics relevant to sinonasal neoplasms and masses. Topics with a high level of evidence provided specific recommendations, while other areas summarized the current state of evidence. A final section highlights research opportunities and future directions, contributing to advancing knowledge and community intervention.

CONCLUSION

As an embodiment of the multidisciplinary and collaborative model of care in sinonasal neoplasms and masses, ICSNT was designed as a comprehensive, international, and multidisciplinary collaborative endeavor. Its primary objective is to summarize the existing evidence in the field of sinonasal neoplasms and masses.

Malignant triton tumour (MTT) of the lung with metastasis to the proximal femur

A 65-year-old female patient has a history of malignant triton tumour of the right upper lobe of the lung. She underwent right upper lobectomy and lymphadenectomy in May 2018. She presented in November 2019 with pathological fracture of the left proximal femur. It was not associated with neurofibromatosis. We decided to do an excisional biopsy of the mass and proximal femoral replacement followed by radiotherapy. Four months later, she presented with local recurrence. We organised a multidisciplinary team between the orthopaedic, histopathology and oncology teams. Then, we decided to treat her with chemotherapy. After 2 months of follow-up, she responded well to the chemotherapy with no further deterioration of her condition.

Malignant triton tumour of right paranasal sinuses: case report

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of malignant triton tumour.

Method:

Case report and review of the world literature concerning malignant triton tumour and heredity.

Results:

We present the case of a 47-year-old woman who underwent a lateral rhinotomy surgical resection of a malignant triton tumour of the right paranasal sinuses, a rare location for this tumour. Thereafter, she received adjuvant radiotherapy. The prognosis for this group of tumours is poor. Radical surgical excision of the tumour followed by radiation therapy must be the treatment of choice.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is a rare report in the world literature of malignant triton tumour. This case indicates that malignant triton tumour of the paranasal sinuses is a rare disease which otolaryngologists should be aware of, and one which should be included in the differential diagnosis of malignant lesions involving the sinonasal tract.

A case of recurrent malignant triton tumor successfully treated with radiotherapy

A 15-year-old female was previously admitted to another hospital because of painless swelling of the lateral right nasal ala for 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an expansive enhancing lesion in close proximity to the anterior surface of the right maxillary sinus and lateral wall of the right nasal cavity. Tumor extirpation was performed via the supragingival transantral approach under general anesthesia. Histopathological study revealed a malignant triton tumor (MTT) arising from the nasal vestibule. The patient was referred to our department for consultation regarding additional treatment. Because the surgical margin was positive and MTT has high malignant potential, we recommended expansion re-surgical treatment following immediate free-flap reconstruction and postoperative radiotherapy, but family consent was not obtained. Tumor regrowth was noted 1 month after her first visit to our department. The patient and her family accepted radiotherapy instead of surgical treatment. Complete remission was achieved by radiotherapy alone. No local recurrence or distant metastasis was observed for 30 months after radiotherapy. The conventional mode of treatment for MTT is radical excision followed by high-dose radiotherapy. However, this case is remarkable because our patient experienced complete remission by simple radiotherapy.

Malignant triton tumour of the sinonasal tract: Case report and literature review

INTRODUCTION

The objective is to report a rare tumour of the sinonasal tract and conduct a literature review. Malignant triton tumour is a subtype of malignant schwannoma with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. It is a very rare tumour, with only 15 reported cases involving the sinonasal region.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

Forty-seven years old female presented with a right-sided epistaxis, progressive right sided nasal obstruction and anosmia and a visible mass in the right nasal cavity. Imaging studies showed a mass extending from the piriform aperture to the nasopharynx in contact with the dura and the orbital content. The mass was biopsied and the result was consistent with malignant triton tumour. The patient refused the surgery at first so chemotherapy with MAID protocol was started. After the fourth course of chemotherapy the treatment was stopped due to patient intolerance and a thrombosis of the jugular vein. Patient then underwent surgery with frontal craniotomy and dural excision, endoscopic control was done at the end to insure a complete removal. The patient received Radiotherapy in the postoperative period (56 Greys). At 5 years of follow up the patient is doing fine with no signs of recurrence and normal ophthalmological findings.

DISCUSSION

Sixteen cases, including our case, have been reported to date in the literature. The mean age at presentation is 61 years. None of cases were associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Eight patients were reported to be alive 5 years post-treatment, and 2 patients were reported to have died of the disease. The prognosis for triton tumours in the sinonasal tract is better than that for triton tumours in other locations.

CONCLUSION

Malignant triton tumour is a rare malignancy of the sinonasal tract. Otolaryngologists should be aware of this disease. The optimal treatment should include radical resection of the tumour.

[Malignant Triton tumor of the nose--case report]

Malignant Triton tumor (MTT) is classified as a variant of a malignant peripherial nerve sheath tumor with a focal rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. Nearly one third of described MTTs were located at the head and neck region. In following paper we described a case of MTT of the external nose in a 24 year old man. The tumor was totally exised surgically with the broad margins. Histopathological diagnosis of the tumor was made on the surgical specimen, based on immunohistochemical analysis. Radiation therapy as the next step of treatment of choice was performed in presented case.

Prognostic factors for the malignant triton tumor of the head and neck

BACKGROUND

Malignant triton tumors are rare neoplasias consisting of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with additional rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. These tumors are highly aggressive and prognosis is poor. Our aim is to describe the outcome and to identify potential prognostic factors.

METHODS

From 1993 to 2005, 7 patients with a malignant triton tumor of the head and neck were treated at our institution. A literature search revealed another 46 published cases. All these cases were analyzed for outcome and prognostic factors.

RESULTS

Patients with primary tumors involving the nose and paranasal sinuses have better, patients involving the neck a poor prognosis. All other locations show an intermediate course. Complete surgical removal is of crucial importance. Additional radiation or chemotherapy show little effect.

CONCLUSION

Location of the primary tumor is a key factor for prognosis. Complete surgical removal is the only treatment associated with survival.

Malignant triton tumor of the infratemporal fossa

Malignant triton tumor is a very aggressive type of sarcoma that comprises rhabdomyoblasts and malignant Schwann cells. It is a different entity from malignant schwannoma, characterized by their aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Head and neck location is frequent, and early diagnosis and complete resection followed by radiation therapy is important for long-term survival. However, the therapeutic plan should be individualized, taking into account the location and size of the primary tumor. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy and molecular therapies should be considered in the treatment of these tumors. We report an unusual presentation of a malignant triton tumor located in the infratemporal fossa, describing its clinical and pathologic features, and we try to update the knowledge in the management of these tumors, including the use of molecular therapies.

Endoscopic Surgery for Malignant Tumors of the Sinonasal Tract and Adjacent Skull Base: A 10-year Experience

Background

The increasing expertise in the field of transnasal endoscopic surgery recently has expanded its indications to include the management of sinonasal malignancies. We report our experience with the endoscopic management of nasoethmoidal malignancies possibly involving the adjacent skull base.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of patients treated by an exclusive endoscopic approach (EEA) or a cranioendoscopic approach (CEA) from 1996 to 2006 managed by two surgical teams at the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology of the University of Brescia, and the University of Pavia/Insubria-Varese, Italy.

Results

One-hundred eighty-four patients were considered eligible for the present analysis. An EEA was performed in 134 patients and the remaining 50 patients underwent the CEA. The most frequent histotypes encountered were adenocarcinoma (37%), squamous cell carcinoma (13.6%), olfactory neuroblastoma (12%), mucosal melanoma (9.2%), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (7.1%). Overall, 86 (46.7%) patients received some form of adjuvant treatment. The patients were followed up for a mean of 34.1 months (range, 2-123 months). The 5-year disease-specific survival was 91.4 ± 3.9% and 58.8 ± 8.6% (p = 0.0004) for the EEA and CEA group, respectively.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series reported to date of malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract and adjacent skull base treated with pure endoscopic or cranioendoscopic techniques. A 5-year disease-specific survival of 91.4% and 58.8% for the EEA and the CEA groups, respectively, seem to indicate that endoscopic surgery, when properly planned and in expert hands, may be a valid alternative to standard surgical approaches for the management of malignancies of the sinonasal tract.

Malignant triton tumor in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1

We report a case of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) complicated by a malignant triton tumor (MTT), with an emphasis on B-mode sonographic (US) and contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing CEUS findings of MTT. The mass was poorly demarcated and composed of an internal echogenic area and an outer hypoechoic zone. CEUS findings showed the outer zone to be strongly enhanced, and the internal area was very poor in blood flow because of necrotic tissues.

[Malignant triton tumor of the sinonasal tract]

INTRODUCTION

The combination of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyosarcomatous elements has been termed Malignant Triton Tumor (MTT). This tumor was first reported in 1932 and the prognosis was poor. Involvement of the sinonasal tract is rare with only 10 case reports.

CASE

We report the case of a 80-year-old woman who presented an obstruction of the right nasal fossa which developed over several years without anosmia. She consulted because of recurrent epistaxis. The CT-scan revealed a tumor occupying the right ethmoid the right maxillary sinus and the homolateral nasal fossa. Resection was achieved via an extended mediofacial route. The histological diagnosis was low-grade schwannosarcoma with a discretely extended rhabdomyosarcomatous component, i.e. MTT. No complementary treatment was given. Eight months later, the tumor relapsed with cerebral involvement. Despite new surgery with two teams, a neurosurgical and a radiotherapy team, the tumor relapsed at the ethmoid-nasal level. After five years, the patient is alive with local progression without metastasis.

DISCUSSION

MTT of the sinonasal tract is a rare disease that clinicians should be aware of and that must be included in the differential diagnosis of malignant lesions involving the sinonasal tract. Most of the reported cases involving localizations other than the ethmoidonasal cavities, are associated with von Recklinhausen neurofibromatosis and occurr in young subjects (mean age 35 years). There have however been sporadic cases, mainly in older women or after radiotherapy. The prognosis is somewhat better for ethmoidonasal localizations.