Herpes Simplex Virus Laryngitis Presenting as Airway Obstruction: A Case Report and Literature Review

Acute Herpes Simplex Virus Laryngitis Presenting as Airway Obstruction Post Influenza: A Viral Pneumonia

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) typically presents with mucocutaneous or genital ulcerations but can also manifest with central nervous system involvement and occasionally other visceral or mucosal sites. However, laryngeal involvement almost exclusively presents in infants and children. Very few confirmed adult cases have been reported. Adults present with a broad spectrum of symptoms, usually in the context of significant immunocompromise. Diagnosis is difficult given a wide spectrum of nonspecific presenting symptoms and usually requires tissue biopsy. Frequently, patients have severe laryngeal edema that threatens to compromise the airway and requires tracheostomy. We present a case of HSV laryngitis in a 71-year-old female who presented with septic shock, acute renal failure, and acute hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to Influenza A and bacterial pneumonia for which she required intubation. The hospitalization course included extubation failures due to stridor, a positive cuff leak test resulting in an open tracheostomy, and a laryngeal biopsy confirming HSV infection, which was successfully treated with acyclovir.

Acute laryngotracheitis caused by COVID-19: A case report and literature review

Introduction

Presentation of case

Clinical findings and investigations

Interventions and outcome

Conclusion

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A 52-year-old woman presented to the ER with a two-day history of shortness of breath and inspiratory stridor.

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The patient was admitted to the ICU for possible surgical airway. she tested positive for COVID-19 by polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal samples.

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A regimen of ceftriaxone, nebulized racemic epinephrine, and dexamethasone was initiated.

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The patient’s symptoms started to improve over the next few days. On day 4 of hospitalization, she moved to a level 1 bed, and a week later, she was discharged

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Early diagnostic testing for SARS-Cov-2 are strongly recommended even when symptoms are not typical of COVID-19

Herpes simplex laryngitis: Comparison between pediatric and adult patients

OBJECTIVES

Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) typically causes limited oral and genital symptoms, however HSV can also affect the larynx and result in severe aerodigestive symptoms. Due to the rarity of HSV laryngitis, the symptoms and clinical course of are not well understood. This study aims to more completely characterize HSV laryngitis in order to aid clinicians in understanding and recognition of HSV laryngitis.

METHODS

Comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify articles relating to HSV laryngitis. Patient demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, treatment and clinical course were extracted from the selected manuscripts.

RESULTS

There were 31 studies on HSV laryngitis that identified 36 patients (17 pediatric, 19 adult). The average age for pediatric patients was 11 months (9 M, 8F) and 52 years for adults (11 M, 8F). In the pediatric population, stridor was more common at presentation in comparison to the adult population (p < .01). Adults more commonly presented with dysphagia (p = .03) and dysphonia (p < .01) Adult patients were significantly more likely to undergo tracheotomy than pediatric patients (p = .047). The mean length of inpatient hospital stay was 21.2 days in pediatric patients and 15.8 days for adult patients.

CONCLUSION

HSV laryngitis has a unique presentation in pediatrics and adults, but is nonspecific in both populations leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. HSV laryngitis is associated with significant morbidity including multi-week hospital stay and risk for needing tracheostomy in both adults and pediatric population which demonstrates need for clinical awareness of this complication of HSV infection.

Disseminated Herpes Simplex Infection Presenting as Acute Supraglottitis in an Adult

Supraglottitis is a life-threatening, predominantly bacterial disease that is rarely caused by viral etiologies. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) supraglottitis has been infrequently reported, but its presentation can mimic that of bacterial supraglottitis or pharyngitis which may lead to delayed diagnosis and increased morbidity. We present a case of supraglottitis in an immunocompetent man initially thought to have bacterial epiglottitis. After receiving a tracheostomy due to impending airway compromise and failing to improve on antibiotic therapy, biopsy of the upper airway tissue revealed infection with HSV type 2. The patient improved after multiple weeks of systemic antivirals. HSV supraglottitis remains an unusual but important diagnostic consideration in patients with dysphonia, dysphagia, ulcerative supraglottal lesions, and acute supraglottic inflammation unresponsive to antibiotics.

Appearance and management of COVID-19 laryngo-tracheitis: two case reports

We present two cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related laryngotracheitis in good-prognosis, ventilated patients who had failed extubation. As the pandemic continues to unfold across the globe and better management of those with respiratory failure develops, this may be an increasingly common scenario. Close ENT-intensivist liaison, meticulous team preparation, early consideration of rigid endoscopy and prospective data collection and case sharing are recommended.

Appearance and management of COVID-19 laryngo-tracheitis: two case reports

We present two cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related laryngotracheitis in good-prognosis, ventilated patients who had failed extubation. As the pandemic continues to unfold across the globe and better management of those with respiratory failure develops, this may be an increasingly common scenario. Close ENT-intensivist liaison, meticulous team preparation, early consideration of rigid endoscopy and prospective data collection and case sharing are recommended.

Identification and Management of Chronic Laryngitis

Chronic laryngitis is an inflammatory process of at least 3 weeks duration and affects phonation, breathing, and swallowing. This article describes the infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune causes of chronic laryngitis. Symptoms of chronic laryngitis are nonspecific and may range from mild to airway compromise requiring emergent tracheostomy.

Intralesional Cidofovir for Treatment of Acyclovir-Resistant Laryngeal Herpes Manifesting as Supraglottic Mass

INTRODUCTION:

Laryngopharyngeal herpes simplex virus infection is rare and presents typically in the supraglottis. Findings on presentation can range from small mucosal lesions to fungating obstructive masses mimicking neoplasm. Laryngopharyngeal herpes is a medically treated disease.

OBJECTIVES:

Identify potential treatment in cases that are refractory to antiviral medications.

METHODS:

Individual case with treatment adapted from other case report.

CASE PRESENTATION:

We report a case of bulky, obstructive supraglottic and glottic herpes virus laryngitis that presented with dysphonia, dysphagia, and airway complaints resistant to acyclovir analogues that was treated effectively with intralesional cidofovir injection.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our promising initial response suggests a potential novel treatment for this unusual condition.

Herpes simplex laryngitis presenting as airway obstruction in a stroke patient

We present the second confirmed report of HSV laryngitis in an adult stroke patient, resulting in complicated airway management issues. This rare presentation of laryngeal HSV in a stroke patient can interfere with speech, language, and swallowing functions and confounds the etiology of these issues, which can impact subsequent management.